scholarly journals Potensi Pemanfaatan Ulang Sampah Plastik Menjadi Eco-Paving Block

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Haudi Hasaya ◽  
Reni Masrida
Keyword(s):  
Promising Result ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Optimum Dosage ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Abs Plastics

Eco-paving block is a product used for construction consisting of sand and plastic mixes. In order to produce eco-paving blocks, the mixture of sand and concrete was substituted in part with sand and plastics. In order to properly mix plastics to create eco-paving blocks, a plastic smelter was used to generate heat and melt the plastic materials. The plastic material types used in this case was PETE or PETE, which has the characteristics of being flexible and high adhesive properties; along with ABS which can stand pressures. Based on the tests conducted with the plastic smelter using PET, ABS, and the combination of PET and ABS, the most promising result was shown with the combination of PET and ABS. This combination required 8 minutes 21 seconds for the plastics to become fully melted, and a temperature of 278oC. The combination of PET and ABS resulted in a mixture of plastics with strong adhesive properties and durability. This product could potentially be developed into eco-paving blocks. Additional studies regarding the optimum dosage combinations of PET and ABS plastics in eco-paving blocks can potentially be established in order to further optimize the usage of these plastics in eco-paving blocks.

scholarly journals Study of the Biodegrability of Degradable/Biodegradable Plastic Material in a Controlled Composting Environment

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Vaverková ◽  
František Toman ◽  
Dana Adamcová ◽  
Jana Kotovicová
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Material ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Biodegradable Plastic ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Chain Stores ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Scale Test

Study of the Biodegrability of Degradable/Biodegradable Plastic Material in a Controlled Composting EnvironmentThe objective of this study was to determine the degrability/biodegradability of disposable plastic bags available on the market that are labeled as degradable/biodegradable and those certified as compost. The investigated materials were obtained from chain stores in the Czech Republic and Poland. Seven kinds of bags (commercially available) were used in this study. One of them was a disposable bag made of HDPE and mixed with totally degradable plastic additive (TDPA additive). Another was a disposable made of polyethylene with the addition of pro-oxidant additive (d2w additive). One was labeled as 100% degradable within various periods of time, from three months up to three years, and four were certified as compostable. The test was carried out in a controlled composting environment. The biodisintegration degree of the obtained pieces was evaluated following a modified version of ČSN EN 14806 Norm "Packaging - Preliminary evaluation of the disintegration of the packaging materials under simulated composting conditions in a laboratory scale test" and a modified version of ČSN EN ISO 20200 "Plastics - Determination of the degree of disintegration of plastic materials under simulated composting conditions in laboratory-scale test" (ISO 20200:2004). The emphasis was put on determination whether the bags are degradable/biodegradable or not.

On Determining Elastic Modulus from Instrumented Indentation

2013 ◽  
Vol 668 ◽  
pp. 616-620
Author(s):  
Shuai Huang ◽  
Huang Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Instrumented Indentation ◽  
Computational Simulations ◽  
Elastic Plastic ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Elastic Plastic Material ◽  
Elastic Plastic Materials

Computational simulations of indentations in elastic-plastic materials showed overestimate in determining elastic modulus using the Oliver & Pharr’s method. Deviations significantly increase with decreasing material hardening. Based on extensive finite element computations the correlation between elastic-plastic material property and indentation has been carried out. A modified method was introduced for estimating elastic modulus from dimensional analysis associated with indentation data. Experimental verifications confirm that the new method produces more accurate prediction of elastic modulus than the Oliver & Pharr’s method.

Places and Causes of Mismanaged Plastic Materials in the Life Cycle of Flexible Plastic Packaging Based on Mechanical Recycling Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 888 ◽  
pp. 129-138
Author(s):  
Munzir Hadengganan ◽  
Djoko Sihono Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Mechanical Recycling ◽  
Rigid Plastic ◽  
Plastic Packaging ◽  
Quality Degradation ◽  
Plastic Materials

Plastic waste has become a big issue in the world for its large amount of plastic waste in the sea. Most of the plastic waste is plastic packaging which consists of flexible and rigid plastic packaging. This research discusses flexible plastic packaging. Until now, most researches on the loss of plastic materials discuss how to manage plastic waste disposal once it has been used by community: only a few discuss production cycle: while none of them discusses flexible plastic packaging area. This research aims to examine the number of mismanaged materials throughout flexible plastic packaging life cycle using a combination of Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). Based on the literature review, interviews and observations conducted by the author to all stakeholders in the life cycle of flexible plastic packaging, mismanagement of plastic material occurred in each cycle, mostly caused by quality degradation of flexible plastic that could cause plastic waste was not acceptable in the mechanical recycle. The results of this study show that: (1) mismanaged material occurred in all cycles throughout the life cycles of flexible plastic packaging, (2) quality degradation is the main caused of mismanaged material in several cycles, and (3) the mismanaged materials in the life cycle of flexible plastic packaging were 98.29%.

Pressure Distribution in the Calendering of Plastic Materials

1951 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
J. T. Bergen ◽  
G. W. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Viscous Liquid ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
The Body ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Pressure Sensitive ◽  
Plastic Materials

Abstract In the calendering, or rolling, of a plastic material in to sheet form by passing it between parallel rolls, hydrostatic pressure is exerted against the surface of the roll throughout the region of contact with the plastic mass. This pressure has been measured by means of a pressure-sensitive cylinder, inserted in the body of a 10-in-diam roll, together with high-speed oscillographic technique. The materials which were calendered consisted of a resin which exhibited flow properties characteristic of a viscous liquid, and several filled plastic compositions of commercial interest. Pressure maxima ranging up to 8000 psi were observed. Comparison of experimental results with theoretical expressions for pressure distribution, as given by several authors, indicates that the equation derived by Gaskell quite satisfactorily predicts the results for the case of the viscous liquid. The commercial plastics were found to exhibit pressure-distribution characteristics which were perceptibly different from those of the viscous liquid. Certain limitations of Gaskell’s treatment of nonviscous materials prevent its application to these experimental results.

scholarly journals Simulation of multi-contact wave strain hardening

2019 ◽  
Vol 297 ◽  
pp. 05007
Author(s):  
Andrey Kirichek ◽  
Sergey Barinov ◽  
Aleksandr Yashin
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Modeling ◽  
Strain Hardening ◽  
Deformation Zone ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Contact Loading ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Contact Wave ◽  
Loading Scheme

The article raises the problem of reducing pressure in the deformation zone during hardening of plastic materials by shock pulses. It is proposed to use the method of wave strain hardening and its multi-contact loading scheme as its solution. To accelerate the study of the influence of WSH technological parameters on the process of plastic material hardening, its finite element modeling is used. From the obtained patterns, the most significant technological parameters of the multi-contact WSH process were established and the ranges of their values providing effective hardening of plastic materials are given.

Self-Affine Measurements on the Fracture Surface of Plastic Materials by AFM

1999 ◽  
Vol 578 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Reyes ◽  
C. Guerrero ◽  
V. González ◽  
M. Hinojosa
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Material ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Average Roughness ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Material Surfaces ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Roughness Exponent ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractThe self-aff'me behavior of fracture surfaces of polymeric materials was qualitatively and quantitatively studied. SEM images of fracture surfaces of both polypropylene and polystyrene show Chevron marks at several magnifications. In addition, for polystyrene the mirror and Hackle zones were also observed. For quantitative analysis, the average roughness exponent, ζ, of height profiles generated by AFM images, was estimated by applying the variable bandwidth method. Values of ζ=0.788 and ζ=0.810 were obtained for polypropylene and polystyrene, respectively. These results are in very good agreement with the claimed universal exponent of 0.8 reported in the literature for other non-polymeric materials. By choosing the AFM appropriate operating conditions, measurements of roughness on plastic material surfaces could be performed.

Computational mechanical property determination of viscoelastic/plastic materials from nanoindentation creep test data

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 1245-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianjun Wang ◽  
Timothy C. Ovaert
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Property ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Element Formulation ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Plastic Materials

Nanoindentation is a widely accepted test method for materials characterization. On account of the complexity of contact deformation behavior, design of parametric constitutive models and determination of the unknown parameters is challenging. To address the need for identification of mechanical properties of viscoelastic/plastic materials from nanoindentation data, a combined numerical finite element/optimization-based indentation modeling tool was developed, fully self-contained, and capable of running on a PC as a stand-alone executable program. The approach uses inverse engineering and formulates the material characterization task as an optimization problem. The model development consists of finite element formulation, viscoelastic/plastic material models, heuristic estimation to obtain initial solution boundaries, and a gradient-based optimization algorithm for fast convergence to extract mechanical properties from the test data. A four-parameter viscoelastic/plastic model is presented, then a simplified three-parameter model with more rapid convergence. The end result is a versatile tool for indentation simulation and mechanical property analysis.

scholarly journals Determination of the Need for Reconstructive Surgical Interventions Using Conduits of Biological Origin in Acute Arterial Insufficiency

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
A Lyzikov ◽  
M Kaplan ◽  
V Tsikhmanovich ◽  
V Straltsov ◽  
S Gorokhovsky
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Material ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Limb Ischemia ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Contralateral Limb ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Reconstructive Operations ◽  
Arterial Insufficiency

The aim of the study was to determine the structure of the pathology that causes acute arterial insufficiency, which requires the implementation of surgical interventions, including reconstructive operations using conduits of various origins; to identify the needs for grafts of biological origin. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of 212 case histories of patients with acute arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities who underwent open surgery on the arteries of the lower extremities at the department of vascular surgery of the Gomel Regional Clinical Cardiology Center from 2017 to 2019 was performed. Results and discussion. As a result of the study, the following issues were identified. Surgical treatment of acute arterial insufficiency, which developed due to thrombosis with the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, requires reconstructive surgery using various plastic materials as patches and conduits in 60% of the total number of open operations. There is a serious need for materials of biological origin as a plastic material for the treatment of acute arterial insufficiency, which developed against the background of atherosclerotic vascular damage, because 59% of the total number of primary operations were bypass surgeries, of which, in 73.7% of cases, for various reasons, synthetic transplants were used. The high frequency of repeated surgical interventions, reaching 28.9% of the total number of operations, more often on injured limbs in 97% of patients, including those after application of autological venous conduits in 40.7% of cases, is a serious problem that needs to be solved by searching for new sources for biological materials. Atherosclerotic damage to the contralateral limb occurred in 53.2% of patients with thrombosis and in 17.8% with embolism, while in 62.6% of patients with thrombosis, the degree of chronic arterial insufficiency in the contralateral limb was greater than 2 (Fontaine’s classification of chronic limb ischemia), which is indicative for reconstructive surgical interventions.

scholarly journals The Problem of Plastic Waste and Microplastics in the Seas and Oceans: Impact on Marine Organisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Kurtela ◽  
Nenad Antolović
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
State Organizations

Abstract A global problem of today is the large amount of waste in the seas and oceans, primarily plastic waste. It is estimated that every year 1.25 to 2.41 million tons of plastic material is being carried by rivers into the seas and oceans. Waste is a major problem for marine organisms, causing entanglement, choking, strangulation, malnutrition and death. In 1972 the problems caused by microplastics, particles smaller than 5 mm, were first observed. Such particles bind pathogenic microorganisms on to their surface. Increasing quantities of microplastics have been found in the stomachs of fish, and also in shellfish that feed by filtering sea water. Ingested by marine organisms, such plastics may eventually pass through the food web and can end up ingested by humans. In addition, plastic releases chemical compounds whose effect on marine organisms and humans has still not been studied. Many international and state organizations offer solutions through recycling plastic waste, as well as reducing the production of plastic materials and informing the public about the problem.

PRODUCT AND TOOLING DESIGN OF SLANTED GLASS INJECTION MOULD FOR VISUALIZATION OF FLOW MOLTEN PLASTIC

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Amran ◽  
M. Faizal ◽  
M. Shahir ◽  
R. Izamshah ◽  
Sivaraos Sivaraos
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Injection Mould ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Draft Angle ◽  
Mould Cavity ◽  
Tooling Design ◽  
Plastic Injection Mould ◽  
Injection Molded Plastic

A two-plate plastic injection mould having a new method of embedded slanted glass at mould cavity side is designed where it can be used to visualize the flow of molten plastic material moving inside the mould cavity. Due to observation of molten plastic materials cannot be done in actual mould made from metal, therefore slanted glass mould is developed. This project shows the design process of slanted glass mould from initial plastic product design until mould tooling design. The plastic product and the slanted glass mould were designed using SolidWorks software. In designing and producing the injection molded plastic product, various factors are needed to be considering such as corner radius, draft angle and the product wall thickness  Two different geometrical shapes of plastic products  have been designed that were the flat and ring plastic product. Meanwhile for mould tooling design, the method to capture the flow pattern of molten plastic materials is the most considering factor in this project. Others considering factors included are location of feeding system, tolerance fitting and water cooling system. Thus, this project helps mould designer the important of design process should be considered during plastic design and tooling design especially for slanted glass injection mould.

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