scholarly journals Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium baileyi in Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata domesticus) in free-range production systems

2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidiane Tavares Duarte Berriel ◽  
Adriana Pittella Sudré ◽  
Helena Lúcia Carneiro Santos ◽  
Teresa Cristina Bergamo do Bomfim
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Domestic Ducks ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Cairina Moschata ◽  
Cryptosporidium Baileyi

ABSTRACT: Cryptosporidiosis is considered an infection with impact on animal health. It has been associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, leading to significant economic losses to the poultry industry. This study investigated the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic ducks of family Anatidae (Cairina moschata) from two rustic commercial aviaries located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A total of 315 fecal samples were collected from domestic ducks in two different areas (N=186 in area A and N=129 in area B). The microscopic analysis was conducted using a sugar centrifugal flotation technique for the identification of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, followed by PCR/sequencing analyses of the partial sequence of the 18S rDNA gene to determine the Cryptosporidium species. Of the 315 samples collected, only 10 (186/5.38%) from area A were positive for Cryptosporidium. The nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analyses identified that all samples were identical (100%) and belonged to Cryptosporidium baileyi species, which is closely related to gastric species and of importance in animal health.

scholarly journals Status of Animal Health with Emphasis of Blue Tongue Virus Disease in Kalat Region, Balochistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-46
Author(s):  
Shafiq Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Shafee ◽  
Abdul Razzaq ◽  
Muhammad Rahim Niazi ◽  
Abdul Wahid
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Undiagnosed Diseases ◽  
Scattered Population

Bluetongue is non contagious vector borne viral disease of small ruminants. It transmits by biting of culicoids midges and causes severe economic losses to animal owner in term of high morbidity, decreased production and impaired reproduction. Balochistan, being largest province of the country have scattered population in far remote areas. About 70% of the provincial population rely upon livestock rearing for their livelihood. Kalat is largest division of the province that stretches from Kalat city upto Lasbella including Khuzdar, Kharan and Awaran. It is located on main RCD route that will ultimately boost the animal marketing and their easy access to main market. Although different vaccines are practiced throughout the province but no such vaccine is available against BTV in the country. That’s why animals are facing problems of some undiagnosed diseases. This review provides necessary information about disease in the region. It is need of the time to educate farmer and strict vigilance may be practiced for proper and timely vaccination of all animals to curtail deadliest diseases in the region. 

Results on genetic analysis of pasteurella multocida isolated from local Mongolian cattle

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
E Solongo ◽  
V Batbaatar ◽  
B Enkhtuul ◽  
Ts Lundaa ◽  
J Khulan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Gene Bank ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Oral Flora ◽  
Microbiological Testing

Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) a small gram-negative coccobacillus, is part of the normal oral flora of many animals, including the pig, bovine, fowl and cat. High morbidity and mortality rates are associated with significant economic losses to the livestock. The aim of this study is to analyze and distinguish phenotypically and genotypically differences between virulent strain isolated from Mongolian cattle and its physically induced mutant strain. For PCR detection, we used specific primers (KMT1T7-FWD, KMT1SP6-R) targeting for kmt1 gene of P. multocida, and specific primers for five serogroups of P. multocida. Nucleotide sequences were analyzed by the Applied Biosystem 3130 xl Genentic Analyzers, using KMT1T7 and KMT1SP6 primers. Completely assembled sequences were aligned with CLUSTAL W and phylogenetic analyses were conducted using MEGA 6.1version.The results of microbiological testing revealed there is no significant importance discrepancy between strains which are P. multocida 18 and P. mutlocida 144. In fermentation studies, P.mutocida18 were using glucose, sucrose, sorbet, mannose, and mannitol, whereas, it didn’t fermentxylose, dulcitol, and raffinose. But P. multocida 144 used fructose, sucrose, sorbet, mannose, mannitol, xylose, and raffinose, whereas it did not use dulcitol. P. multocida detection by standard PCR result was 460 bps specific bands and multiplex-PCR showed 750bpsspecific bands, indicating that ‘B’ serotype of P. multocida. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Mongolian strains and its mutants were very closely correlated each to other by 93%, while other strains including P.multocidaand Pasteurella spp sequences of which were obtained from gene bank were evolutionary related.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.15(2) 2015; 22-26

scholarly journals Pretreatment with probiotics ameliorate gut health and necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens, a substitute to antibiotics

AMB Express ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danish Sharafat Rajput ◽  
Dong Zeng ◽  
Abdul Khalique ◽  
Samia Sharafat Rajput ◽  
Hesong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽  
Microbial Strains

AbstractNecrotic enteritis (NE) is being considered as one of the most important intestinal diseases in the recent poultry production systems, which causes huge economic losses globally. NE is caused by Clostridium perfringens, a pathogenic bacterium, and normal resident of the intestinal microflora of healthy broiler chickens. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broiler chicken is considered as the most integral part of pathogen’s entrance, their production and disease prevention. Interaction between C. perfringens and other pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella present in the small intestine may contribute to the development of NE in broiler chickens. The antibiotic therapy was used to treat the NE; however European Union has imposed a strict ban due to the negative implications of drug resistance. Moreover, antibiotic growth promoters cause adverse effects on human health as results of withdrawal of antibiotic residues in the chicken meat. After restriction on use of antibiotics, numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the alternatives to antibiotics for controlling NE. Thus, possible alternatives to prevent NE are bio-therapeutic agents (Probiotics), prebiotics, organic acids and essential oils which help in nutrients digestion, immunity enhancement and overall broiler performance. Recently, probiotics are extensively used alternatives to antibiotics for improving host health status and making them efficient in production. The aim of review is to describe a replacement to antibiotics by using different microbial strains as probiotics such as bacteria and yeasts etc. having bacteriostatic properties which inhibit growth of pathogens and neutralize the toxins by different modes of action.

scholarly journals Sero-epidemiological survey of bluetongue disease in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Molhima M. Elmahi ◽  
Mohammed O. Hussien ◽  
Abdel Rahim E. Karrar ◽  
Amira M. Elhassan ◽  
Abdel Rahim M. El Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Eastern Sudan

Abstract Background Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne viral disease of ruminant and camelid species which is transmitted by Culicoides spp. The causative agent of BT is bluetongue virus (BTV) that belongs to genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. The clinical disease is seen mainly in sheep but mostly sub-clinical infections of BT are seen in cattle, goats and camelids. The clinical reaction of camels to infection is usually not apparent. The disease is notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), causing great economic losses due to decreased trade and high mortality and morbidity rates associated with bluetongue outbreaks. The objective of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of BTV in camels in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan and to identify the potential risk factors associated with the infection. A cross sectional study using a structured questionnaire survey was conducted during 2015–2016. A total of 210 serum samples were collected randomly from camels from 8 localities of Kassala State. The serum samples were screened for the presence of BTV specific immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Results Seropositivity to BTV IgG was detected in 165 of 210 camels’ sera accounting for a prevalence of 78.6%. Potential risk factors to BTV infection were associated with sex (OR = 0.061, p-value = 0.001) and seasonal river as water source for drinking (OR = 32.257, p-value = 0.0108). Conclusions Sex and seasonal river as water source for drinking were considered as potential risk factors for seropositivity to BTV in camels. The high prevalence of BTV in camels in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan, necessitates further epidemiological studies of BTV infection in camels and other ruminant species to better be able to control BT disease in this region.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium myocastoris n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae), the Species Adapted to the Nutria (Myocastor coypus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 813
Author(s):  
Jana Ježková ◽  
Zlata Limpouchová ◽  
Jitka Prediger ◽  
Nikola Holubová ◽  
Bohumil Sak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Prepatent Period ◽  
Cryptosporidium Species ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Myocastor Coypus ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Faecal Samples

Cryptosporidium spp., common parasites of vertebrates, remain poorly studied in wildlife. This study describes the novel Cryptosporidium species adapted to nutrias (Myocastor coypus). A total of 150 faecal samples of feral nutria were collected from locations in the Czech Republic and Slovakia and examined for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and specific DNA at the SSU, actin, HSP70, and gp60 loci. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of C. parvum (n = 1), C. ubiquitum subtype family XIId (n = 5) and Cryptosporidium myocastoris n. sp. XXIIa (n = 2), and XXIIb (n = 3). Only nutrias positive for C. myocastoris shed microscopically detectable oocysts, which measured 4.8–5.2 × 4.7–5.0 µm, and oocysts were infectious for experimentally infected nutrias with a prepatent period of 5–6 days, although not for mice, gerbils, or chickens. The infection was localised in jejunum and ileum without observable macroscopic changes. The microvilli adjacent to attached stages responded by elongating. Clinical signs were not observed in naturally or experimentally infected nutrias. Phylogenetic analyses at SSU, actin, and HSP70 loci demonstrated that C. myocastoris n. sp. is distinct from other valid Cryptosporidium species.

scholarly journals Laying hen mortality in different indoor housing systems: a meta-analysis of data from commercial farms in 16 countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Schuck-Paim ◽  
Elsa Negro-Calduch ◽  
Wladimir J. Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Average Drop

AbstractSocietal concern with the welfare of egg laying hens housed in conventional cages is fostering a transition towards cage-free systems in many countries. However, although cage-free facilities enable hens to move freely and express natural behaviours, concerns have also been raised over the possibility that cage-free flocks experience higher mortality, potentially compromising some aspects of their welfare. To investigate this possibility, we conducted a large meta-analysis of laying hen mortality in conventional cages, furnished cages and cage-free aviaries using data from 6040 commercial flocks and 176 million hens from 16 countries. We show that except for conventional cages, mortality gradually drops as experience with each system builds up: since 2000, each year of experience with cage-free aviaries was associated with a 0.35–0.65% average drop in cumulative mortality, with no differences in mortality between caged and cage-free systems in more recent years. As management knowledge evolves and genetics are optimized, new producers transitioning to cage-free housing may experience even faster rates of decline. Our results speak against the notion that mortality is inherently higher in cage-free production and illustrate the importance of considering the degree of maturity of production systems in any investigations of farm animal health, behaviour and welfare.

scholarly journals Beef heifer fertility: importance of management practices and technological advancements

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Moorey ◽  
Fernando H. Biase
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Antral Follicle ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Beef Heifer ◽  
Fertility Potential ◽  
Cow Calf

Abstract The development of replacement heifers is at the core of cow-calf beef production systems. In 2020, the USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service reported 5.771 million beef heifers, 500 pounds and over, are under development for cow replacement. A compilation of data from several studies indicate that between 85% and 95% of these heifers will become pregnant in their first breeding season. Several thousands of heifers being raised for replacement may not deliver a calf on their first breeding season and result in economic losses to cow-calf producers. Many management procedures have been developed to maximize the reproductive potential of beef heifers. Such approaches include, but are not limited to the following: nutritional management for controlled weight gain, identification of reproductive maturity by physiological and morphological indicators, and the implementation of an estrous synchronization program. The implementation of management strategies has important positive impact(s) on the reproductive efficiency of heifers. There are limitations, however, because some heifers deemed ready to enter their first breeding season do not become pregnant. In parallel, genetic selection for fertility-related traits in beef heifers have not promoted major genetic gains on this particular area, most likely due to low heritability of female fertility traits in cattle. Technologies such as antral follicle counting, DNA genotyping and RNA profiling are being investigated as a means to aid in the identification of heifers of low fertility potential. To date, many polymorphisms have been associated with heifer fertility, but no DNA markers have been identified across herds. Antral follicle count is an indication of the ovarian reserve and is an indicator of the reproductive health of a heifer. We have been working on the identification of transcriptome profiles in heifers associated with pregnancy outcome. Our current investigations integrating protein-coding transcript abundance and artificial intelligence have identified the potential for bloodborne transcript abundance to be used as indicators of fertility potential in beef heifers. In summary, there is an ongoing pressure for reducing costs and increasing efficiency in cow-calf production systems, and new technologies can help reduce the long-standing limitations in beef heifer fertility.

​Caprine Respiratory Mycoplasmosis (Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia CCPP)- A Global Perspective of the Disease, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Chemotherapy and Immunization: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shaheen ◽  
S. Bashir ◽  
N. Hassan ◽  
Z.A. Akhoon ◽  
A. Muhee
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Febrile Reaction ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Mycoplasma Infection ◽  
Mycoplasma Capricolum ◽  
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia

Mycoplasma infection of the respiratory tract of goats is prevalent worldwide including the South Asian sub-continent. Owing to intensive and large scale goat farming, the incidence of the disease is on an increase. Among various species of mycoplasma, Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies Capri pneumoniae is increasingly incriminated in Contagious Caprine Pleurapneumonia (CCPP) in goat populations with considerable economic fallout in the form of high morbidity and mortality. The disease manifestations in caprines are recorded as anorexia, high febrile reaction and respiratory embarrassment in the shape of clinical dyspnoea, polypnea, paroxysmal cough and sero-purulent nasal discharges. The disease is thus contracted by the healthy animals through aerosol, contaminated feed and water sources in the herd premises, without a protective immunity and that the conferred immunity in recovered cases being short-lived. The true lesions of CCPP are confined to the lung alveolar tissues of infected goats, which distinguish it from other respiratory diseases of small ruminants caused by the members of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Atypical pneumonia caused by the mycoplasma infection of goats, also known as Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) has been more often reported from Africa and Asia than Europe. Classical, acute CCPP attributed to Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capri pneumoniae, originally known asthe F38 biotype (World Organisation for Animal Health, 2008) causes heavy kid mortality. Two other organisms in this group, M. mycoides subsp. capri and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides large-colony type, can cause disease in small ruminants that clinico-pathologically mimics CCPP but may have extra pulmonary signs and lesions, sometimes. Mycoplasma Capri pneumoniae and other members of the M. mycoides cluster cross-react in serological tests and share biochemical and genetic similarities. The most favourable epidemiological scenario in the Sub-continent is the hot humid climate during monsoons. The diversity and multi-etiological subspecies involved in the disease is detrimental in the development of an effective vaccine even though in some places a liquid vaccine is presently in use. At other places, anti-mycoplasmal antibiotics of aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone and perhaps the macrolide groups remain to be the main option in preventing flock mortalities.

RECENT UPDATES ON MOLECULAR DETECTION OF H9N2 AS LOW PATHOGENIC STRAIN OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS FROM POULTRY FARMS OF LAHORE, PAKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mubeen Sajjad ◽  
Majeeda Rasheed
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Ha Gene ◽  
Primer Sets

H9N2 avian influenza outbreaks have caused great economic losses to the poultry industry in recent decades due to a decrease of egg production, high morbidity, and mortality. Due to different antigenic variants, Influenza virus has become problematical because it has the ability to cross the species barrier. As it is highly pathogenic so its diagnosis and vaccines are of high importance. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test is mostly used for subtyping and detection of antibody titer against the virus. Furthermore, its continuous mutations in the HA gene transforms AIV subtype H9N2 (a low pathogenic subtype) into high pathogenic virus subtypes like H5N2 and H7N7 that may have pandemic potential. Thus, it is necessary to identify various antigenic variants of Influenza virus, so it is direly needed to study the HA gene, its attachment to host receptors, the release of genetic material and pathogenicity. In the present study, virus samples from poultry were isolated. Both serological and molecular confirmation was done for 100 samples collected from the different area. They were properly labeled and prepared for the process of egg inoculation in embryonated eggs. The virus was grown in amnioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs and harvested fluid is then proceeded for confirmatory testing. Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination inhibition testing was done. RNA was extracted by the kit method and cDNA was synthesized. Reverse transcriptase (RTPCR) was performed using specific primer sets and then the PCR product was run on agarose gel. The bands obtained were sent for sequencing.

scholarly journals Otitis and meningoencephalitis associated with infectious coryza (Avibacterium paragallinarum) in commercial broiler chickens

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 784-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Crispo ◽  
C. Gabriel Sentíes-Cué ◽  
George L. Cooper ◽  
Grace Mountainspring ◽  
Charles Corsiglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Laboratory System ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Infectious Coryza ◽  
Avibacterium Paragallinarum ◽  
Commercial Broiler

Infectious coryza, caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, is an acute respiratory disease of poultry that can result in substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. In March 2017, the Turlock branch of the California Animal Health and Food Safety laboratory system encountered an unusual clinical and pathologic presentation of infectious coryza in 6 live, 29-d-old, commercial broiler chickens that were submitted for diagnostic investigation. Antemortem evaluation revealed severe neurologic signs, including disorientation, torticollis, and opisthotonos. Swollen head–like syndrome and sinusitis were also present. Histologically, severe sinusitis, cranial osteomyelitis, otitis media and interna, and meningoencephalitis were noted, explaining the clinical signs described. A. paragallinarum was readily isolated from the upper and lower respiratory tract, brain, and cranial bones. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was also detected by PCR, and IBV was isolated in embryonated chicken eggs. Based on sequencing analysis, the IBV appeared 99% homologous to strain CA1737. A synergistic effect between A. paragallinarum and IBV, resulting in exacerbation of clinical signs and increased mortality, may have occurred in this case. A. paragallinarum should be considered among the possible causes of neurologic signs in chickens. Appropriate media should be used for bacterial isolation, and the role of additional contributing factors and/or complicating agents should be investigated in cases of infectious coryza.

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