The Making of a Bicycle Nation

Transfers ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. William Steele
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Environmental Consciousness ◽  
Personal Mobility ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
World Ranking

Japan is one of the great bicycle nations of the world, ranking alongside the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark in terms of per capita bicycle ownership and use. This article reviews the history and characteristics of Japan as a bicycle nation. It examines the emergence of a distinctive bicycle culture that offered personal mobility to ordinary people in prewar Japan and traces the contribution of the bicycle to postwar Japan's social and economic development. It reviews postwar bicycle history in: the period of reconstruction and recovery (1945-1956); the period of high economic growth (1957-1973); the period of rapid motorization (1974-1991); and the period of raised environmental consciousness (1992-present). The conclusion seeks to offer reasons for the persistence of Japan's vibrant and pervasive bicycle culture.

scholarly journals Trajectory of Steady Growth or Next Disbalance of Mechanisms of the World Economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 64-90
Author(s):  
E. N. Smirnov ◽  
V. N. Kirillov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Economic Dynamics ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The World

Main objective of the article – assessment of problems and opportunities of speeding up of world economic growth in the context of the crisis phenomena and turbulence in economy. Complication and reformatting of the economic relations between the countries represents serious challenges for modern economic dynamics. Methodological approach of the authors is based on assessment of the defining influence of new factors on delay of economic activity and economic development. The thesis about the defining impact of international trade on economic growth is called into question. It was analyzed the value and a role of the international companies as growth catalysts in the conditions of new technological revolution. It is established that risks of development of the world economy continue to increase, and the main of them – in decline in labor productivity in the developed countries, uncertainty concerning interest rates and economic policy of the states, the universal growth of sovereign and corporate debt of the states. It is shown that China has the increasing problems with the growth; however the flexibility of its economic policy allows to connect additional mechanisms of speeding up of social and economic development. In the European Union economic growth depends on the solution of problems of consolidation of the budgetary process, decrease in a debt, and in general – on reforming of the existing model of social and economic development. Prospects of economic dynamics will depend in many respects on stability of trade relations between the countries, and on the effective international cooperation directed to overcoming imbalances of the modern world economy. Opportunities and problems of an exit of developing countries to a trajectory of sustained economic growth in the conditions of digitalization and digital transformations in the world economy are estimated. Aggravation of a problem of inequality in the conditions of digitalization of the world economy is possible to overcome, however a number of measures in the sphere of industrial, innovative and regulatory policy is necessary. Also at the international level serious reforms in the sphere of financial regulation and taxation are necessary. The conclusions received as a result of the research have important practical importance as overcoming the problems stated above and also trade political differences between the countries will make economic growth steady and inclusive.

scholarly journals SYSTEM DETERMINANTS OF UNEQUAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF GLOBALIZED WORLD

2018 ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
Roman ZVARYCH
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Geopolitical Risks

Introduction. Globalization has accelerated the transformation of authoritarian societies into the perception of individual elements of the liberal-market model. It created favorable conditions for their cooperation with developed Western countries; stimulated economic modernization; and attracted countries to world economic processes. Positive shifts in the development of developing countries are associated with high rate of growth. But on the other hand, globalization left national states little chance to preserve their own economic, political and cultural sovereignty and strengthened their dependence on the developed world. Purpose. Purpose of the article is research of the unequal economic participation and divergence of economic inequality in developing countries and estimation of their impact on the uneven development of the world. Methods. The method of content formalization the development, growth and convergence of developing countries is used; hypothetical-deductive method in evaluating the level of preindustrial inequality in the world is used; systematic approach to analyze income gap per capita between rich and poor countries is used; hypothesis method for poverty reduction ways and geopolitical risks elimination is used. Results. The research is focused on development, growth and convergence of developing countries in the world economy. It is estimated the level of preindustrial inequality and it is established the starting point of its occurrence in the world. The developing and industrialized world is concentrated in dozens of countries where economic growth was associated with structural changes in production and employment. The research showed a gap in income per capita between rich and poor countries. The exclusion of the least developed countries is a key factor of international inequalities in the world as a whole and within the developing regions. It is defined the share of people below the poverty line and the level of its influence on world development. If rapid growth has led to human development and social progress in some countries, then in much more countries this growth has not provided development. It is explored the poverty reduction measures, non-economic factors and geopolitical risks that can destroy the further growth of developing countries. Conclusion. In a context of structural change, the development of the global economy will largely depend on the growth rates of developing countries. Despite the growing of economic power, developing countries can face certain specific problems associated with the pursuit of rapid economic growth. For economic development, developing countries should eradicate poverty, create jobs and inclusive growth. This sustainable way of developing mobilizes human resources of developing countries. The spread of education is the basis of the development of countries that industrialized late. Infrastructure, both physical and social, is the basis for the earlier stages of industrialization. Developing countries should strive to combine economic growth with human development and social transformation. This requires the creative interaction between the state and the market over the dominance of the market model.

The Cost of China`s Economic Success

2007 ◽  
pp. 127-139
Author(s):  
V. Gelbras
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
High Price ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Cost

China has achieved great results in economic growth. But the country has had to pay a high price for them. Slowing dynamics of the domestic market, growing gap in the social and economic development of regions, impoverishment of its rural population are a small number of existing problems caused by China’s attempts to catch up with the world leader - the USA.

STATE REGULATION OF THE ECONOMY OF INDONESIA DURING ECONOMIC CRISES OF 1997-98 and 2008-09

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Krasnopyorov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Per Capita

The article is analyzing the models of state regulation of the economy of Indonesia throughout the Asian financial economic crisis of 1997-98 and the World economic crisis of 2008-09 and the effects on the national economy of Indonesia. The statistics of economic development (GDP and GDP per capita and other social and economic indicators) of Indonesia are analyzed and several graphs and tables have been created for the scientific research purposes. According to the research data, it has been proved that Indonesia has been constantly improving its major economic indicators (like GDP per capita, especially in comparison to the world average level) showing 5-7% rate of economic growth, only with the exception of the period of the Asian financialeconomic crisis of 1997-98, when the country’s economy was hit hard by the crisis. Throughout the article the comparative analysis of successes and failures of different models of state regulation during the economic crises of 1997-98 and 2008-09 is given. The article provides a comparative table of the model for the management of the economy in Indonesia throughout the two crises periods. The experience of Indonesia indicates that the correct and responsible, effective macroeconomic policy of the government during the world economic crises has very important meaning for the national economy of the respective country. The experience of Indonesia in successful overcome and avoiding of the international crisis of 2008-09 – is interesting and useful for the governments, committees and ministries of economic development, as well as for economists in Ukraine and other countries of the world. Unfortunately, all the economic reforms that have been implemented in Ukraine over the last 30 years have not produced the desired result. In Ukraine, in contrast to Indonesia, no high levels of economic growth were observed during the recent 30 years. In the process of 1990s economic reforms in Ukraine, there was a sharp decline in production and a great portion of the working-age population was forced to leave the country in search of better-paid jobs abroad. On the other hand, through sound economic policies, Indonesia has been able to make significant strides in creating a modern, powerful economy throughout the recent 30-40 years. At the moment the GDP of Indonesia is the 7th largest in the world (behind Germany and Russia and before Brazil).

scholarly journals Trade Liberalization and Economic Development: Evidence from Pakistan

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bushra Yasmin ◽  
Zainab Jehan ◽  
Muhammad Ali Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Simultaneous Equation Model ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Mediating Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

Unrestricted trade stimulates economic growth and bridges socio-economic gaps existing in different countries of the world. Pakistan has adopted trade liberalization policies since the late 1980s with the same expectations. This study has empirically analyzed how trade liberalization has affected economic development in the country. Its effects have been examined with respect to four measures of economic development: per capita GDP, income inequality, poverty and employment over the period from 1960-2003. The main analysis is based on a simultaneous equation model. Keeping in view the simultaneity of the chosen development measures, the model is estimated with the 2SLS technique of regression analysis. The analysis shows that, over the study period, trade liberalization has not affected all the chosen indicators of development uniformly. It has affected employment positively but per capita GDP and income distribution negatively. However, it has not affected poverty in any way. The obvious message is that trade liberalization has not affected all the indicators of development favorably in Pakistan. It thus implies the need of a cautious move towards liberalization. The focus of trade liberalization should be to bring about improvement in the performance of mediating factors and to focus exports on labor-intensive products.

Modern patterns of development of the communication and informatization sphere

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Maryna Demyanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Economic Resource ◽  
Telecommunication Services ◽  
The World ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Ict Development ◽  
Telecommunications Services

Information and telecommunication services are currently a full-fledged resource for social development compared to traditional resources. The growth of the level of scientific and technological progress has led to the incredibly fast development paces in the sphere of information and communication technologies, which has a significant impact on the development of the economy. On the basis of a thorough analysis of the sectors of information and communication technologies and components of the ICT development index, the article substantiates the need for accelerated digitization of the majority of enterprises of different spheres of economic activity with the aim of qualitative development of Ukrainian economy in order to increase its competitiveness in the world. This is explained by the fact that information and technology represent the main economic resource in the period of formation of information society and digital economy, and enterprises of the sphere of communication and informatization are a catalyst for social and economic development of the country as a whole. Using a methodological toolkit of the theory of systematic and correlation-regression analysis, an economic-mathematical model of the development of the sphere of communication and informatization in the regions of the world and individual countries of the world is constructed. It is based on the existing pattern of leading development of the communications sector, but takes into account the degree of economy dependence on the ICT development, which in some regions and countries is 100%. This is due to the approaching mass availability of ICT services in some countries in these regions. On the basis of the constructed model, the forecasting of GDP PPP per capita was carried out, which showed faster rates of growth of the country’s economy with the growth of the development level of the sphere of communication and informatization and accessibility of telecommunication services. In turn, the availability of telecommunication services is influenced by the digital skills of society and the level of their prices, which has necessitated determining the dependence of GDP PPP per capita on prices for communication services of countries with varying degrees of socio-economic development. This makes it possible to identify reserves for improving the productivity of individuals while increasing the availability of telecommunications services.

Path of the Operation and Promotion of Market-Based Chinese Martial Arts

2014 ◽  
Vol 971-973 ◽  
pp. 2350-2353
Author(s):  
Ai Yun Sun ◽  
Xi Yang Ding
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Consumption Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Elite Sports

martial arts through the promotion of conditions , difficulties and countermeasures analysis of the system, that China should be based on public health and martial arts fighting two clues to promote athletics , martial arts part of the refining and development of the " elite sports " and select wide popularity part , to promote the realization of the true sense of the public , in order to improve business operations and direction of development to promote social and economic development and to meet the needs of people in sports consumption level . In other words, watching athletics , martial arts fitness and economic integration of the three organic constituted martial arts through the promotion of the premise, but also the power of martial arts to the world .

DEMOGRAPHY PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CHINA

2021 ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Elena Pekhtereva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Populous Country ◽  
Low Rate

The review examines the results of the December 2020 official census of the population of China, the most populous country in the world. It is noted that the Chinese government is seriously concerned about the low rate of population growth. The authorities fear that a slowdown in population growth and its aging while the size of the labour force is decreasing may seriously slow down economic growth. The opinions and statements of analysts on the prospects of the demographic situation in China in the context of its socio-economic development are presented.

scholarly journals Using fuzzy logic for evaluating the level of countries’ (regions’) economic development

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordan Stojic
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita

There are several divisions of countries and regions in the world. Besides geo-political divisions, there also are economic divisions. The most common economic division is the that on developed countries and the poor ones. These divisions are a consequence of the level of: GDP, GDP per capita, unemployment rate, industrial growth, and so on. The question is how to define a mathematical model based on which the following will be assessed: who is rich and who is poor, or who is economically developed and who is not? How the boundaries of transition from one category to another can be defined? This paper presents a model for evaluating the level of economic development of countries and regions using "fuzzy" logic. The model was tested on a sample of 19 EU member countries and aspirants for membership.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Economic Activity in the Rural Area of Region 2 South - East

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Daniela – Lavinia Balasan ◽  
Dragoş Horia Buhociu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
Current State ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

When we talk about economic development, we can refer to improve the standard of living and the prosperity of the population. This is due by increasing per capita income. In order to analyze economic activity, severe indicators must be studied, namely productivity, economic growth rate, labour force share, gross domestic product. In order to carry out as accurate an analysis as possible, it is required to discover the bottlenecks and problems that Region 2 South East makes and to develop a set of reservations and indications leading to the reduction and, why not, the removal of negative aspects. The main purpose of this work is to achieve a strategic plan by studying the current state and the impact of the economic system in recent times in all its forms, with a view to the development of the countryside of Region 2 South – East. I set out to create a website based on the advice of small rural entrepreneurs that evolves gathering information in realistically identifying all the strengths and concentrating them in the region’s potential innovation.

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