scholarly journals Features of total body sizes and anthropometric torso sizes in female volleyball players of mesomorphic somatotype

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. Sarafinyuk ◽  
L.V. Fomina ◽  
V.O. Khavtur ◽  
L.Ia. Fedoniuk ◽  
O.P. Khapitska ◽  
...  

Determination of constitutional parameters that are inherent in highly skilled athletes of a particular sport can serve as reliable predictive markers during sport selection. But the last time an indisputable fact is the somatotypological conditionality of individual sizes that characterize the external structure of the body, and the visceral structures of the organism. The purpose of the work is to establish differences in the anthropometric dimensions between young women volleyball players of high level of athletic skill and non-sports young women belonging to the mesomorphic somatotype. On the base of the research center of the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, we conducted an anthropo-somatotypological study of 127 female volleyball players of youth age (from 16 to 20 years) with a high level of athletic skill. Sports experience in all cases was greater than 3 years. From the database of research center of the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University was selected 140 practically healthy young women of the same age who were not engaged in sports. Anthropometric measurements were carried out using the method of V.V. Bunak (1941), somatotypological research – according to the estimated modification of the Heath-Carter method (1990). After the conducted somatotyping, it was found that 29 volleyball players and 33 non-sports young women belonged to the mesomorphic type of constitution. The analysis of the obtained results is carried out in the licensed package of Statistica 5.5 using nonparametric methods of evaluation of indicators. In the volleyball players of the mesomorphic somatotype, compared to young women who are not engaged in sports of the same constitutional type, we have found a significantly larger length of the body, the mass and area of the body surface, the height of the suprasternal, pubic, shoulder anthropometric points, chest cords, transverse mid and lower chest and sagittal middle-thigh diameters, intervertebral distance of the pelvis and its external conjugates. Relatively smaller in female volleyball players of mesomorphic type of physique was the thickness of the skin-fat folds under the shoulder blade. One can conclude that within the same somatotype there are significant changes in the anthropometric parameters, in particular total body and longitudinal, transverse, front and rear body dimensions, which is affected by the body of modern young women volleyball players with mesomorphic somatotype, under the influence of intensive loads.

2018 ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
L. A. Sarafyniuk ◽  
V. I. Pivtorak ◽  
V. O. Khavtur ◽  
L. Ia. Fedoniuk ◽  
O. P. Khapitska

During qualified sport selection special attention should be paid to those features and abilities that have a great influence on the effectiveness, and those, that are mainly under the influence of genetic factor. Such morphogenetic markers of sports selection include, firstly, the constitutional features of athletes, in particular the shape of the chest. The purpose of work is to determine the differences between the anthropometric dimensions of the chest between female volleyball players of high level of athletic skill and non-sportsmen, who belonged to different constitutional types. On the base of the Scientific-Research Center of the Vinnytsya National Pirogov Memorial Medical University an anthropo-somatotypological investigation of 113 female volleyball players of high level athletic skill (from 16 to 20 years old) was done. The control group included 204 practically healthy young women, who were not engaged in sports of the corresponding age. Anthropometric research was performed according to the V. V. Bunak (1941) method, somatotypological study was based on the estimated modification of the Heath-Carter method (1990). In young women, who were not engaged in sports, more than in half of the cases were indicated constitutional types, which were characterized by good development of fatty body composition. Between female volleyball players were dominated individuals with mesomorphic somatotype (26.66%), ectomorphic somatotype (23.01%), ecto-mesomorphic somatotype (23.89%), and representatives of the intermediate somatotype (23.01%) were almost uniformly represented in the sample. The analysis of the results was carried out in the licensing program "Statistica 5.5" using nonparametric methods of estimating the parameters. We have found that the female volleyball players of the ectomorphic somatotype have the smallest anthropometric dimensions of the chest, as compared with athletes of other constitutional groups. In the mesomorphs female volleyball players all transverse and the most of overall sizes of the chest were the largest. Parameters of the athletes with the ecto-mesomorphic somatotype were slightly small to the size of the somatometric parameters of the mesomorphs, but they had the highest values of the anterior-posterior size of the chest. Female volleyball players with intermediate somatotype had larger values of the chest size than volleyball players with ectomorphic somatotype, although no significant difference was found when comparing them. It was found, that the most of the overall, transverse, and anterior-posterior dimensions of the chest in female volleyball players are statistically significantly higher than that of girls, who were not engaged in sports, and belonged to the same constitutional type as athletes. We have made a conclusion that belonging to one of the constitutional type does not provide similarity of morphometric parameters of the chest in persons with different levels of physical activity.


2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 920-924
Author(s):  
Larisa A. Sarafinjuk ◽  
Olga P. Khapitska ◽  
Larysa Ya. Fedoniuk ◽  
Lyudmila V. Fomina ◽  
Daria A. Merkulova ◽  
...  

The aim was to determine the main differences in the external structure of the body and the of central hemodynamics parameters in of high-level sports skills volleyball players of the juvenile age with the role of libero, hitters and setters. Materials and methods: 116 volleyball players of high level athletic skill of the youth age from 16 to 20 years old. The control group included 140 practically healthy girls who were not engaged in sports of the corresponding age. Anthropometric investigation was performed according to Bunak’s V.V. and Martirosov’s E.G. method, rheographic – according to the method of Ronkin M.A. and Ivanov L.B. The reliability of the difference between independent quantitative values was determined using Mann–Whitney U-test. Results: It was established that volleyball players have significantly higher total, longitudinal, circumferential dimensions of the body, width of distal epiphyses, transverse diameters of the chest and pelvis in comparison with girls, who are not involved in sport. According to the most parameters of the body external structure the hitters are predominate than setters and libero. In hitters and setters, most anthropo-somatotypological parameters are larger than in nonathletes. The stroke and minute volumes, the impact index, the volume velocity of the blood and the capacity of the left ventricle in volleyball players are significantly higher. Specific peripheral resistance is significantly lower than that of girls who are not involved in sports. Between the volleyball players of different positions in the value of the central hemodynamics parameters, there were no significant differences, except for the impact index, which is significantly higher in libero than in the hitters. Conclusions: The external structure of the body, anthropometric parameters and indicators of central hemodynamics depend of volleyball player’s position and have some peculiarities.


2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
L.A. Sarafyniuk ◽  
O.P. Khapitska ◽  
P.V. Sarafyniuk ◽  
S.V. Koliadenko ◽  
L.A. Cherkasova

Determining the indicators of the external body structure, which are inherent in highly qualified athletes of a particular sport during the annual training macrocycle, can be reliable markers in sports selection. The aim of the work is to determine the differences of anthropometric dimensions in qualified young women volleyball players at the beginning of the preparatory period and at the end of the competitive period of the annual training cycle. We examined 36 young women volleyball players of the section of sports improvement of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya and the women’s volleyball team of the Super League of Ukraine “Bilozgar – Medical University”. All volleyball players belonged to a juvenile age (from 16 to 20 years) and had a high level of sportsmanship. We conducted two surveys of volleyball players during the 2018-2019 study year: the first – in September 2018, which corresponded to the beginning of the preparatory period of the annual training cycle; the second – in May 2019, which was at the end of the competitive period of the annual training cycle. Anthropometric measurement was performed by the method of V.V. Bunak (1941). The analysis of the obtained results was performed in the license package “Statistica 5.5” using non-parametric methods of evaluation of indicators. At the end of the competition period, compared to the preparatory training period, volleyball players of high level of sportsmanship in adolescence showed a statistically significant decrease in body weight with a significant increase in shoulder width, chest circumference on inspiration, thighs and crus in the upper third, and a tendency to larger values of the height of the suprasternal and shoulder points, torso length and transverse mid-chest diameter. Certain somatometric features of volleyball players can be considered from two aspects: first, as a consequence of qualified prognostic sports selection, and secondly, as a result of training and competitive sports activities. Analysis of external body parameters in volleyball players during the annual macrocycle can be used as criteria for ascertaining sports selection, because when selecting at the stages of advanced specialization it is necessary to identify athletes capable of achieving high sports results, effective sports improvement in subsequent stages of training.


2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 540-544
Author(s):  
Obadeh Bassam Abdel-Rahman Al-Qaraleh ◽  
V. I. Stepanenko ◽  
T. G. Kryvonis ◽  
V. S. Shkolnikov ◽  
S. V. Prokopenko

Annotation. Exacerbation and aggravation of psoriasis increases the chances of neurosis, depression, can significantly impair mental health through social stigma and leads to social isolation and maladaptation, a significant reduction in quality of life. Studying this problem from the standpoint of comparative assessment of the distribution of character accentuations in patients with different dermatoses can provide insight into how a certain level of adequacy of psychological adaptive response is associated with organic pathological process or genetically existing expression of certain traits. The aim of the study was to found the features of indicators of expression and features of accentuated personality traits in men with psoriasis without taking into account somatotype and in representatives of meso- and endo-mesomorphic somatotypes. Men aged 22 to 35 years, patients with psoriasis (n=100, including 32 with mild and 68 with severe course) at the Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases with a course of postgraduate education National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya and Military Medical Clinical Center of the Central Region, conducted an anthropometric survey by V. V. Bunak Estimation of the expression and features of accentuated personality traits made according to G. Shmishek The reliability of the difference between the values between the independent quantitative values was determined using the U-Mann-Whitney test. In healthy subjects, taking into account and without taking into account the somatotype, it is seen that the type of physique did not significantly affect the severity of individual traits and their combinations in this group of people. With the increase in the course of psoriasis among subjects without somatotype, there is a decrease in the percentage of persons with hyperthymic and demonstrative and an increase – with emotional, pedantic, anxious, cyclothymic, excitable, dysthymic and exalted type of character accentuation; among patients of mesomorphic somatotype there is a decrease in the percentage of people with stuck and demonstrative and an increase – with emotional, pedantic, anxious, cyclothymic, excitable, dysthymic and exalted type of character accentuation; among patients of endo-mesomorphic somatotype there is a decrease in the percentage of people with hypertension and an increase – with stuck, demonstrative and excitable type of character accentuation. All this maintains a pathologically high level of affective tension, which disrupts the autonomic balance in the body, can be a pathogenic factor in the development of psychosomatic illness and leads to ineffective treatment of psoriasis.


Author(s):  
G. V. Datsenko ◽  
A. V. Shayuk ◽  
I. M. Kyrychenko ◽  
T. M. Kyselyova ◽  
А. О. Ivanitsa

According to the data of modern scientific literature, to determine the risk groups of vascular diseases of the brain at the stage before the development of the disease, it is necessary to study the dependence of cerebral functional indicators of the population on their constitutional status, age, region of residence. The purpose of the study was to determine the features of correlations of cerebral blood circulation with anthropo-somatotypological characteristics of practically healthy young women of the middle intermediate somatotype. On the base of the research center of the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya conducted a comprehensive study of 30 practically healthy urban young women of the middle intermediate somatotype, in the third generation of residents of the Podillia region of Ukraine. All young women undergo rheoencephalography using a computer diagnostic complex; anthropometric research according to the scheme of V. V. Bunak; craniometry; determination of somatotype by J. Carter and B. Heath method and components of body mass index by J. Matiegka and American Institute of Nutrition (AIN) methods. The analysis of correlations of the obtained results was carried out using the Spearman method in the licensed statistical package “STATISTICA 6.1”. In practically healthy young women of the middle intermediate somatotype, the following multiple connections of indicators of cerebral circulation with anthropo-somatotypological parameters of the body are established: direct, mostly unreliable, average strength (r = 0.31 to 0.36) connections of most time indices with girth the thighs and time of rapid blood filling with one third of the indexes of the thickness of skin and fat folds (TSFF), the endomorphic component of the somatotype and fat component of the body mass using the Matiegka method; direct, mostly reliable, average strength (r = 0.36 to 0.51) connections of the index of tone of all arteries, tone of arteries of large diameter and tone of arteries of medium and small diameter with a third of the circumferential body sizes, most of the pelvic diameter and muscular component of the body mass by the AIN method, as well as the inverse, mostly reliable, mean strength (r = -0.37 to -0.41) connections of the artery tone ratio with the third of the indices of the TSFF and the endo- and mesomorphic components of the somatotype. Attention is drawn to the lack of reliable and average strength false correlations of amplitude indices with total body sizes, the parameters of the width of distal epiphyses of long limb bones and components of the somatotype; as well as time and derivative indicators - with total and longitudinal dimensions of the body. In the analysis of correlations of indices with rheoencephalogram with anthropo-somatotypological indicators in practically healthy young women of the middle intermediate somatotype among all groups of indicators of cerebral blood circulation for the derived indicators, the greatest number of reliable and average strength connections mainly found with body diameters (21.9%), components somatotype (16.7%), cephalometric indices (12.6%), girths of the body (11.6%), and components of the body composition (9.4%). For amplitudes indexes, the highest percentage of connections with cephalometric indices (14.3%), components of body composition (10.0%), body length (8.0%) and body diameters (7.5%) were established; and for time indicators - with TSFF (11.0%), with the circumferential dimensions of the body (10.7%), the width of distal epiphyses of long limb bones (10.0%).


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
S. V. Gudimov ◽  
A. N. Shkrebko ◽  
I. A. Osetrov ◽  
I. E. Pleshcheev ◽  
M. A. Kuznetsov

Objective: to determine a component body composition of students specializing in volleyball and athletics and to conduct a comparative analysis of the results.Materials and methods: the study was conducted at the Department of physical training and sports at the Yaroslavl State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The study included students from different groups of physical training: volleyball (10 men and 10 women), athletics (10 women) (experimental groups), and first­year students that attended physical training classes (14 men and 16 women) (control group).Results: significant differences were revealed between the anthropometric measurements in the experimental groups of the studied women and between the results of anthropometric measurements in the female volleyball players, female athletes, and students from the control group. Significant differences were revealed in the component body composition of the studied women from the experimental and control groups. The analysis of the results of anthropometric measurements in the experimental and control groups of men did not reveal any significant differences between the parameters. Bioimpedancemetry revealed significant differences in the composition of the internal milieu of volleyball players in comparison with the control group.Conclusions: 1. differences were revealed in the component composition of the body of female athletes involved in game­based and cyclic kinds of sport as well as in the parameters of bio­impedance of female volleyball players and the control group. Female volleyball players had higher parameters of total body fluids, intracellular and extracellular fluids, fat­free, fat, and active cell mass in comparison with female light athletes and the control group. The differences in the obtained results were more significant in the experimental groups. 2. Bio­impendance analysis of men showed significant differences in the component body composition of volleyball players in comparison with untrained students. The parameters of total body fluids, fat­free, fat, and active cell mass in sportsmen exceeded the same parameters in the control group. 3. Differences were established in the anthropometric parameters depending on the sport­oriented specialization of female students. Female volleyball players had higher values of mass, length, body weight index, and body surface area, the circumferences of the pelvis, thighs, and wrists in comparison with the results obtained in female light athletes. Similar differences were revealed in the anthropometric parameters of female volleyball players and students from the control group. Significantly lower values of the body weight index, circumference of the chest and pelvis of female athletes were registered in comparison with students from the control group. Male volleyball players did not have significant differences in the anthropometric parameters. They tended to have an increase in the body mass, length and surface area of the body, circumference of the chest, thighs, and wrists.


2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
V.O. Khavtur ◽  
L.Ia. Fedoniuk ◽  
L.A. Sarafyniuk ◽  
O.M. Shapoval ◽  
N.M. Smolko

The constitutional features of the organism are an essential lever of sports performance, because they affect the general and special physical performance, aerobic productivity and efficiency of energy supply systems, in particular the indicators of central and peripheral hemodynamics. The aim of the study was to establish the features of the relationships between the temporal parameters of the rheovasogram of the thigh and anthropometric indices in highly qualified young women volleyball players, who belong to different constitutional types. An anthropo-somatotypological study of 113 high-level volleyball players of youth age (from 16 to 20 years old) was conducted. Anthropometric research was carried out by the method of V.V. Bunak (1941), somatotypological – by the calculated modification of the method of Heath-Carter (1990). According to the results of somatotyping, it was found that 29 volleyball players belonged to the mesomorphic type of constitution, to the ectomorphic type – 26 volleyball players, to the ecto-mesomorphic type – 27 volleyball players, to the middle intermediate type – 26 volleyball players, to endo-mesomorphic type – only 5 people. Rheovasographic parameters of the thigh were determined using tetrapolar rheocardiography on a computer diagnostic complex. Estimation of temporal rheovasographic parameters was performed according to the method of Ronkin and Ivanov [1997]. The analysis of the obtained results was performed in the licensed program “Statistica 5.5” using Spearman’s correlation analysis. We found that in volleyball players of mesomorphs with indicators of external body structure, the temporal parameters of the thigh rheovasogram had few reliable mostly medium strength, direct correlations, except for the time of the ascending part of the rheogram and slow blood supply. In volleyball players of ectomorphic somatotype, the established relationships indicate that with increasing diameters of the pelvis and girth of the forearm, crus, thighs, there will be an elongation of the time parameters of the rheovasogram of the thigh. Volleyball players with an ecto-mesomorphic somatotype of the body showed a fairly large number of reliable inverse correlations, the thickness of the skin and fat folds is inversely proportional to the most time parameters of the thigh rheovasogram, except for the time of slow blood supply. Volleyball players of the intermediate somatotype, compared with other observation groups, found the most numerous relationships between anthropometric size and time indicators of the rheovasogram.


2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
V.G. Cherkasov ◽  
О.S. Ustymenko ◽  
A.V. Shayuk ◽  
S.V. Prokopenko ◽  
I.V. Gunas

The scientific literature presents quite a large number of works, in which the priority role of mathematical modeling in providing high-quality medical care, health and active longevity of a person is determined. The purpose of the work is to construct and analyze the regression models of individual sonographic sizes of kidneys in practically healthy women of the middle intermediate somatotype, depending on the features of the anthropometric and somatotypological indicators. Within the framework of the agreement on scientific cooperation from the database of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya primary sonographic parameters (length, width, anterior-posterior dimension, area of longitudinal and cross-section of the kidneys and their sinuses, as well as volume of the right and left kidneys) and anthropometric indices (obtained by the method of V.V. Bunak in the modification of P.P. Shaparenko) of 17 practically healthy women of the first mature age of the middle intermediate somatotype, who in the third generation live in the Podillya region of Ukraine. The construction of regression models of individual sonographic sizes of the kidneys, depending on the features of anthropo-somatotypological parameters of the body of women of the middle intermediate somatotype, was carried out in the licensed package “Statistica 6.1”. In women of the middle intermediate somatotype all 16 possible reliable regression models of sonographic parameters of the kidneys were constructed depending on the anthropo-somatotypological parameters with the determination coefficient R2 from 0.891 to 0.978. The analysis of reliable regression models (with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.6), the sonographic parameters of the kidneys in practically healthy women of the middle intermediate somatotype revealed that most often models of both kidneys, as well as separately of the right and left kidneys, include the circumferential dimensions of the body (respectively, 35.9 – 33.3 – 38.5% of the total number of indicators included in the models). In addition, models of both kidneys most often include cephalometric indices (12.6%), thickness of skin-fat folds and body diameters (by 11.7%); models of the right kidney – body diameters (15.7%), cephalometric indices and width of distal epiphyses of long tubular bones of extremities (by 11.8%); models of the right kidney - the thickness of skin and fat folds (17.3%) and cephalometric indices (13.5%). Attention is drawn to the lack of entry into models of sonographic sizes of kidneys total body sizes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
I.I. Andriievskyi

The purpose of the work is to determine and analyze the peculiarities of correlations between indicators of personality features and anthropo-somatotypological parameters of the body of practically healthy women of middle intermediate somatotype. Primary personality indicators and anthropo-somatotypological parameters of the body of 17 practically healthy Ukrainian women of the first mature age of the middle intermediate somatotype were selected from the database of materials of the research center of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya. Correlation analysis was performed in the licensed package “Statistica 6.1” using the non-parametric Spearman’s method. In the analysis of correlations between personality indicators and anthropo-somatotypological parameters of the body of almost healthy Ukrainian women of middle intermediate somatotype, multiple, in most cases, moderate inverse, reliable and unreliable relationships of Spielberger’s personal anxiety index with all indicators of distal epiphyseal width (WDE) of limbs, almost half of the thickness of skin and fat folds (TSFF), endo- and mesomorphic components of the somatotype and bone and fat components of body weight; indicators of accentuation of the nature of the stuck and exciting types according to Shmishek with the majority of the transverse sizes of a trunk and a pelvis; indicators of accentuation of character of cyclothymic and demonstrative types according to Shmishek with the majority of longitudinal and third of circumferential sizes of a body; indicators of accentuation of the character of dysthymic and exalted types according to Shmishek with almost all indicators of WDE of the extremities, a third of the circumferential size of the body and the bone component of body weight; indicators of the scale of general internality of the level of subjective control, the level of subjective control in areas of achievement, and educational (professional) relations according to Rotter with the majority of cephalometric dimensions, body weight, most longitudinal, girth body sizes and indicators body weight; an indicator of the level of subjective control in the field of family relations according to Rotter with the majority of indicators of WDE of extremities and TSFF of extremities. Quantitative analysis of reliable and average strength of unreliable correlations revealed the highest relative percentage of relationships between: the leading typological characteristics of temperament according to Eysenck and the components of somatotype, WDE limbs and TSFF; psychodynamic features of personality according to Spielberger and WDE of extremities, components of somatotype, indicators of component composition of body weight, transverse body sizes and TSFF; indicators of severity and features of accentuated personality traits according to Shmishek and WDE extremities, transverse, longitudinal, girth body size and somatotype components; indicators of the level of subjective control by Rotter and WDE of the extremities, indicators of the component composition of body weight, longitudinal and girth body dimensions, TSFF and cephalometric dimensions.


2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
Al-Qaraleh Obadeh Bassam Abdel-Rahman ◽  
S.V. Dmytrenko ◽  
A.V. Shayuk ◽  
I.V. Gunas ◽  
S.V. Prokopenko

Given the most frequent manifestation of psoriasis at a young working age and in some cases severe, continuously recurrent course, the presence of many treatments, none of which is a guarantee of complete recovery and no recurrence – now there is an urgent need to find prognostic signs therapy and prevention of relapses. In the absence of ideal biomarkers, the study of constitutional markers becomes crucial. The aim of the study was to examine the differences in girth body sizes between healthy and/or psoriatic men depending on the severity of the disease. Anthropometric examination according to V.V. Bunak was performed for 32 men of the first mature age patients with mild and 68 with severe psoriasis course. The PASI index was used to clinically assess the severity and area of psoriatic lesions. The control group, according to anthropometric parameters, consisted of 82 practically healthy men of the same age, selected from the database of the research center of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya. Statistical data processing was performed in the license package “Statistica 5.5” using non-parametric methods of evaluation of the obtained results. In patients with psoriasis of mild and severe course, compared with healthy, we found: greater values for – the girth of the shoulder in a tense state by 8.9% and 6.8%; shoulder girth in the unstressed state by 14.2% and 12.3%; forearm girth in the upper part by 8.0% and 7.1%; forearm girth in the lower part by 4.2% and 4.5%; hand girth by 5.1% and 5.8%; hip girth by 11.4% and 9.3%; hips circumference by 8.7% and 6.5%; crus girth in the upper part by 10.2% and 7.9%; crus girth in the lower part by 8.7% and 5.9%; neck girth by 6.9% and 7.8%; waist circumference by 17.1% and 18.2%; chest girth on inspiration by 7.8% and 7.2%; chest girth on exhalation by 10.6% and 10.3%; chest circumference at rest by 10.0% and 9.6%. Thus, there are pronounced differences in the girth sizes between healthy and patients with mild and severe psoriasis Ukrainian men of the first mature age. Between patients with varying degrees of severity of dermatosis, differences are established only for the girth of the crus in the lower part.


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