scholarly journals Translation and Arabicization Methods of English Scientific and Technical Terms into Arabic

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
AWEJ for Translation & Literary Studies ◽  
Rokiah Awang ◽  
Ghada Salman
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Arabic Word ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The World ◽  
Loan Word ◽  
Translation Methods ◽  
Technical Terms

Due to linguistic differences among languages, rendering new concepts embodied in new terms has always been a challenging issue in translation. English has become the medium of science and technology. Therefore, it has dominance over other languages of the world. Technical terms and concepts are translated mainly from English to other languages such as the Arabic language. Because of the foreignness and unfamiliarity of these terms in Arabic, the Arabic Language Academyمجمع اللغة العربية[majma’ al-lughati al-arabiyah] has always endeavoured to coin native terms in order to domesticate and naturalizeforeign terminology into Arabic. To accomplish this goal, translation strategies, as well as Arabic word-formation techniques such as derivation and composition have been employed by the academy. Among Arabicization methods isoutright phonetic borrowing of the English term via transliteration into Arabic sounds and characters. Another form of borrowing is calque (loan translation). This translation and Arabicization method has also been used by the academy in its terminology work. The aim of this research is to identify strategies of translation and Arabicization used by the academy in its terminology work. Accordingly, a descriptive and comparative analysis of ten English scientific and technical terms with their translational and Arabicized equivalents were analyzed and discussed. These terms were translated and Arabicized by the Arabic Language Academy of Cairo (Cairo ALA), which adopted various translation and Arabicization approaches to introduce and assimilate these terms into Arabic. Translation methods included borrowing (loan word), loan translation (calque) and literal translation (word-for-word). Arabicization methods included outright phonetic borrowing, loan translation, derivation, and composition. Findings suggested that Cairo ALA has appropriately applied methods of translation, as well as techniques of Arabicization in its efforts to delimit the foreignness of English terms. Accordingly, these terms were properly domesticated into Arabic.

scholarly journals The Effect of Local Arabic Dialects on Learning English Language Pronunciation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waleed Abd Elwahab
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Esl Students ◽  
Language Fluency ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
The World ◽  
Verbal Behaviors ◽  
Arabic And English ◽  
English Language Fluency

Due to the variety of their local dialects and accents, Arab learners occasionally face some problems when pronouncing English letters and phonemes. These pronunciation errors are caused by the influence of native language interference. Each language in any part of the world has its linguistic characteristics and rules that control their pronunciation and even word-formation process, which distinguishes them from those of other nations. Modern linguists described this phenomenon as verbal behaviors because, by the end of a special stage of a child’s growth, it becomes as constant customs. As a consequence, generations inherit these verbal qualities from their ancient without having any choices to make a linguistic formation in particular. As they work to develop their English language fluency, Arabic ESL students, for instance, face several pronunciation difficulties such as adding or replacing new phonemes that do not exist in the target language. The linguistic differences between Arabic and English usually have a crucial impact on how simply a learner can study to form the English letter sounds.

scholarly journals Word Formation of Educational Field Terminologies in Arabic Language: Word Compounding

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 415-419
Author(s):  
N. Rashidova
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Full Description ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
The World ◽  
Educational Field

This article is about terminology formation in the field of education which is one of the growing areas of science. It is an inexhaustible source in constant enrichment of vocabulary in various languages of the world. Theoretical research of the terminology formation and its functioning is one of the priority areas in modern linguistics. Terminology in the field of education is firstly considered as terminological general literary vocabulary. Therefore, this research includes post names terms, institutions’ names, subjects’ names, processes, phenomena and others which are united in the general concept of ‘terminology in education sphere’. The article’s aim is to analyze the main structural and lexical-semantic character in the sphere of education in Arabic language. The research’s task is not only to study single-component units, but also multi-component phrases containing two or more elements. The article covers and analyzes the compounding method which is one of the methods of terms formation. In this article full description about this method will be given. Gained results create a new approach to understanding and solving the problems such as word formation in Arabic language, defining the lexical-semantic and structural-functioning character of the terminology in the field of education.

scholarly journals METHODS FOR SUPPLYING RUSSIAN AND CHINESE YOUTH JARGON: COGNITIVE MECHANISMS OF DEPENDENCE

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Синхуа Ван ◽  
Анна Владимировна Курьянович
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Chinese Youth ◽  
World Picture ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
The World ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Lexical Composition

Введение. В XXI в. все языки мира претерпевают коренные изменения в своем лексическом составе. В связи с необходимостью номинации новых понятий, явлений и предметов в процессе познания и освоения постоянно изменяющегося окружающего мира лексический фонд языков обогащается за счет возникновения новой лексики, среди которой в достаточном количестве присутствуют жаргонные слова. Молодежный жаргон – интереснейший языковой феномен как в русском, так и в китайском языках, практически параллельно развивающийся в двух совершенно разных языковых системах и лингвокультурах. Материал и методы. Анализируются способы пополнения лексического фонда русского и китайского молодежного сленга в сопоставительном аспекте с учетом фактора обусловленности когнитивными механизмами смыслопорождения в рамках жаргонного фрагмента национальной картины мира. Исследование осуществляется на материале словарной картотеки авторов, а также данных лексикографических источников с опорой на методологию контекстологического, сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа, а также словообразовательного моделирования. Результаты и обсуждение. Выявлены наиболее продуктивные способы обогащения корпуса молодежной лексики в обоих языках. Это метафоризация, аффиксация, иноязычные заимствования. В то же время, в отличие от русского молодежного жаргона, в китайском языке больший удельный вес и лингвокультурную специфику в образовании новых сленговых единиц обнаруживают такие способы, как аббревиация и гомофония. Китайский молодежный социолект обнаруживает специфику и при адаптации иноязычных заимствований. Данные отличия обусловлены типологическими особенностями китайского языка и своеобразием языковой картины мира современной китайской молодежи. Заключение. Полученные в ходе исследования результаты позволяют говорить о совокупном действии в рамках жаргонных подсистем русского и китайского языков как универсальных тенденций в области словопроизводства, так и специфичных для каждого языка путях реализации этих тенденций. Способы пополнения молодежного жаргона в конкретной лингвокультуре обусловлены концептуальным содержанием ее соответствующего фрагмента. Introduction. In the 21st century, all the languages of the world undergo radical changes in its lexical composition. Due to the need to nominate new concepts, phenomena and objects in the process of cognition and development of a constantly changing world, the lexical fund of languages is enriched by the emergence of new vocabulary, among which there are a lot of slang words. Youth jargon is an interesting language phenomenon both in Russian and in Chinese, which is developing almost simultaneously in two completely different language systems and linguistic cultures. Material and methods. The author analyzes the ways of replenishing the lexical fund of Russian and Chinese youth slang in a comparative aspect, taking into account the factor of cognitive mechanisms dependence of meaning generation within the framework of the slang fragment of the national world picture. The study is carried out on the basis of the material of the author’s dictionary files, as well as data from lexicographic sources based on the methodology of contextual, contrastive-comparative analysis, as well as word-formation modeling. Results and discussion. The most productive ways of enriching the corpus of youth vocabulary in both languages are revealed. This is metaphorization, affixation, foreign borrowing. At the same time, unlike Russian youth jargon, in the Chinese language, such methods as abbreviation and homophony reveal a greater specific gravity and linguocultural specifics in the formation of new slang units. The Chinese youth sociolect also reveals specifics when adapting foreign borrowings. These differences are due to the typological features of the Chinese language and the originality of the linguistic picture of the world of modern Chinese youth. Conclusion. The results obtained in the course of the study allow us to talk about the combined action within the framework of the slang subsystems of the Russian and Chinese languages as universal trends in the field of word production, and ways specific to each language to implement these trends. Ways to replenish youth jargon in a particular linguistic culture are determined by the conceptual content of its corresponding fragment.

scholarly journals A Contrastive Analysis of Word Formation of English and Chinese Neologisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Shiyun Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Information Age ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
New Words ◽  
Cultural Field ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The World ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Political Economic

Neologisms refer to the words created to express new things, new concepts and new ideas in written and oral communication. Since the 1980s, the world has entered into an information age. The world has witnessed great changes in political, economic, cultural field. At the same time, China has been carrying out a series of political and economic reforms, which have brought about amazing changes in all social aspects. As a result, a great deal of neologisms have appeared both in English and Chinese. There are three sources of neologisms both in English and Chinese: creating new words with native word elements, adding new meanings to existing words and borrowing new words from other languages. This paper focus on the first one of these three sources: word-formation, and analyzes the similarities and differences of three major ways of word-formation of neologisms in both English and Chinese: compounds, affixations, shortenings.

scholarly journals Sexism of Gender in Arabic Vocabulary and Its Influence in Social Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
Muassomah Muassomah ◽  
Laily Fitriani ◽  
Penny Respati Yurisa
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Masculine Identity ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
Feminine Identity ◽  
Arabic Word ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

This study aims to explain how the linguistic elements of Arabic language reflects the social life of its users or society. This qualitative research relies on Arabic words and sentences as the main data taken from literatures and other written documents. The collected data are analysed qualitatively using a sociolinguistic approach to explain how the society use the Arabic words or sentences in their social interaction. The research reveals that Arabic language is one of the international languageswhich has the highest content of gender sexism among other languages in the world. Each Arabic word and sentence contain a gender identity (masculine and feminine). The Arabic or sentences that have a masculine identity are strong, strong, primary needs, and independent; whereas, the Arabic words or sentences that have a feminine identity are more likely to have the characteristics of cleanliness, health, secondary needs, and dependent. It can be concluded that the mastery of Arabic language requires not only the understanding of its words and sentences, but also its users’ social life where the Arabic Language grows and develops. In other words, the use of Arabic language cannot be separated from the ideology, culture and social life of its users. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana unsur-unsur linguistik bahasa Arab  menggambarkan kehidupan social masyarakat penggunanya. Penelitian kualitatif ini mengandalkan kata dan kalimat bahasa Arab sebagai data utama yang diambil dari literatur dan dokumen tulis lainnya. Data terkumpul dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosiolingistik untuk menjelaskan setiap kata atau kalimat bahasa Arab yang digunakan oleh sebuah komunitas masyarakat dalam  interaksi sosial. Dalam penelitian terungkap bahwa bahasa Arab merupakan salah satu Bahasa internasional yang mengandung muatan seksisme gender paling tinggi di antara Bahasa-bahasa lain di dunia. Setiap kata dan kalimat bahasa Arab memuat identitas gender (maskulin dan feminine). Kata atau kalimat yang beridentitas maskulin memiliki sifat kokoh, kuat, kebutuhan primer, dan independen; sedangkan, kata atau kalimat yang beridentitas feminin lebih cenderung pada sifat yang berkaitan dengan ketertiban, kebersihan, kesehatan, kebutuhan skunder dan dependen. Dapat disimupulkan bahwa memahami bahasa Arab tidak cukup dengan memahami kata dan kalimatnya, namun perlu juga memahami kehidupan sosial masyarakat penggunanya di mana Bahasa Arab tersebut tumbuh dan berkembang. Dengan kata lain, Bahasa Arab tidak akan lepas dari ideologi, budaya dan kehidupan sosial masyarakat penggunanya. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى وصف الرموز في اللغة التي تعرض المجتمع. اللغة العربية من اللغات الدولية التي تحتوي على أعلى المحتويات للتمييز الجنسي في العالم. و تحتوي اللغة العربية في كل كلمة على هوية جنس (ذكورية وأنثوية). تشرح هذه الدراسة أن الجمل ذات الهويات الذكورية لها احتياجات قوية، قوة، أولية، واستقلال. في حين أن الكلمات التي لها هوية أنثوية من المرجح أن تكون سمات تحتوي على أمور تتعلق بالنظام والنظافة والصحة والاحتياجات الثانوية و التبعية. و يستخدم منهج اللغة الاجتماعية، لشرح كل كلمة عربية، لأن اللغة هي طموح مجتمع في التفاعل الاجتماعي. و يشير هذا البحث إلى أن فهم اللغة لا يكفي لفهم كلمات ورموز اللغة فقط، ولكن من الضروري فهم المجتمع الاجتماعي حيث تنمو وتطور اللغة. بمعنى آخر، كانت اللغة العربية وفقا لإيديولوجية الناطقين و ثقافتهم و حياتهم الاجتماعي.

scholarly journals Variations of Word Usage in Arabic Media: A Study of Arabic Newspapers

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 69-90
Author(s):  
Zainur Rijal Abd Razak
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Computer Programme ◽  
Word Usage ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
The World ◽  
Loan Word ◽  
Modern Standard

The main idea behind practising Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is to standardise the use of the Arabic language in all Arab countries, especially in official communication, be it written or spoken. This is due to their belief that language is one of the important elements contributing to their unity and sense of brotherhood as they are separated by different legitimate territories. This effort has more or less succeeded in uniting them in certain aspects. In reality, however, the writer has found that the practice has yet to ensure the standardisation of the Arabic language, particularly in terms of word usage style among countries. Taking news articles as data, this paper aims to highlight the differences that occur in word usage in seven Arabic newspapers from different countries, with a corpus of around 85,000 words from the World Affairs section. The analysis also includes articles published in two Arabic newspapers from non-Arab countries in order to relate to the role of geography in creating word usage style in publishing. The Wordsmith 5.0 computer programme was applied to the corpus by extracting all words into frequency lists and concordance. The results show that the Arabic newspapers contributed greatly to the creation of word usage variations, specifically in terms of spelling, loan word acceptance, verb transitivity to particle, phrase combination and plural formation.

Arabic in Modern Hebrew Texts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Creative Writing ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Population Displacement ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Hebrew

In the late 1950s, Iraqi Jews were either forced or chose to leave Iraq for Israel. Finding it impossible to continue writing in Arabic in Israel, many Iraqi Jewish novelists faced the literary challenge of switching to Hebrew. Focusing on the literary works of the writers Shimon Ballas, Sami Michael and Eli Amir, this book examines their use of their native Iraqi Arabic in their Hebrew works. It examines the influence of Arabic language and culture and explores questions of language, place and belonging from the perspective of sociolinguistics and multilingualism. In addition, the book applies stylistics as a framework to investigate the range of linguistic phenomena that can be found in these exophonic texts, such as code-switching, borrowing, language and translation strategies. This new stylistic framework for analysing exophonic texts offers a future model for the study of other languages. The social and political implications of this dilemma, as it finds expression in creative writing, are also manifold. In an age of mass migration and population displacement, the conflicted loyalties explored in this book through the prism of Arabic and Hebrew are relevant in a range of linguistic contexts.

Interpretation of Nonsense as a Method of Children Imagination Development (as exemplified in Carroll L. «Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There»)

2020 ◽  
pp. 200-212
Author(s):  
Larisa V. Kalashnikova
Keyword(s):  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Language Model ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The Third ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The World ◽  
Looking Glass ◽  
Rules Of The Game ◽  
Powerful Incentive ◽  
Algorithmic Thinking

The article enlightens the probem of nonsense and its role in the development of creative thinking and fantasy, and the way how the interpretation of nonsense affects children imagination. The function of imagination inherent to a person, and especially to a child, has a powerful potential – to create artificially new metaphorical models, absurd and most incredible situations based on self-amazement. Children are able to measure the properties of unfamiliar objects with the properties of known things. It is not difficult for small researchers to replace incomprehensible meanings with familiar ones; to think over situations, to make analogies, to transfer signs and properties of one object to another. The problem of nonsense research is interesting and relevant. The element of the game is an integral component of nonsense. In the process of playing, children cognize the world, learn to interact with the world, imitating the adults behavior. Imagination and fantasy help the child to invent his own rules of the game, to choose language elements that best suit his ideas. The child uses the learned productive models of the language system to create their own models and their own language, attracting language signs: words, morphs, sentences. Children’s dictionary stimulates word formation and language nomination processes. Nonsense-words are the result of children’s dictionary, speech errors and occazional formations, presented in the form of contamination, phonetic transformations, lexical substitution, implemented on certain models. The first two models are phonetic imitation and hybrid speech, based on the natural language model. The third model of designing nonsense is represented by words that have no meaning at all and can be attributed to words-portmonaie. Due to the flexibility of interframe relationships and the lack of algorithmic thinking, children can not only capture the implicit similarity of objects and phenomena, but also create it through their imagination. Interpretation of nonsense is an effective method of developing imagination in children, because metaphors, nonsense as a means of creating new meanings, modeling new content from fragments of one’s own experience, are a powerful incentive for creative thinking.

الجامعة الاسلامية العالمية بماليزيا وودورها فى تعليم اللغة العربية للناطقين بغيرها International Islamic University of Malaysia and Its Role in Teaching Arabic to Non-Native Speakers

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
علاء حسنى المزين (Alaa Hosni)
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Strong Connection ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Islamic Identity ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
The University ◽  
Scientific Documentation

كان من أهم الآثار الإيجابية للصحوة الإسلامية التى عمت العالم الإسلامى بشكل ملحوظ منذ أوائل السبعينيات فى القرن العشرين زيادة إقبال الشعوب الإسلامية على تعلم اللغة العربية، وبدأ الاهتمام الحقيقى لجامعات العالم الإسلامى بتوفير مساقات متخصصة لهذا الغرض منذ أوائل الثمانينات، وكانت الجامعة الإسلامية العالمية بماليزيا التى أسست سنة 1983 من أنشط الجامعات فى هذا الصدد، وهو نشاط استلفت نظر الباحث إذ وجده يستحق الرصد والتوثيق العلمى، والمراجعة إذا اقتضت الضرورة لا بهدف الإشادة بالتجربة بل رغبة فى الإفادة والاستفادة من قبل المختصين من المهتمين بهذا الميدان الحيوى من ميادين خدمة اللغة العربية بل خدمة الإسلام، وحضارته نظرا للارتباط الوثيق بين اللغة العربية وهذا الدين الحنيف باعتبارها لغة كتابه الخالد، والمعلم الرئيس من معالم الهوية الإسلامية المميزة والصمود الحضارى.*****************************************************One of the most positive effects of the Islamic awakening since the early seventies, in the twentieth century, which spread across the Islamic world in a significant manner, has been the increased Muslims’ interest in learning the Arabic language all over the world. There began a real interest in the universities of the Muslim world for the Arabic language by providing specialized courses for this purpose since the early eighties and  the International Islamic University Malaysia established in 1983 has been the most active university in this regard. And this activity of the university drew the interest of the researcher who found it worthy of investigation and scientific documentation as well as of revision, if necessary, not in order to pay tribute to the experience, but for taking advantage and learning from specialists interested in this vital field of the fields of Arabic language service which is actually service of Islam and its civilization considering the strong connection between Islam and the Arabic language, the language of the Qur’Én , the most distinctive feature of Islamic identity and resilience of Islamic civilization.

Formulation of Nidana Panchaka in Breast Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr.Seethal Peenikkal ◽  
Dr.K.Savitha R. Shenoy ◽  
Dr.Sri Nagesh K.A.
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Indian Woman ◽  
Basic Tool ◽  
Current Increase ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Technical Terms

Breast Cancer is one of the most common types of malignancy among Indian woman currently. The current increase in the world wide prevalence of this disease suggests an urgent need of detailed analysis, diagnosis and treatment line through Ayurvedic principles. As cancer is least understood in technical terms of Ayurveda, Nidana Panchaka a basic tool to understand and diagnose a Vyadhi, is used to analyze it. Even though a direct diagnostic correlation of breast cancer is not available under the major Vyadhi classifications, it is possible to elicit and formulate Nidana Panchaka based on the references of Sthana Roga, Shopha, Granthi, Arbuda etc. The current article is an effort to formulate Nidana Panchaka for Breast Cancer, from the background of basic principles of Ayurveda, for a better analysis and diagnosis of the Vyadhi.

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