scholarly journals Conclusion of business contracts in the field of electronic commerce

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Pohorilenko
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Electronic Documents ◽  
Traditional Form ◽  
Contractual Relationship ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Business Contract ◽  
Relevant Field ◽  
The Subject

The epidemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) has necessitated the search for new formats of doing business. Companies that have taken the initiative and taken advantage of e-commerce have been able to achieve significant success. This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the legislation of Ukraine on the subject of legal regulation of requirements for the form, content and procedure for concluding a business agreement in the relevant field. The main requirements related to the specifics of the implementation of contractual relations in this area are primarily related to the circulation of electronic documents, as well as the need to certify the integrity of the data transmitted by them. As a result of the study, it was found that the basic requirements for concluding a business contract in the traditional form remain relevant in the field of e-commerce. At the same time, the legislation over-regulates some aspects of the contractual relationship, leaving the parties little freedom to choose modern means of communication.

scholarly journals Pelaksanaan Perancangan Kontrak dalam Pembuatan Struktur Kontrak Bisnis

Acta Comitas ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 495
Author(s):  
I Gst. Agung Rio Diputra
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Business Contract ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Contract Signing ◽  
Business Structure

In business activities in Indonesia, the contract is a basic framework that is used as a frame of relations for economic actors. Contract may give rise to rights and obligations for the parties to make the contract. Thus the contract is very important in doing business in Indonesia. This condition serves as background of this research in frame of disclosing (1) How the stages to design business contract?; and (2) How to create a contract business structure? The research usesa type of normative legal research with a conceptual and legal approach. Analysis of legal materials collected in this research performed by a descriptive, interpretative, evaluative and argumentative analysis. The research result indicated (1) The stages to design contract onsisting of pre-contract stage, contract signing phase and post-contract stage. In the making of an agreement or contract, the parties to observe some very basic principles in the making of such contract. The principles are to understand the terms of the validity of an agreement, and the principles and elements of an agreement; (2) In designing good and correct contracting of business contracts, it is necessary precision and accuracy of the parties making an agreement or contract. In addition must meet procedural requirements that meet subjective and objective requirements. A good contract must be clear and detailed, concerning the subject, its object and the obligations of the parties and the sanctions imposed on the parties, as well as the clarity of procedures and procedures for the implementation of sanctions, and not contrary to all legal norms relating to the contract. In addition, additional requirements which contain safety clauses for the interest of the parties are also required. Dalam kegiatan bisnis di Indonesia, kontrak merupakan kerangka dasar yang digunakan sebagai bingkai dari hubungan bagi para pelaku ekonomi. Kontrak dapat menimbulkan hak dan kewajiban bagi para pihak yang membuat kontrak tersebut. Dengan demikian kontrak sangat berperan penting dalam berbisnis di Indonesia. Kondisi ini melatarbelakangi penelitian ini dalam rangka mengetahui (1) Bagaimana tahapan perancangan kontrak bisnis? dan (2) Bagaimana pembuatan struktur kontrak bisnis?. Penelitian ini mempergunakan jenis penelitian hokum normatif dengan pendekatan konsep dan undang-undang. Analisis bahan hokum dilakukan secara deskriptif, interpretatif, evaluatif dan argumentatif analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) Tahapan perancangan kontrak terdiri dari tahap prakontrak, tahap penandatangan kontrak dan tahap pasca kontrak. Pihak-pihak yang mrlakukan suatu perjanjian harus melihat prinsip yang menjadi dasar pada kontrak yang dibuat. Prinsip yang dimaksud seperti paham akan unsur dari perjanjian, asas dari perjanjian serta syarat sahnya suatu perjanjian; (2) Perlu cermat dan teliti oleh pihak-pihak yang melakukan suatu kontrak/perjanjian dalam merancang pembuatan struktur kontrak bisnis yang baik dan benar. Selain itu harus memenuhi syarat prosedural yaitu memenuhi syarat subjektif dan objektif. Sebuah kontrak yang baik harus jelas dan terperinci, menyangkut subjeknya, objeknya serta kewajiban para pihak beserta sanksi yang dibebankan terhadap para pihak, serta kejelasan cara dan prosedur pelaksanaan sanksi, serta tidak bertentangan dengan seluruh norma hukum yang terkait dengan kontrak. Selain itu diperlukan juga persyaratan tambahan yang berisi klausul pengaman untuk kepentingan para pihak.

scholarly journals Concealment of information as a form of abuse of post by an employee

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Alena Viktorovna Ostapenko
Keyword(s):  
Labor Law ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Labor Rights ◽  
Employment Contract ◽  
Hiring Process ◽  
Labor Agreement ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject

The subject of this research is such legal phenomenon as the abuse of post by an employee in form concealment of information. The author analyzes the labor law, determines the gaps in legal regulation of the questions of abuse of position by employees. The article examines most common instances of abuse of post by employees in form of concealment of legally important facts from the employer, as well as carries out their classification by cases of concealment of information in the hiring process, in course of exercising their labor rights, and in termination of employment contract. The author underlines the inequality of the status of employer and employee with regards to protection by against the abuse of the opposite party of labor agreement. It is established that the range of the methods of protection of interests of the employer is limited, while an employee is in a much better position from the legal perspective. The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive analysis of legislative gaps in the area of regulation of misconduct of employees in the form of concealment of information. The author offers the mechanism for preventing the abuse of post by employees in the form of concealment of information, which is based on inclusion into local regulatory acts of the norms aimed at protection of rights and interests of the employer.

Website as an e-Commerce Tool: Regulatory Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1032
Author(s):  
Andrey Vladimirovich RYZHIK ◽  
Vladimir Lvovich SLESAREV ◽  
Vitalij Anatolevich MALCEV ◽  
Vladimir Pavlovich KAMISHANSKY
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Domain Name ◽  
Ip Address ◽  
Electronic Documents ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Online Stores

This paper presents an analysis of the legal nature and regulation features of the website, which is the main tool of electronic commerce. There are various definitions of the concept of website that reflect the legal nature of the definition in question, depending on the circumstances of its use. It has been established that a website refers to a set of electronic documents (files), united under one address (domain name and (or) IP address). The authors come to the conclusion that, depending on the business model used by the subject of electronic commerce, websites can have both an informational and advertising character and contain the functionality of online stores, accepting and processing orders for goods and services online and, in many cases, performing them as well. With a certain degree of conventionality, one can say that in modern conditions the website acts as a representative of the person on the Internet. Therefore, the very first stage of its use — the stage of creating a website — is particularly important.

scholarly journals LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.I. Solovyanenko
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Electronic Signature ◽  
Electronic Documents ◽  
Electronic Signatures ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Priority Method

The article is devoted to the legal problems of using documents signed with electronic signatures in electronic commerce. The article considers the different legal regime of electronic documents depending on the type of electronic signature. Legal features of a qualified electronic signature are analyzed. The legal status of a certification service provider and its legal functions in e-commerce are examined. The conclusion is made about the recognition of electronic documents as a priority method of legal interaction in the field of electronic commerce and the complication of the legal construction of an electronic signature.

scholarly journals LEGAL REGULATION FOR CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
A. Pohorilenko
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Relevant Field ◽  
Contractual Relations ◽  
The Law ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
The Moment

This paper examines the Law of Ukraine "On e-commerce", central legal act in the relevant field, in terms of the scope of its legal regulation, in particular on the inclusion of B2B contractual relations in its range. According to the research, in accordance with international practice, the field of e-commerce includes various types of legal relations, including the following: B2C (Business-Consumer), C2C (Consumer-Consumer), B2G (Business-Government), G2B (Government-Business) and B2B (Business-Business). At the same time, B2B relations makes up its largest segment. Nevertheless, as revealed by the analysis of the legislation, abovementioned law of Ukraine in the field of e-commerce does not take into account the needs of economy and excludes this largest segment of e-commerce from the scope of legal regulation. Moreover, analysis of the key provisions of the relevant law governing the composition of participants of e-commerce has led to the conclusion that business entities wishing to enter into an agreement in the relevant field will not be considered as e-commerce subjects at all. As a result, they are deprived of the entire scope of legal regulation provided by this law for "selected" participants of e-commerce, i.e. the provisions of the relevant law on the obligations of the seller (performer, supplier) of goods, works, services in the field of e-commerce, the obligations of the buyer in the field of e-commerce, provisions on the moment of signing of the electronic agreement etc. Hence, these provisions do not apply to the parties of the business agreement, which by all indications belongs to the field of e-commerce. All the above mentioned may have a negative impact on the development of e-commerce and B2B relations in Ukraine. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the Law of Ukraine "On e-commerce" should be supplemented by provisions including B2B relations to the field of e-commerce.

scholarly journals Legal regulation of investment activity carried out using digital technologies

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Alina Nurlibaevna Sundetova
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Russian Law ◽  
Development Prospects

The subject of this research is the norms of Russian law mediating investment activity that is carried out using digital technologies, development prospects for Russian legislation, as well as theoretical constructs proposed by Russian and foreign experts in development of the category of investing using digital technologies. Special attention in the process of development of legislation is given to the principle of technological neutrality. This author employed general scientific methods of structural-functional analysis and systemic approach, which allowed verifying the acquired results of the scientific research. This work presents a comprehensive analysis of the legal relations emerging as a result of investing using digital technologies. A conclusion is made that digital technologies develop very rapidly, and thus, the legislator must describe the essential features of the mentioned phenomena and legal relations, and prescind from the current level of technology when possible.

Typologization of security regulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Denis Tikhomirov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Procedural Understanding ◽  
Limited Ability ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Legal Understanding

The purpose of the article is to typologize terminological definitions of security, to find out the general, to identify the originality of their interpretations depending on the subject of legal regulation. The methodological basis of the study is the methods that made it possible to obtain valid conclusions, in particular, the method of comparison, through which it became possible to correlate different interpretations of the term "security"; method of hermeneutics, which allowed to elaborate texts of normative legal acts of Ukraine, method of typologization, which made it possible to create typologization groups of variants of understanding of the term "security". Scientific novelty. The article analyzes the understanding of the term "security" in various regulatory acts in force in Ukraine. Typological groups were understood to understand the term "security". Conclusions. The analysis of the legal material makes it possible to confirm that the issues of security are within the scope of both legislative regulation and various specialized by-laws. However, today there is no single conception on how to interpret security terminology. This is due both to the wide range of social relations that are the subject of legal regulation and to the relativity of the notion of security itself and the lack of coherence of views on its definition in legal acts and in the scientific literature. The multiplicity of definitions is explained by combinations of material and procedural understanding, static - dynamic, and conditioned by the peculiarities of a particular branch of legal regulation, limited ability to use methods of one or another branch, the inter-branch nature of some variations of security, etc. Separation, common and different in the definition of "security" can be used to further standardize, in fact, the regulatory legal understanding of security to more effectively implement the legal regulation of the security direction.

Concerning the abuse of power by an official

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Ihor Oheruk
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Code ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Abuse Of Power ◽  
Government Functions ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
Logical Semantic

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to analyze the application of the second and third parts of Article 3692 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine to officials in the context, that defines them by the Criminal Code of Ukraine in the note to Article 364 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. In the course of the study, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: terminological, logical-semantic, system-structural, logical-normative. Results: in the course of research the cause of criminalization of such act as "abuse of power" is considered, the subject of the specified criminal act which has the features of "an official" in the context, that defines it by the note to Article 364 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is analyzed and the main ways of committing criminal acts, that are provided for in this article of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are identified. Originality. The study found, that one of the key conditions for the opportunity to influence officials, that are authorized to perform government or local self-government functions, is the position held by the official and the related opportunities. Therefore, taking into account the opinion of the scientists, that the subject of crimes, that are provided for by the second and third parts of Article 3692 is special, the peculiarities of which is the cumulative feature, that denotes, that such person is not endowed with the status of an official, well-founded need to specify the criminal legislation of Ukraine in terms of the application the second and third parts of Article 3692 of the Criminal code of Ukraine concerning officials in the context, that defines them by the criminal legislation of Ukraine in the note to Article 364 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Practical significance. The research results can be used in lawmaking in the improvement of anti-corruption legislation.

New Approaches to Understanding Judicial Ethics in the Information

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-32
Author(s):  
E. V. Burdina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Judicial Administration ◽  
Personal Approach ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
The Subject

Introduction. The article is devoted to the problems of the essence and content of judicial ethics in the new conditions of the technical revolution and with other social needs for legal regulation. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The work used a systematic, activity-personal approach to the study of moral and ethical standards of the conduct of judges. This made it possible to reveal a new and broader view on judicial ethics, which is not simply a set of moral restrictions and obligations imposed on a judge. Results. The work has identified and analysed the signs of judicial ethics at the current stage of development. It is argued that ethical regulation is precautionary in relation to the legal regulation of the independence of judges, for they complement ethical rules and reinforce legal norms. The ethical conduct of judges is an instrument guaranteeing judicial independence in all of its manifestations, including in organisational and judicial relations. The new realities of our time recognise the expansion of boundaries and the subject area itself of ethical regulation. A broader view on judicial ethics, which differs from the traditional one, is hereby justified. The latter is defined in two ways – namely both as a system of professional values, as well as a means of judicial administration based on the principle of self-regulation. By its very nature, judicial ethics is the result (and the way) of judicial self-governance, developed on the basis of the experience of functioning bodies of the judicial community. Discussion and Conclusion. Conclusions are drawn on both the instrumental and the managerial impact of the categories of ethics. The subject of judicial ethics has been defined, which constitutes the rules of conduct of judges in the performance of their professional duties and beyond – namely the set of general principles of work of a judge, as well as the personal qualities of a judge personifying the judicial power. Proposals on the optimisation of the mechanism of ethical influence, differentiation of ethical and disciplinary norms have also been substantiated.

Концептологический подход к компаративному анализу терминологии сердечно-сосудистой системы человека и его практическая важность в контексте переводческих методик/Conceptual Approach Used in the Development of a Glossary of Medical Terms Russian-Spanish

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 110-121
Author(s):  
María Shcherbakova
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Setting ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Common Mistake ◽  
Medical Terms ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Parallel Texts

В течение последних нескольких десятилетий проблемы терминологии привлекли внимание многих исследователей и ученых, что может объясняться растущей важностью науки в жизни людей. Развитие медицинской терминологии началось много веков назад и продолжается по сей день. Основная цель этой работы заключается в рассмотрении терминологического глоссария сердечно-сосудистой системы, созданного на основе  Nomina Anatomical 2001 года, а также в комплексном анализе перевода специализированной терминологии. Наряду с разработкой испано-русского двуязычного глоссария, мы также обратили внимание на анализ собранных данных и комментарии, которые могут предотвратить ошибки и путаницу среди переводчиков и получателей переведенной информации. Для достижения целей мы прибегли к методу анализа параллельных текстов на выбранную тему в испанском и русском языках, а также к методу визуализации, что позволило нам перевести термины из списка и гарантировать высокий уровень точности, объективности, корректности, эквивалентности и адекватности. Основной гипотезой данной статьи является то, что, несмотря на греческое и латинское происхождение большинства выбранных терминов на испанском и значительной их части в русском языке, дословный перевод представляет собой наиболее серьезную и наиболее распространенную ошибку, которую совершают переводчики медицинских текстов, что объясняется особенностями развития медицинских систем в русском и испанском языках, где каждая отрасль терминологии сосредоточилась на своих собственных эволюционных принципах.Resumen: En las últimas décadas, los problemas de la terminología han llamado la atención de muchos investigadores y científicos, lo cual se explica por la creciente importancia que adquiere la ciencia en la vida de las personas. La terminología médica empezó su formación hace siglos y sigue desarrollándose hasta el momento. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es dar cuenta de la creación de un glosario de la terminología del sistema cardiovascular basada en la Nómina Anatómica del año 2001 y un análisis exhaustivo de la traducción de términos realizada. Además de la elaboración de un glosario bilingüe español-ruso también nos hemos centrado en el análisis de datos recogidos y comentarios que pueden prevenir errores y confusiones para los traductores y otros destinatarios. Para conseguir los objetivos propuestos hemos optado principalmente por el método de análisis de textos paralelos acerca del tema elegido en español y en ruso, así como el de la metodología de visualización, lo que nos ha permitido traducir los términos de la lista representada garantizando el máximo nivel de fidelidad, objetividad, precisión, equivalencia y adecuación. La hipótesis principal del presente artículo consiste en que, a pesar del origen griego y latín de la mayoría de los términos seleccionados en castellano y una gran parte de los términos en ruso, la traducción literal de éstos representa el error más grave y más frecuente de los traductores de los textos médicos ya que debido a las peculiaridades del desarrollo de los sistemas de lenguajes médicos en español y en ruso, la terminología de cada idioma ha seguido sus propias pautas de evolución.Abstract: During the last few decades the problems of terminology have caught the attention of many researchers and scientists which can be explained by the growing importance of science in the lives of people. Medical terminology formation began centuries ago and keeps developing nowadays. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the terminological glossary of the cardiovascular system created based on the Nomina Anatomical 2001 as well as the comprehensive analysis of specialized terminology translation. Apart from the development of the Spanish-Russian bilingual glossary, I have also focused on the analysis of data collected and comments that can prevent errors and confusion among translators and recipients of the translated information. To achieve the objectives the method of analysis of parallel texts on the subject chosen has been used in Spanish and in Russian, as well as that of visualization, which allowed us to translate the terms from the list and guarantee the highest level of fidelity, objectivity, accuracy, equivalence and adequacy. The main hypothesis of this article is that, despite the Greek and Latin origin of most of the terms selected in Spanish and a large part of the terms in Russian, their literal translation represents the most serious and most common mistake that translators in healthcare setting make due to the peculiarities of the development of medical systems in Spanish and Russian languages, where each language terminology has followed its own guidelines of evolution.  

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