scholarly journals The Last Dutch Smallpox Epidemic: Infectious Disease and Social Inequalities in Amsterdam, 1870-1872

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne Muurling ◽  
Tim Riswick ◽  
Katalin Buzasi
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Mixed Methods Approach ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
History Of ◽  
Neighbourhood Characteristics ◽  
The City

The complex relationship between the history of infectious diseases and social inequalities has recently attracted renewed attention. Smallpox has so far largely escaped this revived scholarly scrutiny, despite its century-long status as one of the deadliest and widespread of all infectious diseases. Literature has demonstrated that important differences between rural and urban communities, and between cities, but has so far failed to address disparities within cities due to varying living conditions and disease environments. This article examines the last nationwide upsurge of smallpox in the Netherlands through the lens of Amsterdam’s 50 neighbourhoods in the period 1870-1872. We use a mixed methods approach combining qualitative spatial analysis and OLS regression to investigate which part of the population was affected most by this epidemic in terms of age and sex, geographic distribution across the city, and underlying socio-demographic neighbourhood characteristics such as relative wealth, house density, crude death rate, and birth rate. Our analyses reveal a significant spatial patterning of smallpox mortality that can largely be explained by existing socio-demographic neighbourhood characteristics. The smallpox epidemic was not socially neutral, but lays bare some of the deep-seated social and health inequalities across the city.

scholarly journals Kejadian Leptospirosis pada Anjing di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (CASE OF CANINE LEPTOSPIROSIS IN THE CITY OF YOGYAKARTA)

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Guntari Titik Mulyani ◽  
Sri Hartati ◽  
Yuli Santoso ◽  
Kurnia Kurnia ◽  
Agung Budi Pramono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Leptospira Interrogans ◽  
Veterinary Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, which is caused by Leptospira interrogans. The incidence of leptospirosis in dogs varies according to region and season, and is considered as emerging infectious diseases in humans. Clinical symptoms of leptospirosis in dogs vary greatly, some dogs are asymptomatic, with mild symptoms, and others progress to severe illness until death. The study aims to determine cases of canine leptospirosis in Yogyakarta, and identify the serovar that infect them. A total of 20 dogs without symptoms, with mild symptoms, to severe symptoms of leptospirosis were collected their serum and further tested using Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) conducted at the Center for Veterinary Research (BBLitvet) Bogor. History of vaccination is recorded as a consideration in interpreting the MAT results. The results showed that three out of the 20 samples were positive leptospirosis. Of the three positive samples, one was identified as serovar bataviae, another one as serovar bataviae and tarrasovi, and the last as serovar bataviae, tarrasovi, ichterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, celledoni, pyrogenes, cynopteri, and rachmati, respectively. The three dogs with leptospirosis showed similar clinical symptoms i.e. Anorexia, lethargy, and fever. It can be concluded that there are cases of canine leptospirosis in Yogyakarta which is predominantly caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar bataviae. ABSTRAK Leptospirosis adalah penyakit zoonosis, yang disebabkan oleh Leptospira interrogans. Kejadian leptospirosis pada anjing bervariasi menurut wilayah dan musim, dan dianggap sebagai penyakit menular yang muncul pada manusia. Gejala klinis leptospirosis pada anjing sangat bervariasi, beberapa anjing tanpa menunjukkan gejala, dengan gejala ringan, dan yang lain melanjut menjadi penyakit yang parah sampai kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kasus leptospirosis pada anjing di Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, dan mengidentifikasi serovar yang menginfeksinya. Sebanyak 20 ekor anjing tanpa gejala, dengan gejala ringan, sampai gejala parah leptospirosis diambil serumnya guna pemeriksaan Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) yang dilaksanakan di Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner (BBLitvet), Bogor. Sejarah vaksinasi dicatat sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam menginterpretasi hasil pemeriksaan MAT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tiga dari 20 sampel positif leptospirosis. Satu sampel positif terhadap serovar Bataviae, satu sampel positif terhadap serovar Bataviae dan Tarrasovi, dan satu sampel lagi positif terhadap serovar Bataviae, Tarrasovi, Ichterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Celledoni, Pyrogenes, Cynopteri, dan Rachmati. Anjing yang positif leptospirosis menunjukkan gejala klinis yang sama berupa anoreksia, kelemahan, dan demam. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat kasus leptospirosis pada anjing di Yogyakarta yang penyebabnya dominan oleh Leptospira interrogans serovar Bataviae.

scholarly journals Community stakeholders' perceptions of crime and victimization: A mixed-methods approach to understanding collective efficacy and social cohesion in the rural heartland

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-115
Author(s):  
Ashley Lockwood ◽  
April Terry
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Mixed Methods Approach ◽  
Community Stakeholders ◽  
Rural And Urban

Previous criminological literature has mostly neglected rural communities, often treating these places as smaller pieces of urban culture. Literature suggests rural communities operate differently than urban neighborhoods, with distinctive values, norms, and community cohesion. For example, concepts surrounding collective efficacy may work counterproductively in rural areas—further exploiting outed community members within "close-knit" environments. The current study sought to compare perceptions of collective efficacy and social cohesion, crime, and victimization between rural and urban counties across one Midwestern rural state. Using a mixed-methods approach, community stakeholders from a variety of professions were surveyed. Quantitative results suggest similar perceptions of collective efficacy and social cohesion in rural and urban communities while qualitative responses paint a much different picture—an image of rural communities "minding their own business" and both formally and informally intervening only in the most extreme and personalized scenarios.

scholarly journals Medicine in philately: History of Quarantine

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Buğra Berkan Bingöl ◽  
Ahmet Doğan Ataman ◽  
Mehtap Pekesen ◽  
Elif Vatanoğlu-Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Italian Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City ◽  
Language Meaning

Abstract Objectives This article provides an overview through philately on the history of the quarantine ap-plications which dominate the whole world nowadays because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Content In this review article, the History of Quarantine is enriched with philatelic examples and tried to explain. Summary Quarantine is defined as the isolation of animals, people, or land to prevent the spread of diseases or pests. It is different from medical isolation, which is for people who have been infected with the disease. The word “quarantine” comes from quarantine, Italian language meaning “40 days”. This is because of the 40-day isolation of ships and people practiced as a measure of disease prevention related to the plague. This practice was named “Quaranta” in the Republic of Venice, whose economy is based on trade, by keeping the ships coming to the city in the sea for 40 days off the city, so that the capital Venice will not be infected with epidemics. Outlook People’s efforts to take precautions against a possible pandemic risk are a practice that has been going on for ages. Quarantine, which is among the measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, includes measures taken by avoiding contact with humans and animals in suspected cases exposed to infectious diseases for a period equal to the longest incubation period of the disease.

Analysis on the Space Remodeling of the Old Public Buildings Courtyard

2011 ◽  
Vol 368-373 ◽  
pp. 3254-3257
Author(s):  
Yin Bin Lei ◽  
Feng Hua Lu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
City Memory ◽  
The City

Many neoteric public buildings in old urban communities are material carriers of the history of the due city; hence, when these building are preserved and renovated, they can always act as symbols of the city memory. It is necessary to remodel the space of these old public buildings, and to make sure that they continue to play important roles in the the development of the area. In this essay, through probing into the features and analysing the economic, cultural and historical values of these public constructions, the author put forward different remodeling methods and techniques. It is of practical and cultural significance.

scholarly journals NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN AKHLAK DALAM KITAB AL-BARZANJI

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-60
Author(s):  
Hayaturrohman Hayaturrohman ◽  
Arif Rahman ◽  
Rayhand Eljinand
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Data Collection Technique

This research is motivated by the history of Islamic culture in the territory of Indonesia which is growing up to the present, both among rural and urban communities. One of them is the phenomenon of the reading of the book al barzanji with a variety of ways and methods. Exploring meaning in depth is also important considering that not a few people who read it, but he does not know what the meaning and meaning contained in the Book of al- Barzanji. This research is based on the idea that moral education is one of the important things that must be considered. Theoretically moral education references can come from various sources, one of which is a written source, in this case the Book of Al-Barzanji that explains the character of the Prophet Muhammad. The research method used is the content analysis method because this research is a study of the text contained in the book of al- Barzanji and through a qualitative analysis approach. This research emphasizes the power of data analysis (content analysis) on data sources obtained from books, writings or so-called literature studies and by relying on existing theories to be interpreted broadly and deeply. The data collection technique used is Literature Study, by collecting books / documents related to research. The primary source is Al-Barzanji by Shaykh Ja'far al-Barzanji. Based on the results of the study, obtained two things, the first is the value of moral education contained in the book Al-Barzanji includes six core values, namely: Al-Sidqu's value (honest); the value of al-Ulfah (merciful); the value of al-fAfwu (forgiving); Anisatun rating (friendly) ; the value of al-Khairu (kindness);Simple and Juhud values (have a work ethic).

“Bridges” and “Gaps” on Maps of Multicultural Cities

2017 ◽  
pp. 181-199
Author(s):  
Oxana Karnaukhova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
The South ◽  
Urban Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Legacy ◽  
The City

The city is a sum of feasible expressions of social and historical evolution and space identity. The uniqueness of a place is formed not only by contemporary infrastructure, but by the cultural environment deeply anchored in the historical context. The object of the study is the South Russian agglomeration as a feasible example of ragged edges of multicultural history of the region and constantly challenged collective identity. Multicultural cities in Russia carry a burden of the pre-Soviet and Soviet urban policy, weighed down by complex historical environment. As a result, cities are closed in a coterie: reliance on Soviet and post-Soviet legacy – conservative economic policy –– fragmentary and spontaneous development of the city architecture and infrastructure. The term of splintering urbanism coined by Steven Graham and Simon Marvin is focused on the historical circumstances and socio-cultural environment of urban communities in the South Russian agglomeration, describing symbolic forms of bridges and gaps in the collective urban identity.

scholarly journals Um urbano pra lá de rural: as particularidades políticas, históricas e culturais que transformaram Campo Grande de arraial a capital

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (30) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Daniel Attianesi ◽  
Guilherme Rodrigues Passamani
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Urban Anthropology ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
The People ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

A ideia do artigo proposto aqui está no questionamento sobre a possibilidade da cidade de Campo Grande se adequar aos moldes clássicos do pensado pela antropologia urbana. Ao pensar sobre a cidade de Campo Grande, estamos pensando em nexos constitutivos da própria realidade de diversas cidades brasileiras e do próprio Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, cuja capital política e administrativa possui como sede o município de Campo Grande. Município esse que possuía uma população de 49.629 mil habitantes em 1940, que em 1970 já possuía 140.233 mil habitantes e nos últimos anos conta com uma população de 863.982 mil residentes, um crescimento de aproximadamente 1640% em 75 anos. Este artigo realizará uma análise da história de Campo Grande de forma a pensar a questão da relação entre rural e urbano. Para isso focaremos a partir da visão dos primeiros pensadores sociais, que pensavam a relação entra a vida na cidade e a vida no campo, autores como Weber, Simmel, Park, Wirth. Dessa forma, buscamos três momentos específicos dessa história: o primeiro sendo a formação de uma identidade cultural sul-mato-grossense entre os anos de 1932 a 1934, o segundo será pensar o momento de urbanização da cidade nos anos de 1960-1970 e o último iremos pensar a relação que a cidade possui atualmente com seus habitantes. Abstract: The idea of the proposed article is in questioning the possibility that the City of Campo Grande fits the classic models proposed by urban anthropology. When thinking about the City of Campo Grande, we are thinking in constitutive links with the reality of many Brazilian cities and with the very State of Mato Grosso do Sul, whose political and administrative capital is based in the City of Campo Grande. This city had a population of 49,629 in 1940, which in 1970 was already 140,233 and recent years count showed a population of 863,982 -- an increase of approximately 1640% in 75 years. This paper will analyze the history of Campo Grande in order to think about the relationship between rural and urban. For this, we will focus on the vision of the first social thinkers, who sought to think the relationship between life in the city and life in the countryside, authors like Weber, Simmel, Park, and Wirth. In this way, we look for three specific moments of this history: the first one being the formation of a cultural identity of the people of Mato Grosso do Sul from 1932 to 1934, the second is to think about the moment of the city’s urbanization in the years 1960-1970 and the latter we’ll think about the relationship that the city currently has with its inhabitants.

Petitions, the City, and the Early Colonial State in South India

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-176
Author(s):  
APARNA BALACHANDRAN
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
South India ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Legal Subjectivity ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colonial Urbanism ◽  
The City

AbstractThis article explores the entwined history of early colonial urbanism and the articulation of legal subjectivity under East India Company rule in South India. More specifically, it looks at petitions from outcaste labouring groups to the Madras government in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Although early colonial petitions were unequivocally products of colonial rule, which derived their distinctive form and language from colonial law, a reading of the petition archive is one of the only ways to achieve a historical understanding of the city of Madras as it was experienced by its less privileged inhabitants. This article looks at the delineation of the communal selfhood of subaltern urban communities through petition narratives, arguing that the variety and innovativeness displayed by petition writers is testament both to the acceptance of colonial legality and to the agency of native subjects in negotiating with, and appropriating the language and rationale of, the colonial legal regime.

scholarly journals Changing the opinions, beliefs and attitudes of the Efiks, Quas and Efuts of Calabar Municipality towards the practice of female circumcision

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Oyira Emilia James ◽  
Emon Umoe Duke ◽  
Essien N. C ◽  
Affiong Ekpenyong Onoyom ◽  
Egbai ME ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Female Circumcision ◽  
The People ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The City ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes ◽  
Local Languages

Objective: To determine the opinion of the Efiks, Quas and Efuts of old Calabar district towards the practice of female circumcision. To examine the beliefs of the Efiks, Quas and Efuts of Calabar towards the practice of female circumcision. To determine the attitude of the Efiks, Quas and Efuts of Calabar towards the practice of female circumcision.Methods: In order to successfully carry out the study, three research questions and hypothesis were formulated. Literatures were reviewed based on the research variables. The research instrument used for data collection was questionnaire which was administered on three hundred and six (306) respondents who served as the sample for the study. Their responses were analyzed using frequencies, and percentages. Results showed that more than 50% are not in support of the practice and in fact more than 64% will not want their daughters circumcised.Results: It is observed that majority of educated, well informed and enlightened individuals who are aware of the harmful effects of the female circumcision abhors it. To this extent, proper education, and enlightenment, should be encouraged. Religions and cosmopolitan nature of the city are key to influencing the opinions, beliefs and attitude of the people living there. And finally, majority of the people think that the practice of female circumcision is decreasing in the city. Based on these findings information should continue to be disseminated using mass media and local languages for complete eradication and permanent attitudinal change.Conclusions: This work highlight the influence of public education and increase awareness from both the rural and urban communities so rooted to their cultures of female circumcision in old Calabar district as bad practice and unacceptable tradition in the 21st century world of today.

Nobility and patrimony in modern France

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Macknight
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Modern France ◽  
History Of ◽  
International Visitors ◽  
Coats Of Arms

Châteaux and landed estates, family portraits, names, titles and coats of arms are symbols of aristocratic identity and integral to the collective memory of nobility. In this study of tangible and intangible cultural heritage Elizabeth Macknight explains the significance of nobles’ conservationist traditions for public engagement with the history of France. During the French Revolution nobles’ property was seized, destroyed, or sold off by the nation. State intervention during the nineteenth century meant historic monuments became protected under law in the public interest. The Journées du Patrimoine, created in 1984 by the French Ministry for Culture, became a Europe-wide calendar event in 1991. Each year millions of French and international visitors enter residences and museums to admire France’s aristocratic cultural heritage. Drawing on archival evidence from across the country, Macknight presents a compelling account of power, interest and emotion in family dynamics and nobles’ relations with rural and urban communities.

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