scholarly journals Multiple drug resistance in bacterial isolates from liquid wastes generated in central hospitals of Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr Sharma ◽  
B Pradhan ◽  
SK Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Liquid Wastes

Background: Healthcare liquid wastes are the reservoirs of harmful infectious agents such as the pathogens and multiple drug resistant microorganisms. Potential infectious risks include the spread of infectious diseases and microbial resistance from health-care establishments into the environment and thereby posing risks of getting infections and antibiotic resistance in the communities. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the bacterial load of healthcare liquid waste generated in central hospitals and to explore the antimicrobial resistance pattern of these bacterial isolates. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was carried out in 10 conveniently selected central hospitals of Nepal during the period of May to December 2008. Effluent specimens from each hospital were subjected to total viable count studies by spread plate method in nutrient agar plate and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C using standard laboratory protocol. Similarly, all the specimens were cultured in Mac Conkey Agar media supplemented with 30 μg/ml of Chloramphenicol and 20 μg/ml of Gentamycin for the enumeration of multiple drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, which were further subjected to in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility test by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique for resistance patterns. Results: Total viable counts of hospital effluents significantly exceeded the standard heterotrophic plate count (p=0.000). Similarly, the numbers of multiple drug resistant bacteria were alarmingly high in three (more than 30% in 2 and 50% in 1) hospitals of this study. Drug resistant hospital effluent isolates showed simultaneous resistance for most of the antibiotics including Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Cotrimoxazole, Gentamycin and Quinolones. Conclusion: Healthcare liquid wastes were laden with MDR bacteria and seemed to pose a huge public health threat in the transfer of such resistance to the bacterial pathogens causing community acquired infections, thereby limiting our antibiotic pool. Key words: Healthcare liquid waste management; viable count; multiple drug resistance; hospitals; Nepal DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v8i1.3220 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2010), Vol. 8, No. 1, Issue 29, 40-44

Analisis of budget costs with different treatment efficiencies of newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients with multiple drug resistant pathogen

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
N.V. Kuznetsov ◽  
A.S. Lesonen ◽  
U.M. Markelov ◽  
E.D. Mikhailova
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Treatment Gaps ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Republic

The article presents the results of predicting the dynamics of the spread of new cases of tuberculosis (TB) with multiple drug resistance (MDR) in the Republic of Karelia, as well as the costs of treating patients with tuberculosis, considering the different effectiveness of treatment. It has been demonstrated that while enhancing efficiency of treatment, due to the rapid determination of drug resistance by the method of polymerase chain reaction and a decrease in treatment gaps (using food kits), the effectiveness of treatment is significantly increased and the prevalence of MDR-TB decreases, which leads to significant budget savings.

scholarly journals Biological microchips for detection of multiple drug resistant M. tuberculosis strains isolated in Kyrgyz Republic

2008 ◽  
pp. 64-66
Author(s):  
J. T. Isakova ◽  
Z. K. Goncharova ◽  
A. A. Aldashev
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Rpob Gene ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Single Drug ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant

The aim of the study was to estimate spread of primary and secondary multiple drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) and to characterize rpoB, katG, inhA, and ahpC gene mutations of rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) resistant MBT strains isolated from tuberculosis patients in Kyrgyz. We obtained 493 specimens from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis which were diagnosed based on clinical, X-ray, and bacteriological examination. Among them, newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis was in 445 patients (90.2 %), and 48 of the patients (9.8 %) have already been treated for tuberculosis. Mutations of rpoB, KatG, inhA, and ahpC genes associated with RIF and INH resistance were detected by biological chip test. Sensitive MBT strains were detected in 47 % and resistant strains were in 53 % of the newly diagnosed patients. Single-drug resistance to RIF only was detected in 3 % of cases; resistance to INH was found in 20 %, resistance to both the drugs was detected in 30 % of the patients. In pre-treated patients single-drug resistance to RIF was defined in 4 % of cases, resistance to INH was in 8 %, resistance to both the drugs was estimated in 75 % of the patients. Therefore, we suppose that there is a high prevalence of multi-drug resistant MBT in Kyrgyz Republic: 30 % among newly diagnosed patients and 75 % among pre-treated patients. The main cause of RIF-resistance of MBT is Ser531→Leu mutation of rpoB gene, and the main cause of INHresistance is Ser315→Thr mutation of katG gene.

scholarly journals Multiple Mechanisms Synergistically Induce Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Multiple Drug Resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lulu Yang ◽  
Fangyan Jiao ◽  
Ousman Bajinka ◽  
Khalid A Abdelhalim ◽  
Guojun Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Antibacterial Drug ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background: This study was designed to detect the molecular epidemiological characteristics and resistant mechanism of carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) which provide reference for the prevention and treatment of hospital CRPA infection. Methods: 34 strains of CRPA from 2018 to 2019 were isolated and their resistance to 13 commonly used antibiotics was detected using TDR-300B Plus VitEK-2 compact automatic bacterial identification instrument. Then carbapenemase production was detected using Carbe NP test. The efflux pumps MexA and outer membrane protein OprD proteins were detected using RT-PCR and class Ⅰ integron carried with drug-resistant genes were detected using PCR and sequences analysis. Results: Among 34 strains of CRPA, 22 strains were multiple drug resistance (MDR) and 5 strains were extensively drug-resistant (XDR). The results of class Ⅰ integron carried drug-resistant gene sequencing analysis showed the class Ⅰ integron mainly carried aminoglycoside or quinolone antibacterial drug resistant genes. Conclusion: Multiple mechanisms play an important role in the formation and development of MDR or XDR resistance.

The antiproliferative activity of ferrocene derivatives against drug-resistant cancer cell lines: A mini review

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Lin Ma ◽  
Jian Sun
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Ferrocene Derivatives ◽  
Preclinical Trial

: Cancer, a highly heterogeneous disease at intra/inter patient levels, remains a serious health problem contributing to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite great progress in clinical treatment, the concerns impeding the success of conventional cancer chemotherapy is descending efficacy of anticancer agents due to the development of drug resistance especially multiple drug resistance (MDR). Ferrocene derivatives have a different mode of action to the platinum anticancer drugs, and the ferrocene-phenol hybrid ferrocifen exhibits potential activity against drug-resistant cancers. Currently, ferrocifen is in preclinical trial, demonstrating that ferrocene derivatives are useful scaffolds for the development of novel anticancer candidates which are active against drug-resistant cancers. In the present review, the current scenario of ferrocene derivatives including ferrocene metal complexes, hybrids and other derivatives with antiproliferative potential against drug-resistant cancer cell lines is summarized for further rational design.

The viscosity and lipid composition of the plasma membrane of multiple drug resistant and sensitive yeast strains

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 1036-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Rank ◽  
A. J. Robertson ◽  
H. Bussey
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acid Distribution ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Membrane Viscosity ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Polarization Technique

Four different plasma membrane preparations were isolated from multiple drug resistant and sensitive isolates of two isogenic groups of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains: zymolyase ghosts, concanavalin A ghosts, pH 4 nonaggregated vesicles, and sucrose-gradient purified vesicles. The viscosities of these preparations were determined by the use of a fluorescence polarization technique with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene.The viscosities of all four membrane preparations within an isogenic set were the same for resistant and sensitive strains. A comparison of the viscosity of zymolyase ghost liposomes showed that zymolyase ghost (glyco) proteins of resistant and sensitive strains had the same effect on viscosity.There was no difference between resistant and sensitive isolates in the mole concentration of the following lipid classes extracted from zymolyase ghosts: phospholipid, sterol, sterol ester, triglyceride, diglyceride, and free fatty acid. The fatty acid distribution of esterified and free fatty acids and the distribution of nine phospholipids was the same in zymolyase ghosts from sensitive and resistant strains.It was concluded that multiple drug resistance does not result from an alteration in plasma membrane viscosity or lipid composition.

Drug-resistant genital tuberculosis of the penis in a human immunodeficiency virus non-reactive individual

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 694-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Baveja ◽  
Gumma Vidyanidhi ◽  
Manisha Jain ◽  
Trishla Kumari ◽  
V. K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
First Line ◽  
Antitubercular Drugs ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Superficial Ulcer

The genitourinary tract is the most common site for extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Penile TB is extremely rare comprising less than 1 % of all genital TB cases in males. It most commonly presents either as a superficial ulcer on the glans or around the corona. Diagnosis of penile TB is often difficult because it can mimic numerous other diseases. The association of TB with AIDS, and the increasing incidence of multiple drug resistance has further compounded the problem. The case described herein involves a patient with multidrug-resistant smear-positive penile TB that was undiagnosed initially due to the lack of clinical suspicion of TB, and once diagnosed failed to respond to first line antitubercular drugs because of multiple drug resistance.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical detection and quantitation of P-glycoprotein in multiple drug-resistant human myeloma cells: association with level of drug resistance and drug accumulation

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
WS Dalton ◽  
TM Grogan ◽  
JA Rybski ◽  
RJ Scheper ◽  
L Richter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Immunohistochemical Staining ◽  
Myeloma Cell ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Myeloma Cells ◽  
P Glycoprotein ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant

Using several multiple drug-resistant human myeloma cell lines as standards, we developed an immunohistochemical staining technique and means of quantitating P-glycoprotein in individual myeloma cells. The level of staining intensity for P-glycoprotein in individual myeloma cells was quantitated by measuring the average optical density of each cell with a microscopic computerized cell analysis system. Using this system, we observed that the level of P-glycoprotein for individual cells within a cell population of known drug sensitivity was very homogeneous (coefficient of variation less than or equal to 13%). Analysis of cell lines with gradually increasing levels of multidrug resistance (8226/S, 8226/Dox6 and 8226/Dox40) demonstrated a close association between the level of resistance to doxorubicin, defined by the mean lethal dose (D0) and the amount of P-glycoprotein on individual cells determined by the optical density (r = 0.82, P less than 0.0005). Intracellular doxorubicin (DOX) accumulation in the individual cell lines was inversely related to the level of drug resistance expressed as D0. P-glycoprotein was also detected in the marrow-derived myeloma cells of patients with drug refractory disease using immunohistochemical staining. The amount of P-glycoprotein in the cells of one patient was directly compared to the amount found in the simultaneously stained standard cell lines (8226/Dox6 and 8226/Dox40) by comparing the optical densities for individual cells. Using this immunohistochemical technique to detect and quantitate P-glycoprotein in patient myeloma cells and comparing it to standard multidrug resistant myeloma cell lines may be of value in determining the contribution of P-glycoprotein to clinical drug resistance in patients with multiple myeloma.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance and the ecology ofEscherichia coliplasmids

1984 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Platt ◽  
J. S. Sommerville ◽  
C. A. Kraft ◽  
M. C. Timbury
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
R Plasmids ◽  
High Level

SummaryFour hundred and seven clinical isolates ofEscherichia coliwere examined for the presence of plasmids. These isolates comprised 189 which were collected irrespective of antimicrobial resistance (VP) and 218 which were collected on the basis of high-level trimethoprim resistance (TPR). The VP isolates were divided into drug sensitive (VPS) and drug-resistant (VPR) subpopulations.Plasmids were detected in 88% of VP isolates (81% of VPS and 94% of VPR) and 98% of TPR isolates. The distribution of plasmids in both groups and subpopulations was very similar. However, there were small but statistically significant differences between the plasmid distributions. These showed that more isolates in the resistant groups harboured plasmids than in the sensitive subpopulation (VPS) and that the number of plasmids carried by resistant isolates was greater. Multiple drug resistance was significantly more common among TPR isolates than the VPR subpopulation and this was paralleled by increased numbers of plasmids.Fifty-eight per cent of VPR and 57% of TPR isolates transferred antimicrobial resistance and plasmids toE. coliK12. Of the R+isolates, 60% carried small plasmids (MW < 20Md) and 52% of these co-transferred with R-plasmids. These results are discussed.

scholarly journals Development of a technological platfom for creating innovative anti-tb drugs effective against multi-drug-resistant strains

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-435
Author(s):  
V. N. Danilenko
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

This article tackles the issue of the growing morbidity and mortality caused by multi-drug-resistant (extreme drug-resistant) tuberculosis (TB). This issue is aggravated by the alarming rise of immunocompromized patients and immigration worldwide. In order to solve this problem, an interdisciplinary approach is needed. Here we offer to: (1) develop innovative diagnostic techniques for identifying dangerous lineages of TB with mutations and drug resistance genes; (2) develop antibiotics with new modes of action effective against multiple drug resistance and extreme drug-resistant strains of TB and HIV; (3) develop new genetically engineered vaccines; and, (4) develop new vaccine adjuvants based on probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium stains, with selective immunomodulatory activity.

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