scholarly journals Biochemical and Molecular Diagnostic Indicators for Cancer

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
N. Baskaran ◽  
N. Baskaran ◽  
S Vignesh ◽  
V Chandrasekar
Keyword(s):  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Cancer Biomarkers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Oncological Screening ◽  
Cancer Studies

Biomarkers are substances that are either secreted by the tumor or produced by the body in response to the presence of cancer. Biomarkers serve as an objective measure for evaluation of normal and pathological processes as well as pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Cancer studies are usually difficult to interpret, especially based on the contemporary medical diagnosis. In this circumstance, biomarkers are developing as reliable diagnostic metabolites, which have many promising applications in oncological screening, differential diagnosis, risk assessment, response to treatment, and examining the progression of disease. Genome or protein based prognostic biomarkers are available, for numerous cancer types, for potential inclusion into clinical prognostic staging methods. However, there lies difficulty in translating these biomarkers into clinical outcomes. This review concerns important biomarkers related to wide varieties of cancer and also elucidates mode of action of few major biomarkers.

Immunotherapy and potential predictive biomarkers in the treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghui Xu ◽  
Yuhao Wang ◽  
Hushan Zhang ◽  
Xueke She ◽  
Jianjun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Ablative Therapies ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Well Differentiated

Neuroendocrine neoplasias (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors scattered throughout the body. Surgery, locoregional or ablative therapies as well as maintenance treatments are applied in well-differentiated, low-grade NENs, whereas cytotoxic chemotherapy is usually applied in high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas. However, treatment options for patients with advanced or metastatic NENs are limited. Immunotherapy has provided new treatment approaches for many cancer types, including neuroendocrine tumors, but predictive biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the treatment of NENs have not been fully reported. By reviewing the literature and international congress abstracts, we summarize the current knowledge of ICIs, potential predicative biomarkers in the treatment of NENs, implications and efficacy of ICIs as well as biomarkers for NENs of gastroenteropancreatic system, lung NENs and Merkel cell carcinoma in clinical practice.

Development and Validation of a New Scoring Tool to Evaluate the Clinical Evolution of Adult Patients with Nonsegmental Vitiligo

Dermatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
María Luisa Peralta-Pedrero ◽  
Denisse Herrera-Bringas ◽  
Karla Samantha Torres-González ◽  
Martha Alejandra Morales-Sánchez ◽  
Fermín Jurado Santa-Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Clinical Evolution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Extreme Groups

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Vitiligo has an unpredictable course and a variable response to treatment. Furthermore, the improvement of some vitiligo lesions cannot be considered a guarantee of a similar response to the other lesions. Instruments for patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) can be an alternative to measure complex constructions such as clinical evolution. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The aim of this study was to validate a PROM that allows to measure the clinical evolution of patients with nonsegmental vitiligo in a simple but standardized way that serves to gather information for a better understanding of the disease. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The instrument was created through expert consensus and patient participation. For the validation study, a prospective cohort design was performed. The body surface area affected was measured with the Vitiligo Extension Score (VES), the extension, the stage, and the spread by the evaluation of the Vitiligo European Task Force assessment (VETFa). Reliability was determined with test-retest, construct validity through hypothesis testing, discriminative capacity with extreme groups, and response capacity by comparing initial and final measurements. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Eighteen semi-structured interviews and 7 cognitive interviews were conducted, and 4 dermatologists were consulted. The instrument Clinical Evolution-Vitiligo (CV-6) was answered by 119 patients with a minimum of primary schooling. A wide range was observed in the affected body surface; incident and prevalent cases were included. The average time to answer the CV-6 was 3.08 ± 0.58 min. In the test-retest (<i>n</i> = 53), an intraclass correlation coefficient was obtained: 0.896 (95% CI 0.82–0.94; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). In extreme groups, the mean score was 2 (2–3) and 5 (4–6); <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001. The initial CV-6 score was different from the final one and the change was verified with VES and VETFa (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05, <i>n</i> = 92). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The CV-6 instrument allows patient collaboration, it is simple and brief, and it makes it easier for the doctor to focus attention on injuries that present changes at the time of medical consultation.

scholarly journals SAT0084 SERUM ADIPOKINES PROFILE IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS TREATED WITH TNF-INHIBITORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 976.2-976
Author(s):  
M. Novella-Navarro ◽  
B. Hernández-Breijo ◽  
F. Genre ◽  
L. Lera-Gómez ◽  
V. Pulito-Cueto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Remission Rate ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Tnf Inhibitor ◽  
Serum Leptin

Background:In recent years, the relationship between obesity and autoimmune diseases has taken interest, since adipose tissue has been identified as an endocrine organ that secretes cytokines (adipokines), among which leptin stands out as a soluble pro-inflammatory mediator associated with the body mass index (BMI).Objectives:The main objectives of this study are: i) to analyse the influence of BMI on clinical response in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients who initiate TNF-inhibitor (TNFi) therapy; ii) to analyse the differences in the serum profile of adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) according to BMI and their association with response to treatment.Methods:Observational study of a prospective cohort of 73 RA patients who initiated biological treatment with TNFi from the Complex Therapy Unit (CTU) of our Hospital. Patients were classified according to their BMI in normal-weight (BMI<25) and overweight/obesity (O/O) (IMC≥25). Demographic, clinical and laboratory variables were collected at baseline and at 6 months. Our outcome measures were DAS28-VSG remission (DAS28<2.6) at 6 months after TNFi initiation. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) at baseline and 6 months. A descriptive sample analysis comparing the characteristics of both patient subgroups was performed using Chi-square, T-test for independent samples and U-Mann Whitney. Likewise, a bivariate analysis was carried out by means of binary logistic regression to assess the probable association of the parameters studied with remission.Results:Of the 73 patients studied, 51% were classified in O/O group. The O/O patients presented higher levels of baseline CRP (16.69±6.16 vs 8.74±3.81, p=0.01). No statistically significant differences were observed in the remaining variables (sex, age at the beginning of the TNFi, disease duration, baseline DAS-28), as well as therapeutic variables (use of previous DMARDs and doses of methotrexate and/or steroids). Patients with overweight/obesity presented higher DAS28-ESR values at 6 months of treatment (3.59±1.14 vs 2.93±1.27, p=0.02) and achieved remission less frequently (18.9% vs 48.6%, p=0.007). Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in O/O patients, both baseline (29.39±21.50 vs 13.49±8.78, p<0.001) and 6 months (33.06±22.03 vs 14.77±9.50, p<0.001) after TNFi initiation. In addition, O/O patients were less likely to reach remission at 6 months than normal-weight patients. [OR= 4.04 IC95% (1.40-11.64); p=0.009]. Lower frequency of remission was associated to greater leptin levels at 6 months [OR=0.94 CI95% (0.90-098); p=0.012]. No differences in serum adiponectin were found between both subgroups of patients.Conclusion:In this RA patient cohort, overweight/obesity is associated with i) a reduced response to TNFi therapy and ii) a lower short-term remission rate. Within the adipokine profile, leptin seems to play a relevant role in the maintenance of pro-inflammatory activity with a negative influence on the response to TNFi therapy in O/O patients.References:[1] Versini M. et al. Autoimmun Rev. 2014; 13, 981-1000[2] Toussirot E et al. Life Sci. 2015;140: 29-36.Disclosure of Interests:Marta Novella-Navarro: None declared, Borja Hernández-Breijo: None declared, Fernanda Genre: None declared, Leticia Lera-Gómez: None declared, Verónica Pulito-Cueto: None declared, Laura Nuño: None declared, Alejandro Villalba: None declared, Alejandro Balsa Grant/research support from: BMS, Roche, Consultant of: AbbVie, Gilead, Lilly, Pfizer, UCB, Sanofi, Sandoz, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Lilly, Sanofi, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Roche, Nordic, Sandoz, Chamaida Plasencia: None declared

scholarly journals Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: Origin or Prognostic Factor for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Development?

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1449
Author(s):  
Cyril Quessada ◽  
Alexandra Bouscary ◽  
Frédérique René ◽  
Cristiana Valle ◽  
Alberto Ferri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive and selective loss of motor neurons, amyotrophy and skeletal muscle paralysis usually leading to death due to respiratory failure. While generally considered an intrinsic motor neuron disease, data obtained in recent years, including our own, suggest that motor neuron protection is not sufficient to counter the disease. The dismantling of the neuromuscular junction is closely linked to chronic energy deficit found throughout the body. Metabolic (hypermetabolism and dyslipidemia) and mitochondrial alterations described in patients and murine models of ALS are associated with the development and progression of disease pathology and they appear long before motor neurons die. It is clear that these metabolic changes participate in the pathology of the disease. In this review, we summarize these changes seen throughout the course of the disease, and the subsequent impact of glucose–fatty acid oxidation imbalance on disease progression. We also highlight studies that show that correcting this loss of metabolic flexibility should now be considered a major goal for the treatment of ALS.

scholarly journals Identification of Tumor-Specific MRI Biomarkers Using Machine Learning (ML)

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 742
Author(s):  
Rima Hajjo ◽  
Dima A. Sabbah ◽  
Sanaa K. Bardaweel ◽  
Alexander Tropsha
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Cancer Biomarkers ◽  
Cancer Prognosis ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Machine Learning Methods ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

The identification of reliable and non-invasive oncology biomarkers remains a main priority in healthcare. There are only a few biomarkers that have been approved as diagnostic for cancer. The most frequently used cancer biomarkers are derived from either biological materials or imaging data. Most cancer biomarkers suffer from a lack of high specificity. However, the latest advancements in machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled the identification of highly predictive, disease-specific biomarkers. Such biomarkers can be used to diagnose cancer patients, to predict cancer prognosis, or even to predict treatment efficacy. Herein, we provide a summary of the current status of developing and applying Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers in cancer care. We focus on all aspects of MRI biomarkers, starting from MRI data collection, preprocessing and machine learning methods, and ending with summarizing the types of existing biomarkers and their clinical applications in different cancer types.

Sex Differences in Cancer Genomes: Much Learned, More Unknown

Endocrinology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenghao Zhu ◽  
Paul C Boutros
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Critical Gap ◽  
Cancer Genomes ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Key Resources

Abstract Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Sex influences cancer in a bewildering variety of ways. In some cancer types it affects prevalence, in others genomic profiles, or response to treatment, or mortality. In some sex seems to have little or no influence. How and when sex influences cancer initiation and progression remain a critical gap in our understanding of cancer, with direct relevance to precision medicine. Here, we note several factors that complicate our understanding of sex differences: representativeness of large cohorts, confounding with features like ancestry, age and obesity, and variability in clinical presentation. We summarize the key resources available to study molecular sex differences, and suggest some likely directions for improving our understanding of how patient sex influences cancer behaviour.

scholarly journals Treatment outcomes and influencing factors on patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: a retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-108
Author(s):  
Jamshid Ayatollahi ◽  
◽  
Abolhasan Halvani ◽  
Mohammadhesam Gharaei Khezri ◽  
Hossein Shahcheraghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sputum Culture ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Drug Side Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: Tuberculosis infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most common infectious diseases, especially in countries such as Iran. The course of treatment and the number of drugs used vary depending on the severity of the disease and the parts of the body involved. The resistant tuberculosis to treatment has increased in recent years. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the frequency distribution of response to treatment of patients with tuberculosis in Sirjan, Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study investigated all patients with tuberculosis in Sirjan city who had referred to health centers during the years 2011-2019. The data collection tool was a pre-prepared checklist that included information on age, sex, sputum smear results, sputum culture results, diabetes, patients' nationality, drug side effects, and response to treatment. Finally, data was entered into SPSS version 22, and analyzed. Results: In this study, the overall response rate was 83% and the mortality rate was 10%. Between the frequency distribution of response to treatment in terms of gender, age, sputum smear results, sputum culture results, patients' nationality and diabetes was not statistically significant difference. Also, no statistically significant difference was found between the frequency distribution of pulmonary TB treatment response in terms of drug allergy, drug hepatitis and other drug side effects. Conclusion: According to results, can be concluded that none of the variables: age, sex, smear and culture result, and history of diabetes have no an effect on response to treatment and mortality of tuberculosis.

Predictive value of systematic inflammatory response biomarkers (NLR, LMR, PLR) in patients with ovarian cancer.

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
Urszula Rychlik ◽  
Ewa Wójcik ◽  
Jadwiga Tarapacz ◽  
Katarzyna Brandys ◽  
Zofia Stasik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Line Treatment ◽  
First Line ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Lymphocyte To Monocyte Ratio ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
First Line Treatment

Introduction: The aim of the study was to assess the prognostic value of indicators calculated on the basis of initial hematology test results of neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and platelet counts (NLR – neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, LMR – lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, PLR – platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio) in patients with ovarian cancer and their compliance with the overall response to treatment. Materials and methods: Hematological tests were performed before first course of first-line chemotherapy in 145 patients with ovarian cancer. Response to treatment was assessed according to the RECIST1.1 criteria in all patients. Results: After the completion of first-line treatment, 70 (48.3%) patients had a complete response (CR) to the therapy. In this group, progression of disease occurred in 22 (31.4%) patients during 12 months of follow-up. In the CR group with progression, 17 (77.2%) presented high NLR and PLR levels. Among 48 (68.6%) patients with CR without progression after 12 months of follow-up, high levels of NLR and PLR were observed in 21 (43.8%) and 17 (35.4%) of them, respectively. Low LMRs were observed in 16 (72.7%) patients with progression and 16 (33.3%) without progression. Conclusion: High levels of NLR and PLR and low levels of LMR before treatment seems to predict 12-month disease progression in patients with complete response to first-line treatment.

Prognostic Significance of CHEK2 Mutation in Progression of Breast Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. e36-e41
Author(s):  
Narges Ansari ◽  
Saeid Shahrabi ◽  
Abbas Khosravi ◽  
Reza Shirzad ◽  
Hadi Rezaeean
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Factor ◽  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Patient Response ◽  
Disease Mutations ◽  
Detection Of Mutations ◽  
Cell Signaling Pathways

Abstract Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers among women; genetic mutations reflect the development of this disease. Mutations in cell signaling factors can be the main cause of BC development. In this study, we focused on mutations in checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) and their impact as a prognostic factor in the pathogenesis of BC. CHEK2 is controlled in cell signaling pathways through the influence of upstream genes. Also, several downstream genes are regulated by CHEK2. In addition, mutations in CHEK2 lead to resistance of BC cells to chemotherapy and metastasis of cancer cells to other parts of the body. Finally, detection of mutations in CHEK2 can be used as a prognostic factor for patient response to treatment and for targeting downstream molecules of CHEK2 that are involved in the proliferation of breast tumor cells. Mutations such as c.1100delC and I157T can distinguish which patients are susceptible to metastasis.

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