scholarly journals Complexity Aversion in Risky Choices and Valuations: Moderators and Possible Causes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Oberholzer ◽  
Sebastian Olschewski ◽  
Benjamin Scheibehenne
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Decision Environment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Decision Environments ◽  
Cognitive Explanation

In the age of digitalization and globalization, our decision environments have become increasingly complex. However, it remains unclear under what circumstances complexity affects risk taking. In two experiments (one with a representative sample), we go beyond the behavioral effects and provide a cognitive explanation for the impact of complexity on risk taking. Results show that complexity, defined as the number of outcomes of a risky lottery, decreased choice propensity in choices between two lotteries but had a smaller effect on valuations of individual lotteries. Importantly, participants who spent less time looking at the complex option in choices, were less affected by complexity. Thus, a dislike of cognitive effort can explain the effect of complexity and the difference between choice and valuation. The small effect of complexity on valuations could be explained by individual differences in cognitive ability. Together, we showed that the decision environment as well as individual differences affected the impact of complexity on risk taking and we discuss cognitive explanations for these phenomena.

Individual Differences in Faking Integrity Tests

2002 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reagan D. Brown ◽  
Christopher M. Cothern
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Item Type ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Integrity Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Integrity Tests ◽  
Fake Good

The present study assessed whether success at faking a commercially available integrity test relates to individual differences among the test takers. We administered the Reid Report, an overt integrity test, twice to a sample of college students with instructions to answer honestly on one administration and “fake good” on the other. These participants also completed a measure of general cognitive ability, the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices. Integrity test scores were 1.3 standard deviations higher in the faking condition ( p < .05). There was a weak, but significant, positive relation between general cognitive ability and faking success, calculated as the difference in scores between the honest and faked administrations of the Reid Report ( r = .17, p < .05). An examination of the correlations between faking success and general cognitive ability by item type suggested that the relation is due to the items that pose hypothetical scenarios, e.g., “Should an employee be fired for stealing a few office supplies?” ( r = .22, p < .05) and not the items that ask for admissions of undesirable past behaviors, e.g., “Have you ever stolen office supplies?” ( r = .02, p > .05; t = 2.06, p < .05) for the difference between correlations. These results suggest that general cognitive ability is indeed an individual difference relevant to success at faking an overt integrity test.

scholarly journals Adaptation to recent outcomes attenuates the lasting effect of initial experience on risky decisions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Kóbor ◽  
Zsófia Kardos ◽  
Ádám Takács ◽  
Noémi Éltető ◽  
Karolina Janacsek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Change Point ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Initial Experience ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Balloon Analogue Risk Task ◽  
Decision Environment ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBoth primarily and recently encountered information have been shown to influence experience-based risky decision making. The primacy effect predicts that initial experience will influence later choices even if outcome probabilities change and reward is ultimately more or less sparse than primarily experienced. However, it has not been investigated whether extended initial experience would induce a more profound primacy effect upon risky choices than brief experience. Therefore, the present study tested in two experiments whether young adults adjusted their risk-taking behavior in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task after an unsignaled and unexpected change point. The change point separated early “good luck” or “bad luck” trials from subsequent ones. While mostly positive (more reward) or mostly negative (no reward) events characterized the early trials, subsequent trials were unbiased. In Experiment 1, the change point occurred after one-sixth or one-third of the trials (brief vs. extended experience) without intermittence, whereas in Experiment 2, it occurred between separate task phases. In Experiment 1, if negative events characterized the early trials, after the change point, risk-taking behavior increased as compared with the early trials. Conversely, if positive events characterized the early trials, risk-taking behavior decreased after the change point. Although the adjustment of risk-taking behavior occurred due to integrating recent experiences, the impact of initial experience was simultaneously observed. The length of initial experience did not reliably influence the adjustment of behavior. In Experiment 2, participants became more prone to take risks as the task progressed, indicating that the impact of initial experience could be overcome. Altogether, we suggest that initial beliefs about outcome probabilities can be updated by recent experiences to adapt to the continuously changing decision environment.

scholarly journals ANALISIS MOTIVASI BETERNAK SAPI POTONG BAGI PETERNAK LOKAL DAN TRANSMIGRAN SERTA PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PENDAPATAN DI KECAMATAN KAIRATU, KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Manase Luanmase ◽  
Sudi Nurtini ◽  
F. Trisakti Haryadi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Motivation Level ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Local Farmers

<p>The study was conducted in Kairatu District, Seram Bagian Barat Regency district from July to September 2008. Materials used in this study were 96 respondents of local and transmigrant cattle beef farmers with questionnaires. The samples were drawn from 4 villages, consisting of 2 villages of local peoples and 2 villages of transmigrants using purposive sampling technique, while the 97 respondents consisted of 49 local and 47 transmigrant beef cattle farmers who were drawn using convenience sampling technique. The objectives of the study: 1) to find out the difference in the motivation and the characteristics of the local and the transmigrant farmers, 2) to investigate the impact of characteristics of the local and the transmigrant farmers on their motivation, 3) to investigate the impact of the characteristics of the local and the transmigrant farmers on their income, and 4) to investigate the correlation between breeding motivation and income. The variables measured in this study were breeding motivation, farmers<br />characteristics and income. The data were collected and analyzed using software SPSS 17 to measure the breeding motivation level, the farmers’ characteristics and income. The results showed that the significant differences of characteristics between the local and the transmigrant farmers were age (P&lt;0.01), education level (P&lt;0.01), the braveness in risk taking (P&lt;0.10), and working hours (P&lt;0.05). The characteristics that had significant impact on the motivation were farming experience (P&lt;0.05), number of dependants (P&lt;0.05), width of agricultural land (P&lt;0.10), and farmers’ dummy (P&lt;0.01). The characteristics that had significant impact on income were age (P&lt;0.05), education<br />level (P&lt;0.05), farming experience (P&lt;0.10), cattle beef ownership (P&lt;0.05), and farmers’s dummy (P&lt;0.05). The motivation of transmigrant farmers have positive relations to the income (P&lt;0.10).</p><p><br />(Key words: Breeding motivation, Farmers characteristics, Local farmers, Transmigrant farmers, Economic motif,<br /> Non-economic motif, Income)<br /><br /></p>

The Need to Belong and the Relationship Between Loneliness and Health

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freda-Marie Hartung ◽  
Britta Renner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Health State ◽  
Need To Belong ◽  
First Year University ◽  
Perceived Social Isolation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Humans are social animals; consequently, a lack of social ties affects individuals’ health negatively. However, the desire to belong differs between individuals, raising the question of whether individual differences in the need to belong moderate the impact of perceived social isolation on health. In the present study, 77 first-year university students rated their loneliness and health every 6 weeks for 18 weeks. Individual differences in the need to belong were found to moderate the relationship between loneliness and current health state. Specifically, lonely students with a high need to belong reported more days of illness than those with a low need to belong. In contrast, the strength of the need to belong had no effect on students who did not feel lonely. Thus, people who have a strong need to belong appear to suffer from loneliness and become ill more often, whereas people with a weak need to belong appear to stand loneliness better and are comparatively healthy. The study implies that social isolation does not impact all individuals identically; instead, the fit between the social situation and an individual’s need appears to be crucial for an individual’s functioning.

Sex Differences in Childhood Associations between DNA Markers and General Cognitive Ability

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind Arden ◽  
Nicole Harlaar ◽  
Robert Plomin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. An association between intelligence at age 7 and a set of five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been identified and replicated. We used this composite SNP set to investigate whether the associations differ between boys and girls for general cognitive ability at ages 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, and 10 years. In a longitudinal community sample of British twins aged 2-10 (n > 4,000 individuals), we found that the SNP set is more strongly associated with intelligence in males than in females at ages 7, 9, and 10 and the difference is significant at 10. If this finding replicates in other studies, these results will constitute the first evidence of the same autosomal genes acting differently on intelligence in the two sexes.

Evaluation of the impact of public investment programs on social and economic performance of territories

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-123
Author(s):  
I. E. Limonov ◽  
M. V. Nesena
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Modeling ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
The Public ◽  
Export Activity ◽  
Regional Investment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Development Institution

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of public investment programs on the socio-economic development of territories. As a case, the federal target programs for the development of regions and investment programs of the financial development institution — Vnesheconombank, designed to solve the problems of regional development are considered. The impact of the public interventions were evaluated by the “difference in differences” method using Bayesian modeling. The results of the evaluation suggest the positive impact of federal target programs on the total factor productivity of regions and on innovation; and that regional investment programs of Vnesheconombank are improving the export activity. All of the investments considered are likely to have contributed to the reduction of unemployment, but their implementation has been accompanied by an increase in social inequality.

The Use of Multimedia and its Impact on Bangladeshi EFL Learners at Tertiary Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Farzana Sharmin Pamela Islam
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Academic Writing ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Tertiary Level ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

As 21st century is the era of modern technologies with different aspects, it offers us to make the best use of them. After tape recorder and overhead projector (OHP), multimedia has become an important part of language classroom facilities for its unique and effective application in delivering and learning lesson. Although in many parts of Bangladesh, a South Asian developing country, where English enjoys the status of a foreign language, the use of multimedia in teaching and learning is viewed as a matter of luxury. However, nowadays the usefulness and the necessity of it are well recognized by the academics as well as the government. The study aims to focus on the difference between a traditional classroom void of multimedia and multimedia equipped classrooms at university level by explaining how multimedia support the students with enhanced opportunity to interact with diverse texts that give them more in-depth comprehension of the subject. It also focuses on audio-visual advantage of multimedia on the students’ English language learning. The study has followed a qualitative method to get an in-depth understanding of the impact of using multimedia in an English language classroom at tertiary level. For this purpose, the data have been collected from two different sources. Firstly, from students’ written response to  an open ended question as to their comparative experience of learning  lessons with and without multimedia facilities; and secondly, through  observation of English language classes at a private university of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. The discussion of the study is limited to  the use of multimedia in English language classroom using cartoons, images and music with a view to enhance students’ skills in academic writing, critical analysis of image and critical appreciation of music. For this purpose, cartoons in English language, images from Google and music from You Tube have got focused discussion in this paper.

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