KOMPONEN KIMIA KAYU TRUBUSAN JATI UNGGUL NUSANTARA (Tectona grandis Linn.f.) PADA BAGIAN PANGKAL, TENGAH DAN UJUNG

Chemical Component of Copies Superior Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f)in Base, Center and Edge StemTeak (Tectona grandis, Linn. f) is one of the plants that is able to make a real contribution in providing wood raw materials in the timber industry. The limited availability of quality teak wood on the market so that the craftsmen use superior teak wood. The amount of the superior teak wood has not been known yet. Therefore, a study was carried out on the level of wood chemical components of five-year-old superior teak wood based on the height of the stem (base, middle and end), so that the suitability of wood usage can be known. Based on the results of the study the levels of chemical components in wood superior teak of age five years, the highest levels of extractive substances found at the end of the stem by 8.56%, the highest percentage of levels of holocellulose and cellulose found in the middle part of the stem with a content of 63.95% and 39.99%, the percentage of hemicellulose content 29.66% and the highest percentage of lignin content found in the base part with levels of 30.52%. This superior teak wood can be used as construction materials such as plywood, woodworking wood, lamina wood and artificial boards.Keyword: Tectona grandis, Thrubus, Extractive Subtances, Holocellulose, Cellulose, Lignin.ABSTRAKTanaman Jati (Tectona grandis, Linn. f) merupakan tanaman yang berkontribusi di bidang industri perkayuan. Terbatasnya ketersediaan kayu jati berkualitas di pasaran mengakibatkan industri perkayuan menggunakan kayu jati unggul. Kayu trubusan jati unggul tersebut belum diketahui bagaimana komponen kimianya. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian mengenai kadar komponen kimia kayu trubusan jati unggul yang berumur lima tahun berdasarkan ketinggian batang (pangkal, tengah dan ujung), sehingga dapat diketahui kesesuaian penggunaan kayu. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian kadar komponen kimia pada kayu trubusan jati unggul umur lima tahun, rata-rata kadar zat ekstraktif tertinggi terdapat pada bagian ujung batang sebesar 8,56%, persentase tertinggi kadar holoselulosa dan selulosa terdapat pada bagian tengah batang dengan kadar 63,95% dan 39,99%, persentase kadar hemiselulosa 29,66%, dan persentase tertinggi kadar lignin terdapat pada bagian pangkal dengan kadar 30,52%. Kayu trubusan jati unggul ini dapat digunakan sebagai bahan konstruksi seperti kayu lapis, kayu pertukangan, kayu lamina dan papan buatan.Kata Kunci: Tectona grandis, Thrubus, Zat Ekstraktif, Holoselulosa, Selulosa, Lignin.

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UPLC-ESI-MS/MS-Based Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis of Wood Metabolites in Teak (Tectona grandis)

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25092189 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 2189 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Guang Yang ◽

Kunnan Liang ◽

Zaizhi Zhou ◽

Xiyang Wang ◽

Guihua Huang

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Principal Component ◽

Tectona Grandis ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Heartwood Formation ◽

Primary Metabolites ◽

Esi Ms ◽

Teak Wood ◽

Widely Targeted Metabolomics ◽

Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography

The properties of teak wood, such as natural durability and beautiful color, are closely associated with wood extractives. In order to further understand the performance differences between teak heartwood and sapwood, we analyzed the chemical components of extractives from 12 wood samples using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)-based metabolomics approach. In total, 691 metabolites were identified, and these were classified into 17 different categories. Clustering analysis and principal component analysis of metabolites showed that heartwood samples could be clearly separated from sapwood samples. Differential metabolite analysis revealed that the levels of primary metabolites, including carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides, were significantly lower in the heartwood than in the sapwood. Conversely, many secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and quinones, had higher levels in the heartwood than in the sapwood. In addition, we detected 16 specifically expressed secondary metabolites in the heartwood, the presence of which may correlate with the durability and color of teak heartwood. Our study improves the understanding of differential metabolites between sapwood and heartwood of teak, and provides a reference for the study of heartwood formation.

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Studi Mutu Kayu Jati di Hutan Rakyat Gunungkidul. V. Sifat Kimia Kayu

Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan ◽

10.22146/jik.16511 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 108

Author(s):

Ganis Lukmandaru ◽

Arsyi Rahman Mohammad ◽

Pito Wargono ◽

Vendy Eko Prasetyo

Keyword(s):

Lignin Content ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Tectona Grandis ◽

Ash Content ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Hot Water ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Radial Cross Section ◽

Community Forests ◽

Teak Wood

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi sifat kimia kayu jati dari hutan rakyat Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Pohon (dbh 28-37 cm) diambil dari tempat tumbuh berbeda yaitu Nglipar, Panggang, dan Playen. Setiap tempat diambil 3 pohon sebagai ulangan dan sampel yang digunakan adalah disk yang diambil dari bagian pangkal. Penampang radial disk dibagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu gubal, teras luar, dan teras dalam. Sifat kimia yang diuji adalah kadar holoselulosa, á-selulosa, hemiselulosa, lignin, ekstraktif etanol-toluena, kelarutan dalam air panas, kelarutan dalam NaOH 1%, dan abu. Sebagai pembanding, digunakan kayu jati dewasa dari tegakan Randublatung (Perhutani). Kisaran nilai kimia dari komponen dinding sel kayu jati Gunungkidul adalah kadar holoselulosa 75,76-79,74%, á-selulosa 46,72-50,90%, hemiselulosa 27,41-30,14%, lignin 29,22-32,80%, dan kelarutan dalam NaOH 1% sebesar 16,43-17,35%. Selanjutnya, kadar ekstraktif etanol-toluena, kelarutan dalam air panas, dan abu adalah 5,04-10,77%, 2,74-7,85%, dan 0,60-1,66%, secara berurutan. Interaksi antara kedua faktor berpengaruh nyata pada kadar holoselulosa, á-selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan ekstraktif etanol-toluena. Faktor tempat tumbuh berpengaruh nyata pada kadar abu sedangkan faktor radial berpengaruh nyata pada kadar kelarutan dalam air panas dan abu. Kayu jati dari Gunungkidul memberikan nilai rerata kadar ekstraktif etanol-toluena dan abu yang lebih rendah sedangkan nilai di parameter lainnya masih dalam kisaran nilai kayu jati dari Randublatung.Kata kunci: Tectona grandis, sifat kimia, hutan rakyat, arah radial, Gunungkidul AbstractThis study aimed to explore the chemical properties of teak wood grown in community forests from Gunungkidul Regency. Trees (dbh 28-37 cm) were selected from three different sites i.e. Nglipar, Panggang, and Playen. Three trees were cut from each site and disks were taken from the base of the trees. The disk in radial cross section was divided into 3 parts: sapwood, outer heartwood, and inner heartwood. Chemical properties tested were holocellulose, á-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, ethanol-toluene extractives, hot-water soluble extractives, solubility in NaOH 1%, and ash contents. Mature teakwoods from Randublatung (Perhutani plantation) were used for comparison purpose.The values range of chemical composition in the cell wall components of the Gunungkidul teak wood were holocellulose content 75.76-79.74%, , á-cellulose content 46.72-50.90%, hemicellulose content 27.41-30.14%, lignin content 29.22-32.80%, and solubility in NaOH 1% 16.43-17.35%. Further, the ethanol-toluene extractive, hot-water soluble, and ash content values ranged from 5.04 to 10.77%, 2.74-7.85%, and 0.60-1.66%, consecutively. Interaction between two factors affects significantly to holocellulose, á-cellulose, hemicellulose, and ethanol-toluene extractive contents. The growth-site significantly influence on the ash contents as radial factor has significantly affect on the levels of hot water soluble extractives and ash content. The amounts of ethanol-toluene extractive and ash contents of Gunungkidul teak wood showed the lower values than those of teak from Randublatung. The values of other parameters were remain in the range of value of teak from Randublatung.

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Evaluation of Cement Performance Using Industrial Byproducts Such as Nano MgO and Fly Ash from Greece

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app112411601 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (24) ◽

pp. 11601

Author(s):

Panagiota P. Giannakopoulou ◽

Aikaterini Rogkala ◽

Paraskevi Lampropoulou ◽

Maria Kalpogiannaki ◽

Petros Petrounias

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Early Stage ◽

Critical Role ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Ash Content ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Industrial Byproducts

The need for environmentally friendly construction materials is growing more and more these days. This paper investigates byproducts from Greece, such as magnesite tailings from Evoia and fly ash from Kardia (Ptolemais), in order to evaluate their suitability as cement additives. For this purpose, the raw materials were tested and studied regarding their mineralogical and chemical components for their morphological characteristics. Different cement specimens of various mixtures of raw materials were produced and tested. These raw materials are considered suitable for cement additives. The effect of nano MgO content seems to have played a more critical role in the physicomechanical performance of produced cement compared to that of the fly ash content. Furthermore, more satisfactory results in the physicomechanical properties of the produced cement gave samples of group II containing 3–4% of nano MgO. Nano MgO content up to 4% seems to have negative influence on the compressive strength of the produced cement, simultaneously reducing its durability. The increase of nano MgO content leads to the increase of the expansion of the produced cement specimens. In the early stage, the expansion rate was intensively larger. With the consumption of nano MgO, the expansion in the later stage gradually slowed down and tended to stabilize.

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Bamboo Waste-based Bio-composite Substance: An application for Low-cost Construction Materials

SPECTA Journal of Technology ◽

10.35718/specta.v4i1.162 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 41-48

Author(s):

Teodoro Astorga Amatosa ◽

Michael E. Loretero

Keyword(s):

Composite Materials ◽

Sea Water ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Low Cost ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Single Layer ◽

High Strength ◽

Green Technology ◽

Experimental Medium ◽

Natural Treatment

Bamboo is a lightweight and high-strength raw materials that encouraged researchers to investigate and explore, especially in the field of biocomposite and declared as one of the green-technology on the environment as fully accountable as eco-products. This research was to assess the technical feasibility of making single-layer experimental Medium-Density Particleboard panels from the bamboo waste of a three-year-old (Dendrocalamus asper). Waste materials were performed to produce composite materials using epoxy resin (C21H25C105) from a natural treatment by soaking with an average of pH 7.6 level of sea-water. Three different types of MDP produced, i.e., bamboo waste strip MDP (SMDP), bamboo waste chips MDP (CMDP) and bamboo waste mixed strip-chips MDP (MMDP) by following the same process. The experimental panels tested for their physical-mechanical properties according to the procedures defined by ASTM D1037-12. Conclusively, even the present study shows properties of MDP with higher and comparable to other composite materials; further research must be given better attention as potential substitute to be used as hardwood materials, especially in the production, design, and construction usage.

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Organic chemical devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates in supercritical carbon dioxide and associated less eco-unfriendly approaches: A review

Waste Management & Research ◽

10.1177/0734242x211008515 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0734242X2110085

Author(s):

Jabulani I Gumede ◽

Buyiswa G Hlangothi ◽

Chris D Woolard ◽

Shanganyane P Hlangothi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Organic Chemical ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Special Focus ◽

Waste Tyres ◽

Supercritical Carbon

There is a growing need to recover raw materials from waste due to increasing environmental concerns and the widely adopted transition to circular economy. For waste tyres, it is necessary to continuously develop methods and processes that can devulcanize rubber vulcanizates into rubber products with qualities and properties that can closely match those of the virgin rubber. Currently, the most common, due to its efficiency and perceived eco-friendliness in recovering raw rubber from waste rubbers, such as tyres, is devulcanization in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) using commercial and typical devulcanizing agents. The scCO2 has been generally accepted as an attractive alternative to the traditional liquid-based devulcanization media because of the resultant devulcanized rubber has relatively better quality than other processes. For instance, when scCO2 is employed to recover rubber from waste tyres (e.g. truck tyres) and the recovered rubber is blended with virgin natural rubber (NR) in various compositions, the curing and mechanical properties of the blends closely match those of virgin NR. The atmospheric toxicity and cost of the commonly used devulcanization materials like chemical agents, oils and solvents have enabled a shift towards utilization of greener (mainly organic) and readily available devulcanization chemical components. This literature review paper discusses the approaches, which have less negative impact on the environment, in chemical devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates. A special focus has been on thermo-chemical devulcanization of waste tyres in scCO2 using common organic devulcanizing agents.

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Eco-Compatible Construction Materials Containing Ceramic Sludge and Packaging Glass Cullet

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11083545 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 3545

Author(s):

Fernanda Andreola ◽

Isabella Lancellotti ◽

Paolo Pozzi ◽

Luisa Barbieri

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Glass Ceramics ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Linear Shrinkage ◽

Glass Cullet ◽

Commercial Glass ◽

Packaging Glass ◽

And Chemical Properties

This research reports results of eco-compatible building material obtained without natural raw materials. A mixture of sludge from a ceramic wastewater treatment plant and glass cullet from the urban collection was used to obtain high sintered products suitable to be used as covering floor/wall tiles in buildings. The fired samples were tested by water absorption, linear shrinkage, apparent density, and mechanical and chemical properties. Satisfactory results were achieved from densification properties and SEM/XRD analyses showed a compact polycrystalline microstructure with albite and wollastonite embedded in the glassy phase, similar to other commercial glass-ceramics. Besides, the products were obtained with a reduction of 200 °C with respect to the firing temperatures of commercial ones. Additionally, the realized materials were undergone to leaching test following Italian regulation to evaluate the mobility of hazardous ions present into the sludge. The data obtained verified that after thermal treatment the heavy metals were immobilized into the ceramic matrix without further environmental impact for the product use. The results of the research confirm that this valorization of matter using only residues produces glass ceramics high sintered suitable to be used as tile with technological properties similar or higher than commercial ones.

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Preparation of Alternative Hydraulic Binder Based on Secondary Raw Materials

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.12 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1000 ◽

pp. 12-15

Author(s):

Jiří Švec ◽

Tomáš Opravil ◽

Jiří Másilko

Keyword(s):

Portland Cement ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

High Volume ◽

Point Of View ◽

Hydraulic Lime ◽

Combustion Gases ◽

Secondary Raw Materials ◽

Hydraulic Binder ◽

Massive Scale

Reusing and recycling of secondary raw materials from high-volume industrial productions (especially form construction materials and binders fabrications) is very important way of conserving environment and it is also interesting from the economical point of view. The production of common hydraulic binders, especially Portland cement, burdens the environment with considerable amount of combustion gases and consumes energy in massive scale. Alternative (low – energy) binder can be used as Portland cement substitution in applications with lower mechanical properties requirements. Mined limestone wash sediments contain large amount of clay components, but there is also indispensable share of fine calcite. This composition makes these sediments a promising material for the preparation of hydraulic binders as Roman cement or hydraulic lime.

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SURFACE CHEMICAL AND COLOR CHARACTERIZATION OF JUVENILE TECTONA GRANDIS WOOD SUBJECTED TO STEAM-DRYING TREATMENTS

Surface Review and Letters ◽

10.1142/s0218625x15500912 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (01) ◽

pp. 1550091 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

ALEXANDER BERROCAL ◽

RÓGER MOYA ◽

MARÍA RODRIGUEZ-SOLIS ◽

RICARDO STARBIRD ◽

FREDDY MUÑOZ

Keyword(s):

Color Change ◽

Tectona Grandis ◽

Surface Chemical ◽

Surface Color ◽

Teak Wood ◽

Text Color ◽

The Fourier Transform ◽

Moisture Conditions ◽

Steam Drying

The color of Tectona grandis wood is an attribute that favors its commercialization, however, wood color from fast-growth plantation trees is clear and lacks uniformity. The aim of this work is to characterize steamed teak wood by means of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and [Formula: see text] color systems. Two moisture conditions (green and 50%) and two grain patterns (flat and quarter) of boards were analyzed through the application of different steaming times (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18[Formula: see text]h). The FTIR results showed that the bands at 1158, 1231, 1373 and 1419[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] did not show any change with steaming, whereas the bands at 1053, 1108, 1453, 1506, 1536, 1558, 1595, 1652, 1683, 1700 and 1733[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] presented a decrease in the intensity with the steaming time. The band at 1318[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] was the only one that increased. Lightness ([Formula: see text]) was the most affected parameter, followed by yellowness ([Formula: see text]), while redness ([Formula: see text]) showed the smallest change. Surface color change ([Formula: see text]) presented the lowest value between 3[Formula: see text]h and 6[Formula: see text]h of steam-drying in the boards with flat grain, whereas for boards with quarter grain, the smallest [Formula: see text] value was obtained after 18[Formula: see text]h of steaming.

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Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Study on the Forming Heat of Cement Clinker Made from Steel Slag

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.564 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 814 ◽

pp. 564-568 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ya Li Wang ◽

Su Ping Cui ◽

Gui Ping Tian ◽

Ming Zhang Lan ◽

Zhi Hong Wang

Keyword(s):

Empirical Equation ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Steel Slag ◽

Great Influence ◽

Cement Clinker ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Forming Process ◽

Acid Dissolution ◽

Heat Efficiency ◽

Heat Calculation

When steel slag, a by-product of steel making in impurity catching process, is added, the forming process of cement clinker and the major reactions in that process are changed. Since there are dramatic differences between the chemical components and mineral compositions of steel slag and that of natural cement raw materials, the empirical equation for the calculating forming heats of cement clinker made of limestone and clay is no longer applied for those made of steel slag. In this paper, the empirical equation for forming heat calculation of steel slag added cement clinker was promoted, and testified by acid dissolution experiments. Results showed that the change of raw materials had great influence on the forming heat of cement clinker. When the traditional raw materials were replaced with steel slag, the forming heat of cement clinker reduced. Calculating the forming heat by our revised empirical equation can help reduce errors and bring great convenience for the calculation and evaluation of heat efficiency. This research provides theoretical underpinning for the study and calculation of forming heat of steel slag added cement clinker.

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Use of Industrial Waste for the Optimization of Ceramic Construction Materials

KnE Engineering ◽

10.18502/keg.v5i4.6793 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Carlos Galhano ◽

Pedro Lamas ◽

Diogo Seixas

Keyword(s):

Industrial Waste ◽

Mechanical Characteristics ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Fine Fraction ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Ceramic Materials ◽

High Production Rate ◽

Marble Powder

The massive growth of the ceramic industry and the consequent demand for construction materials worldwide has motivated the search for alternative solutions aimed at reducing the use of mineral / natural resources as the main source of raw materials. One of the strategies frequently adopted by the scientific community is the reuse of industrial waste. It is beneficial not only to reduce the overexploitation of mineral resources but also to reduce the environmental, economic and social impacts resulting from their incorrect disposal/treatment and consequent deposition on land unsuitable or that purpose. Duetoconsiderationssuchasphysico-mechanical characteristics and the high production rate, two different types of industrial waste were selected for this work, ashes resulting from the burning of coal in thermoelectric power plant, commonly known as bottom ash (B), and the Marble Powder (MP). It was intended to test the technological feasibility of the manufacture of ceramic materials produced from clay mixtures containing these two residues. For this purpose, the fine fraction(<63μm)obtained from the sieving of the marbleresidue(MR)and slag(Bf)was used,aswellasacoarsergrainslagfractionrangingfrom63-125μm(Bg). The resulting test samples were subjected to a firing of 950 °C under an oxidizing atmosphere, following a primary drying process. Faced with the standard values, the new ceramic materials obtained from MP have seen their mechanical and porous characteristics decrease and increase, respectively. Atthesametime,althoughtheadditionofBinno way influenced the mechanical characteristics,a significant improvement the porous characteristic was observed. The incorporation of these residues produced a color very close to the original sample material. Keywords: industrial waste, ceramic, construction materials, bottom ash, Marble Powder

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