scholarly journals AN ACADEMIC DRAFT REGULATIONS ON REGIONAL PROCEDURE FOR NOMINATION, SELECTION, APPOINTMENT, INDUCTION AND DISMISSAL OF THE HEAD OF THE VILLAGE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Chairul Basrun Umanailo ◽  
Iskandar Hamid ◽  
Edy Said Ningkeula ◽  
Idrus Hentihu ◽  
Mansyur Nawawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Design ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Fundamental Change ◽  
Village Community ◽  
Village Governance ◽  
Village Government ◽  
Consultative Body ◽  
Head Positions ◽  
The Village ◽  
Government Institution

The implementation of village governance underwent a fundamental change through the revision of Law Number 32 of 2004 which was replaced by Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages. These changes are based on historical, philosophical, juridical, psychopolitical and sociological arguments. These arguments are oriented towards village structuring efforts. One of the important issues in organizing villages is the filling of village head positions that cannot be separated from the institutional design of village governance.One of the substances of Law Number 6 of 2014 relating to village structuring is the regulation of village institutions, namely the Village Government institution consisting of the Village Government, the Village Consultative Body and the Village Community Organization. The village government is the Village Head who functions as the head of the Village Government who leads the administration of the Village Government.

scholarly journals Peran Perempuan dalam Struktur Pemerintahan Gampong (Studi Gampong Blang Kecamatan Syamtalira Aron Kabupaten Aceh Utara)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Cut Laely ◽  
Murniati Murniati
Keyword(s):  
Community Organization ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Government Structure ◽  
Limited Space ◽  
Village Governance ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Village Government ◽  
The Village

The Role of Women in village is the most important factor in development of village,but in Blang Village, Syamtalira Aron, North Aceh Regency, there is no role of women in the village governance structure. This is due to the fact that there are no opportunities for women to play an active role in village governance and cultural culture that opposes women to play a role in village governance. This study aims to determine the cause of the absence of women's role in the village government structure and determine the efforts that can be made for women to be able to play an active role in governance structure of village. Researchers used qualitative methods and data collection techniques through initial observation and direct interviews. The results of the study were the absence of an active role among women caused by the limited space for women to play an active role in the village government structure. Distrust of women so that women are placed in daily activities that generally have been carried out routinely by the community. Many factors cause limited space for women in Blang Village, namely factors of community organization, factors of power, factors of public and private, factors patriarchal ideological, and the most fundamental, culture that cause the role active of women can not be accepted at the community in the village government structureAbstrakPeran perempuan dibutuhkan dalam pembanggunan Gampong, namun di Gampong Blang Kecamatan Syamtalira Aron Kabupaten Aceh Utara tidak terdapat peran perempuan dalam struktur pemerintahan gampong. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh faktor tidak tersedianya peluang bagi kaum perempuan untuk berperan aktif dalam pemerintahan gampong serta kultur budaya yang menentang kaum perempuan untuk berperan di pemerintahan gampong. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyebab tidak optimalnya peran perempuan di struktur pemerintahan gampong dan mengetahui upaya yang dapat dilakukan agar perempuan dapat berperan aktif dalam struktur pemerintahan gampong. Peneliti menggunakan metode kualitatif dan teknik pengumpulan data melalui obsrvasi dan wawancara langsung. Hasil penelitian adalah tidak adanya peran aktif dari kalangan kaum perempuan karena disebabkan masih ada keterbatasan ruang gerak bagi kaum perempuan untuk ikut berperan aktif dalam struktur pemerintahan gampong dan ketidakpercayaan terhadap perempuan sehingga menjadikan perempuan hanya ditempatkan pada kegiatan sehari-hari yang umumnya telah dilakukan secara rutin oleh masyarakat. Banyak faktor penyebab terbatasnya ruang gerak bagi perempuan di Gampong Blang, yaitu faktor organisasi masyarakat, faktor kekuasaan, faktor ruang publik dan privat, faktor ideologi patriakis, serta yang paling mendasar adalah faktor budaya patriarki masyarakat Gampong Blang yang menyebabkan peran aktif perempuan tidak dapat diterima dalam struktur pemerintahan gampong.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENERAPAN GOOD GOVERNANCE PADA PELAPORAN DAN PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN DANA DESA DI KECAMATAN PEUSANGAN KABUPATEN BIREUEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Syarifah Rahmah ◽  
Indayani Indayani
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Village Community ◽  
Village Communities ◽  
Village Government ◽  
Consultative Body ◽  
The Village ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The purpose of this research is to see how the village government and village communities apply the principles of village financial management in reporting and accountability of village funds, as the implementation of good governance in several villages in Peusangan District, Bireuen Regency. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative using interviews. Interviews were conducted with parties from the District, representatives of the village community, and village government, such as the Keuchik, the Village Secretary, the Head of Financial Affairs, the Representative of the BPD (Village Consultative Body) / Tuha Peut. The results of this study indicate that the application of the principles of village financial management in reporting and accountability of village funds in Peusangan District, Bireuen Regency has been implemented, but not yet fully implemented to the maximum.

scholarly journals Analisis Efektivitas Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa Pada Anggaran Pendapatan Dan Belanja Desa Tahun 2018 Di Desa Dawan Klod, Kecamatan Dawan, Kabupaten Klungkung

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Komang Ayu Diah Lestari ◽  
A.A.A.Erna Trisnadewi ◽  
L.G.P. Sri Eka Jayanti
Keyword(s):  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Fund Allocation ◽  
Village Community ◽  
Village Government ◽  
Consultative Body ◽  
The Village

Abstract The aims of this study are to determine the Effectiveness of Village Fund Allocation Management in the 2018 Village Income and Expenditure Budget in Dawan Klod Village, Dawan District, Klungkung Regency, and to find out the factors that become obstacles in the Management of Village Fund Allocation in Dawan Klod Village. The sample method of this study uses a purposive sampling technique with a sample size of 30 respondents. The method uses to collect the data in this study are interviews and documentation. The data analysis uses in this study is descriptive qualitative methods with effectiveness ratios. The types of the data in this study are primary data and secondary data with research subjects consisting of the Village Government, the Village Consultative Body, the Village Community Empowerment Institute and the community of Dawan Klod Village. The result shows that the effectiveness of Village Fund Allocation Management in Dawan Klod Village in 2018 includes in the effective category, with an effectiveness level of (100%). With the support of the village program, 90% have been implemented. And at the planning stage, starting with the formation of an implementation team and the results of the development of community participation is very high and active in every activity, due to the transparency of the information conveyed by the Dawan Klod Village apparatus to the community. At the implementation stage it can be said to be effective, which is the use of the Village Fund Allocation budget can be resolved properly. In the accountability stage, the process of managing Village Fund Allocation is included in the effective category, in which the accountability report preparation is prepared by the Dawan Klod village government and there is an evaluation of activities carried out together with the Dawan Klod Village community. And in this study, there are no factors which become obstacles in the management of the Village Fund Allocation in Dawan Klod Village. Keywords: Effectiveness; Management; Village Budget and Revenue (Village Budget); Village Fund Allocation Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Efektifitas Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa pada Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Desa Tahun 2018 di Desa Dawan Klod, Kecamatan Dawan, Kabupaten Klungkung dan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang menjadi penghambat dalam Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa di Desa Dawan Klod. Metode sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dengan jumlah sampel 30 responden. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah wawancara dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan rasio efektivitas. Jenis data dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer dan data sekunder dengan subjek penelitian yang terdiri dari Pemerintah Desa, Badan Permusyawaratan Desa, Lembaga Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa dan masyarakat Desa Dawan Klod. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Efektifitas Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa di Desa Dawan Klod Tahun 2018 termasuk dalam kategori efektif, dengan tingkat efektivitas sebesar (100%). Dengan didukung program desa yang terlaksana sebanyak 90%. Dan pada tahap perencanaan, dimulai dengan pembentukan tim pelaksana dan hasil musrembang partisipasi masyarakat sangat tinggi dan aktif disetiap kegiatan, dikarenakan transparansi informasi yang disampaikan oleh perangkat Desa Dawan Klod kepada masyarakat. Pada tahap pelaksanaan dapat dikatakan efektif, yang mana penggunaan anggaran Alokasi Dana Desa dapat terselesaikan dengan baik. Pada tahap pertanggungjawaban, proses pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa termasuk dalam kategori efektif, dimana penyusunan laporan pertanggungjawaban disusun oleh pemerintah Desa Dawan Klod serta adanya evaluasi kegiatan yang dilakukan bersama masyakat Desa Dawan Klod. Dan pada penelitian ini, tidak ditemukan faktor-faktor yang menjadi penghambat dalam pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa di Desa Dawan Klod. Kata Kunci: Efektivitas; Pengelolaan; Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Desa (APB Desa); Alokasi Dana Desa

scholarly journals Pengelolaan Bumdes Hanjak Maju Dalam Berkontribusi Pada Pendapatan Asli Desa di Desa Hanjak Maju Kecamatan Kahayan Hilir Kabupaten Pulang Pisau

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
Irwani Irwani ◽  
Bahriannor Bahriannor
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Business Unit ◽  
Total Revenue ◽  
Village Community ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Village Government ◽  
Consultative Body ◽  
The Village

Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) are village business institutions that are managed by the community and village government in an effort to increase village finances and arrange village needs and potential. A Qualitative Research was conducted to find out how the management of Hanjak Maju BUMdes in contributing to the original village income in the village of Hanjak Maju, Kahayan Hilir District Pulang Pisau District. BUMDes Hanjak Maju has business unit FFB a palm oil, 3 kg gas and fertilizer business unit.The total revenue of Hanjak Maju PAD with an average production of FFB per month is 100 tons, then in the total production of FFB Hanjak Maju Village reaches 1,200 tons. Efforts to strengthen BUMDes Hanjak Maju should be done by encouraging the synergy of the Village Government,Village Consultative Body and village community to know the strategic position of the business unit developed by BUMDes, so as to foster active participation of all components of the village community

scholarly journals Kedudukan Badan Permusyawaratan Desa (BPD) Sebagai Lembaga Pengawas Terhadap Kinerja Kepala Desa di Dalam Pemerintahan Desa

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-589
Author(s):  
I Gusti Made Bayu Nugraha ◽  
I Gusti Bagus Suryawan ◽  
I Wayan Arthanaya
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Effective Form ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
Village Governance ◽  
Village Communities ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Village Government ◽  
Consultative Body ◽  
The Village

Local government is an efficient and effective form of government, because the central government cannot handle all the complex problems of the state. The problem raised in this study is about the authority of the village consultative body as a supervisory agency for the performance of the village head. The purposes of this study are to examine the position of the village consultative body in the village government and the implementation of BPD supervision on the performance of the village head in the village government. The method used is a normative legal research method with a case approach. The technique of data collection is done by literature study. The sources of legal materials used are primary, secondary and tertiary sources of legal materials which are then analyzed systematically. The results of the study indicate that the authority of the village consultative body is to hold meetings with the community to collect their wishes, channel the wishes of the community to the village government both orally and in writing, present the draft Perdes under its authority, monitor and evaluate the performance of the village head, request information on the administration of village governance to the village head. village government, express opinions on the implementation of village governance, carry out village development, promote village communities and empower village communities

scholarly journals Optimization of the Implementation of Village Government in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-360
Author(s):  
Refly Setiawan ◽  
Esti Melinda
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
National Development ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Village Community ◽  
Village Governance ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Village Government ◽  
Bureaucracy Theory ◽  
The Village

The issuance of Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages, positioning villages as the spearhead of national development. The existence of a village law also provides clarity about the position and the authority of the village government in managing village household affairs. The regulation also regulates government policies regarding the allocation of village funds which allows them to be used to develop their potential. In addition, the village policy gives villages a source of funds and adequate authority to improve the welfare of the village community. Regulations that provide substantial authority and responsibility to villages must certainly be balanced with the implementation of village governments that are able to commit to running good governance. In implementing the policy, it turns out that there are still cases of misappropriation of the allocation of village funds by the village government apparatus. This paper will explain the analysis related to the importance of village governance in implementing the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 6 of 2014 using the rational bureaucracy theory put forward by M. Weber.

scholarly journals KINERJA BADAN PERMUSYAWARATAN DESA DALAM PENYELENGGARAAN PEMERINTAHAN DESA

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Reka Apriani ◽  
Abdul Sakban
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
The People ◽  
Village Governance ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Village Government ◽  
Consultative Body ◽  
The Village

Badan Permusyawaratan Desa merupakan mitra pemerintah desa yang solid dalam membangun dan mensejahterakan rakyat. Pemerintah Desa dan Badan Permusyawaratan Desa diharapkan bisa membawa kemajuan dengan memberikan pengarahan dan masukan dalam membangun pemerintahan desa menjadi baik.. Fungsi BPD sebagai lembaga yang menetapkan Peraturan Desa bersama Kepala Desa, serta menampung dan menyalurkan aspirasi masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian untuk menejelaskan fungsi kinerja BPD dalam penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Desa, hambatan-hambatan yang dihadapi BPD dalam mengoptimalkan kinerjanya dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa, dan upaya-upaya yang dilakukan BPD untuk mengatasi hambatan-hambatan yang timbul dalam rangka optimalisasi kinerja BPD dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan diskriptif. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah metode observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Metode analisis data kualitatif dilakukan secara  interaktif dan berlansung secara terus-menerus sampai tuntas, sehingga datanya lebih menekankan pada aspek pemahaman secara mendalam terhadap suatu masalah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa BPD telah menjalankan kedua fungsinya dengan baik. Hambatan-hambatan yang dihadapi oleh BPD dalam melaksanakan fungsinya disebabkan oleh hambatan internal dan eksternal, telah disikapi secara positif oleh BPD. Namun secara umum BPD sudah berjalan dengan baik,komunikasi yang baik antara BPD dan Pemerintahan  Desa, dan masyarakat yang cukup puas dengan kinerja pemerintahan desa.The Village Consultative Body is a solid village government partner in building and prospering the people. The Village Government and the Village Consultative Body are expected to be able to bring progress by providing direction and input in developing a good village government. The function of the BPD is an institution that establishes Village Regulations with the Village Head, and accommodates and channeles community aspirations. The research objective is to explain the function of BPD performance in the implementation of Village Government, the obstacles faced by the BPD in optimizing its performance in the administration of village governance, and the efforts made by the BPD to overcome the obstacles that arise in order to optimize BPD performance in implementing village governance. The method used in this study is a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach. The method of data collection in this study is the method of observation, interviews, and documentation. The method of qualitative data analysis is carried out interactively and runs continuously until complete, so that the data emphasizes more on aspects of deep understanding of a problem. The results of the study show that the BPD has carried out both functions well. The obstacles faced by the BPD in carrying out its functions caused by internal and external barriers, have been responded positively by the BPD. But in general the BPD has been running well, good communication between the BPD and the Village Government, and the community is quite satisfied with the performance of the village administration.

ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN KAMPUNG DI KABUPATEN JAYAPURA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Bill J. C. Pangayow ◽  
Hastutie Noor Andriati
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
City Governments ◽  
Financial Accountability ◽  
Village Community ◽  
Essential Idea ◽  
Consultative Body ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
The Village

The village independence is an essential idea for the village community where they are located. Inaccordance to support this goal, the central, provincial and district/city governments provide fundsto villages that must be managed properly. Village financial management apparatuses endeavor inplanning, implementing, administering, and financial reporting in accordance with applicableregulations with supervision from the Village Consultative Body. This study aims to identifyindicators and determinants in village financial management and examine its effect on the villageindependence variable. This research will be carried out in villages of Yobeh, Ifaar Besar, Sereh,and Yahim, in Sentani District in Jayapura Regency. The analysis tool that will be used is FactorAnalysis to find key indicators and variables in financial management. The results showed thatreporting variables became the key in financial management, followed by financial accountability,planning, and implementation. This shows that respondents felt the reporting was very importantand needed to be considered in financial management.

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI PENGEMBANGAN DESA WISATA DI DESA JAMBU KECAMATAN KAYEN KIDUL KABUPATEN KEDIRI

Publika ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Novi Ekri Nurwahyuni ◽  
Muhammad Farid Ma'ruf
Keyword(s):  
Goat Milk ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Fund Allocation ◽  
Village Community ◽  
Tourist Village ◽  
Village Communities ◽  
Village Government ◽  
The Village ◽  
Collection Methods

Desa Wisata Jambu berdiri sejak tahun 2018  berlokasi di Kecamatan Kayen Kidul Kabupaten Kediri yang meraih penghargaan  nominasi kategori desa wisata terbaik 2018 dan 2019 pada Penghargaan Anugerah Desa. Pada fase awal pembangunan desa wisata menggunakan modal anggaran yang berasal dari Alokasi Dana Desa (ADD) dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan pemberdayaan masyarakat desa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, serta metode pengumpulan data dilakukan secara langsung turun ke lapangan dengan wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Focus penelitian ini adalah meneliti mengenai permasalahan yang diangkat yaitu sumber daya manusia yang kurang responsive terhadap pengelolaan desa wisata. Desa wisata jambu memiliki 17 spot wisata diantaranya yaitu  Kebun Bibit Kediri, Wisata Edukasi Wiwit Padi, Permainan Outbond, Wisata Tubing Niagara, Wisata Edukasi Menangkap Lele, Agrowisata Petik Kelengkeng, Agrowisata Petik Alpukat, Agrowisata Buah Lokal, Wisata Edukasi Menanam Padi, Agrowisata Okulasi dan Tabulampat, Wisata Edukasi Angon Kerbau, Edukasi Pengolakah Yogurt, Edukasi Perah Kambing Ettawa, Edukasi Pengolahan Limbah Kayu “Ask Craft”, Wisata Sungai Sejuta Ikan, Edukasi Karawitan, Pasar Papringan. Pemerintah Desa Jambu gencar mengupayakan tumbuhnya pemberdayaan masyarakat dengan mengelola desa wisata. Tujuan pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui pengelolaan desa wisata Jambu yaitu untuk meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat desa serta mewujudkan masyarakat desa yang mampu berdaya saing dan mandiri. Dalam proses pengelolaan desa wisata terdapat kendala atau hambatan yang terjadi yaitu tanggapan masyarakat yang tidak responsive terhadap konsep spot wisata yang sudah disepakati. Selain itu kurangnya akses sarana dan prasarana spot wisata juga menjadikan kondisi desa wisata yang tidak kondusif sehingga akan menurunkan daya tarik wisatawan. Kata kunci : Desa Wisata, Alokasi Dana Desa,  Pemberdayaan Masyarakat   Jambu Tourism Village was founded in 2018, located in Kayen Kidul District, Kediri Regency, which won the nomination award for the best tourism village category 2018 and 2019 at the Village Award. In the early phase of tourism village development using budget capital from the Village Fund Allocation (ADD) with the aim of increasing the empowerment of village communities. This research is a descriptive study using a qualitative approach, and data collection methods are carried out directly in the field with interviews, observation, and documentation. The focus of this research is to examine the problems raised, namely human resources who are not responsive to the management of tourist villages. Guava tourism village has 18 tourist spots including Kediri Seed Garden, Wiwit Paddy Educational Tour, Outbound Games, Niagara Tubing Tour, Catfish Catching Educational Tour, Longan Picking Agro, Avocado Picking Agro, Local Fruit Agro Tourism, Paddy Planting Educational Tour, Grafting Agro tourism and Tabulampat, Education Tour for Buffalo Angon, Education for Yogurt Processing, Education for Ettawa Goat Milk, Education for Making Rengginang, Education for Wood Waste Processing “Ask Craft”, One Million Fish River Tour, Education for Karawitan, Papringan Market. The Jambu Village Government is aggressively seeking the growth of community empowerment by managing a tourist village. The purpose of community empowerment through the management of the Jambu tourism village is to improve the economy of the village community and create a village community that is able to be competitive and independent. In the process of managing a tourism village, there are obstacles or obstacles that occur, namely the response of the community that is not responsive to the agreed tourist spot concept. In addition, the lack of access to tourist spot facilities and infrastructure also makes the condition of the tourist village not conducive so that it will reduce the attractiveness of tourists. Keywords: Tourism Village, Village Fund Allocation, Community Empowerment

scholarly journals Organization of the Village of Cossack self-government as the basis of everyday life

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
Sergey Valentinovich Lyubichankovskiy ◽  
Elena Victorovna Godovova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Village Government ◽  
The Village

The paper presents the evolution of the formation of the system of local government in the Cossack armies in Russia. Cossacks living in villages with towns belonging to it were Cossack society. Local Cossacks authority It was Village chieftain, Village descent, Village court, Cossack community. Organization of the Village government in the Cossack army was virtually identical to that due to the fact that the reform of the Cossack troops went on the model of the Don and Kuban troops. This system has been transformed at the beginning of the twentieth century. Fall elective responsibility, a manifestation of laziness and indifference of the Cossacks it was due to property, education and psychological disunity. Contemporaries noted that many members of the village office turn of the century were literate, prone to drunkenness and extortion. An increasing number of the Cossacks did not attend gatherings and did not pay the dues. But, despite this, the Cossack communities continued to live, to regulate agrarian relations, contributed to the development of health and education.

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