scholarly journals Status of Animal Health with Emphasis of Blue Tongue Virus Disease in Kalat Region, Balochistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-46
Author(s):  
Shafiq Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Shafee ◽  
Abdul Razzaq ◽  
Muhammad Rahim Niazi ◽  
Abdul Wahid
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Undiagnosed Diseases ◽  
Scattered Population

Bluetongue is non contagious vector borne viral disease of small ruminants. It transmits by biting of culicoids midges and causes severe economic losses to animal owner in term of high morbidity, decreased production and impaired reproduction. Balochistan, being largest province of the country have scattered population in far remote areas. About 70% of the provincial population rely upon livestock rearing for their livelihood. Kalat is largest division of the province that stretches from Kalat city upto Lasbella including Khuzdar, Kharan and Awaran. It is located on main RCD route that will ultimately boost the animal marketing and their easy access to main market. Although different vaccines are practiced throughout the province but no such vaccine is available against BTV in the country. That’s why animals are facing problems of some undiagnosed diseases. This review provides necessary information about disease in the region. It is need of the time to educate farmer and strict vigilance may be practiced for proper and timely vaccination of all animals to curtail deadliest diseases in the region. 

​Caprine Respiratory Mycoplasmosis (Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia CCPP)- A Global Perspective of the Disease, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Chemotherapy and Immunization: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shaheen ◽  
S. Bashir ◽  
N. Hassan ◽  
Z.A. Akhoon ◽  
A. Muhee
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Febrile Reaction ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Mycoplasma Infection ◽  
Mycoplasma Capricolum ◽  
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia

Mycoplasma infection of the respiratory tract of goats is prevalent worldwide including the South Asian sub-continent. Owing to intensive and large scale goat farming, the incidence of the disease is on an increase. Among various species of mycoplasma, Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies Capri pneumoniae is increasingly incriminated in Contagious Caprine Pleurapneumonia (CCPP) in goat populations with considerable economic fallout in the form of high morbidity and mortality. The disease manifestations in caprines are recorded as anorexia, high febrile reaction and respiratory embarrassment in the shape of clinical dyspnoea, polypnea, paroxysmal cough and sero-purulent nasal discharges. The disease is thus contracted by the healthy animals through aerosol, contaminated feed and water sources in the herd premises, without a protective immunity and that the conferred immunity in recovered cases being short-lived. The true lesions of CCPP are confined to the lung alveolar tissues of infected goats, which distinguish it from other respiratory diseases of small ruminants caused by the members of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Atypical pneumonia caused by the mycoplasma infection of goats, also known as Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) has been more often reported from Africa and Asia than Europe. Classical, acute CCPP attributed to Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capri pneumoniae, originally known asthe F38 biotype (World Organisation for Animal Health, 2008) causes heavy kid mortality. Two other organisms in this group, M. mycoides subsp. capri and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides large-colony type, can cause disease in small ruminants that clinico-pathologically mimics CCPP but may have extra pulmonary signs and lesions, sometimes. Mycoplasma Capri pneumoniae and other members of the M. mycoides cluster cross-react in serological tests and share biochemical and genetic similarities. The most favourable epidemiological scenario in the Sub-continent is the hot humid climate during monsoons. The diversity and multi-etiological subspecies involved in the disease is detrimental in the development of an effective vaccine even though in some places a liquid vaccine is presently in use. At other places, anti-mycoplasmal antibiotics of aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone and perhaps the macrolide groups remain to be the main option in preventing flock mortalities.

scholarly journals Occurrence of peste des petits ruminants and its increasing threat to Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (02) ◽  
pp. 6209-2019
Author(s):  
WIESŁAW NIEDBALSKI
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants that leads to high morbidity and mortality, and thereby results in devastating economic consequences to the livestock industry. It is caused by the PPR virus (PPRV), which belongs to the genus Morbilivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. PPR was first recorded in early 1942 in Ivory Coast, West Africa. In the following years, the disease extended its distribution to other parts of the world and now circulates throughout Northern, Eastern and West Africa, as well as Asia – in particular, China, Central Asia, Eurasia, the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. The molecular epidemiology of PPRV, based on the sequence comparison of a small region of either the N or the F gene, has revealed the existence of four distinct lineages (I-IV) of the virus. Until June 2018, PPR had never been detected in Europe, with the exception of the European part of Turkish Thrace. However, on 24th June 2018 the Bulgarian authorities reported cases of PPR in sheep in the village of Voden, Bolyarovo municipality of Yambol region, on the border with the Thrace region of Turkey. It was the first occurrence of PPR in Bulgaria and in the European Union (EU). The source of PPR infection in Bulgaria is not clear, it could have been the illegal movement of animals, contaminated materials or humans, e.g. refuges. Due to the increased risk of introduction of PPR from North Africa and Turkey to neighbouring regions, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has recently published a report assessing the risk of PPR spreading in Europe. According to a scientific opinion by the EFSA, the spread of PPRV in the territory of the UE could occur by the illegal transport of infected animals or infected animal products. In order to limit the spread and impact of PPR outbreaks in Europe, rapid detection, movement restriction, prompt culling of infected herds and disinfection measures should be introduced immediately. The control and eventual eradication of PPR is now one of the top priorities for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). In 2015, the international community agreed on a global strategy for PPR eradication, setting 2030 as a target date for elimination of the disease.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of fasciolosis in cattle slaughtered at the slaughterhouse of the urban commune of Dédougou in Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-504
Author(s):  
Modou Séré ◽  
Micheline Nomtondo Sawadogo ◽  
Sié Hermann Pooda ◽  
Benoît Kaboré ◽  
Adama Kaboré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
P Value ◽  
Consumer Health ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Ruminant Meat

Fasciolosis is a major zoonosis of ruminants which causes great economic losses to breeders. Given the economic and public health importance of this pathology, it is necessary to establish the current situation in a perspective of animal and ruminant meat consumer health protection. Therefore, the present study was conducted at the slaughterhouse of Dédougou in order to identify the species of fluke that caused this pathology in the Boucle du Mouhoun region and to estimate the prevalence, the risk factors and the economic losses associated with this pathology. For this purpose, 820 cattle and 6360 small ruminants were diagnosed through post-mortem examination over a five-month period from March to August 2018. Out of the 6360 small ruminant livers examined, no cases of infestation were observed unlike cattle in which the prevalence of infestation was 2.07%. These infestations were all due to Fasciola gigantica. Regarding the risk factors, a slight effect of the month and a high influence of animals' origin were observed. March, with a prevalence of 0.25%, was the most favorable infestation month (P-value=0.05) and Sourou (19.51%), was the highest infestation risk area (P-value<0.0001). The estimated financial loss associated with the infestations was XOF 22,200.29 per infested animal. The situation is particularly worrying insofar as some populations, especially rural populations, consume meat from uncontrolled slaughter areas. Appropriate precautions should therefore be taken to ensure both consumer and animal health, given the zoonotic nature of the disease.

scholarly journals Bluetongue in Europe – the risk of animal import from restricted zones

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (05) ◽  
pp. 6254-2019
Author(s):  
ANNA ORŁOWSKA ◽  
MARCIN SMRECZAK ◽  
JERZY ROLA
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Sentinel Animals ◽  
Free Status

Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne viral disease effecting ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), transmitted mainly by bites from midges of the genus Culicoides. Since the end of 20th century, BTV is endemic in several European countries and the disease is caused mainly by BTV-8 and BTV-4 infections. Bluetongue virus is characterized by high genetic diversity. To date, over 29 BTV serotypes have been documented, including recently discovered atypical serotypes BTV (25–27). The disease has a high economic impact as it causes economic losses due to animal mortality, reduced productivity and restrictions on the movement of animals. Several reports and numerous observations indicate the contribution of animal movements to the spread of BTV infections. Thus, bluetongue surveillance that includes testing of sentinel animals as well as virological testing of animals susceptible to BTV infection imported from restricted zones due to the presence of BTV is a key factor in maintaining a BT-free status

scholarly journals Evaluation of antibody response to Goat Pox cell culture vaccine in goats in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
S Baksi ◽  
P Puwar ◽  
N Rao ◽  
R Oza
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Specific Antibody Response ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Neutralization Index ◽  
Antibody Levels

Goat Pox is an important contagious viral disease that causes serious economic loss in small ruminants. The disease causes high morbidity, mortality and trade restriction. Several outbreaks of the disease are reported in Africa and Europe. In India also, the disease has high economic significance. Present study was undertaken to estimate specific antibody response to Live Goat Pox Vaccine in goats. Thirty-five healthy goats were vaccinated with single dose and 10 goats were kept as control. Blood was collected at defined intervals and sera were separated. Virus neutralization test was performed to estimate neutralization index as marker of antibody levels in serum. The study revealed that vaccine could induce immunity against the disease within seven days of vaccination, and reached a peak at 21 days. The titre remained at protective level throughout the oneyear study. Further study can be done to estimate the total duration of immunity through extended study, and the response to challenge with virus.Bangl. vet. 2016. Vol. 33, No. 1, 23-27

scholarly journals Buffalopox

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 200-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Borisevich ◽  
S. S. Marennikova ◽  
L. F. Stovba ◽  
A. A. Petrov ◽  
V. T. Krotkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Cowpox Virus ◽  
Prophylactic Measures

Buffalopox is a contagious viral disease affecting milch buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis) and, rarely, cows. The disease has zoonotic implications, as outbreaks are frequently associated with human infections, particularly in the milkers. Buffalopox is associated with high morbidity (80%). The clinical symptoms of the disease are characterized by wartline lesions on the udder, teats, inguinal region, base of the ears, and over the parotid. In the severe form, generalized rash is observed. Although the disease does not lead to high mortality, it has an adverse effect on the productivity and working capacity of the animals resulting in large economic losses. The outbreaks of buffalopox occurred frequently in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Iran, Egypt, and Indonesia, where buffaloes are reared as milch animals. The buffalopox is closely related with other Orthopoxviruses. In particular, it is close to the vaccinia virus. There is a view that the buffalopox virus might be derived from the vaccinia virus. It is possible that it became pathogenic to humans and animals through adaptive evolution of the genome by obtaining the virulence genes. PCR is performed for the C18L gene for the purpose of specific detection and differentiation of the buffalopox virus from other orthopoxviruses. The C18L gene encodes the ankyrin repeat protein, which determines the virus host range. The open reading frame of this gene is only 150-nucleotide long as against 453 nucleotide in the vaccinia virus, 756 - in the camelpox virus, and 759 - in the cowpox virus. It can be concluded that a systematic study based on the epidemiology of the virus, existence of reservoirs, biological transmission, and the molecular organization of the buffalopox virus from buffalo, cow, and humans may pave the way to a better understanding of the circulating virus and contribute to the control of the disease using the suitable diagnostic and prophylactic measures.

scholarly journals Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium baileyi in Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata domesticus) in free-range production systems

2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidiane Tavares Duarte Berriel ◽  
Adriana Pittella Sudré ◽  
Helena Lúcia Carneiro Santos ◽  
Teresa Cristina Bergamo do Bomfim
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Domestic Ducks ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Cairina Moschata ◽  
Cryptosporidium Baileyi

ABSTRACT: Cryptosporidiosis is considered an infection with impact on animal health. It has been associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, leading to significant economic losses to the poultry industry. This study investigated the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic ducks of family Anatidae (Cairina moschata) from two rustic commercial aviaries located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A total of 315 fecal samples were collected from domestic ducks in two different areas (N=186 in area A and N=129 in area B). The microscopic analysis was conducted using a sugar centrifugal flotation technique for the identification of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, followed by PCR/sequencing analyses of the partial sequence of the 18S rDNA gene to determine the Cryptosporidium species. Of the 315 samples collected, only 10 (186/5.38%) from area A were positive for Cryptosporidium. The nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analyses identified that all samples were identical (100%) and belonged to Cryptosporidium baileyi species, which is closely related to gastric species and of importance in animal health.

scholarly journals Eradicating the Scourge of Peste Des Petits Ruminants from the World

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Njeumi ◽  
Dalan Bailey ◽  
Jean. Jacques Soula ◽  
Bouna Diop ◽  
Berhe G. Tekola
Keyword(s):  
Animal Movement ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Eradication Strategy ◽  
The World

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of both domestic (goats and sheep) and wild ruminants. Caused by a morbillivirus, that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. The disease is clinically and pathologically similar to rinderpest of cattle and human measles. PPR is one of the most economically devastating viral diseases of small ruminants. In April 2015, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) launched the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy (PPR GCES) with the vision for global eradication by 2030. There is a strong and lasting international consensus to eradicate the disease in order to protect the livelihoods of the world’s poorest populations. As with any disease, eradication is feasible when, policy, scientific and technical challenges are addressed. Ten majors challenges are described in this paper namely: understanding small ruminant production, facilitating research to support eradication, refining laboratory testing, improving epidemiological understanding of the virus, defining infection of wildlife and other species, optimizing vaccine delivery and novel vaccines, developing better control of animal movement, heightening serological monitoring, understanding socio-economic impact, and garnering funding and political will.

scholarly journals Validation of a Real Time PCR for Classical Swine Fever Diagnosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natanael Lamas Dias ◽  
Antônio Augusto Fonseca Júnior ◽  
Anapolino Macedo Oliveira ◽  
Érica Bravo Sales ◽  
Bruna Rios Coelho Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
The World ◽  
World Organization ◽  
Different Tissues

The viral disease classical swine fever (CSF), caused by aPestivirus, is one of the major causes of economic losses for pig farming. The aim of this work was to validate a RT-qPCR using Taqman for detection of CSF in swine tissues. The parameters for the validation followed the specifications of the Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the guide ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025:2005. The analysis of the 5′NTR region of CSF virus was performed in 145 samples from 29 infected pigs and in 240 samples from 80 pigs originated in the Brazilian CSF-free zone. The tissues tested were spleen, kidney, blood, tonsils, and lymph nodes. Sequencing of the positive samples for 5′NTR region was performed to evaluate the specificity of the RT-qPCR. Tests performed for the RT-qPCR validation demonstrated that the PCR assay was efficient in detecting RNA from CSF virus in all materials from different tissues of infected animals. Furthermore, RNA from CSF virus was not detected in samples of swine originated from the Brazilian CSF-free zone. Hence, it is concluded that RT-qPCR can be used as a complementary diagnostic for CSF.

scholarly journals Regional epidemiology and associated risk factors of PPR in Asia-A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 178-190
Author(s):  
Munibullah Munibullah ◽  
Li Yanmin ◽  
Munib Kainat ◽  
Zhang Zhidong
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
South Central ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Ppr Virus ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
World Organization

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a world organization for animal health (OIE) notifiable and economically important transboundary, highly contagious and acute viral disease of small ruminants. The disease is caused by the PPR Virus (PPRV). PPRV belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The recent epidemiological and molecular characterization of PPR virus isolates subdivides them into four genetically distinct lineages (I, II, III and IV). The disease is endemic across Asia, the Middle East and African regions and is considered to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world due to a huge burden on the economy and development of the affected countries and has recently been targeted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the OIE for global eradication by 2030. PPR-endemic countries should join the regional force, and implement regional roadmaps for the progressive and successful control and elimination of PPRV. In this review, the regional epidemiology of PPR outbreaks and overall regional associated risk factors including animal factors (age, species, sex), environmental factors (season, spatial distribution of disease in various locations) and trade associated factors with special reference to the PPR-affected countries in South, Central and East Asia is comprehensively discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document