Economic Feasibility Study of Community Scale Reverse Osmosis Plants in Jaipur, Rajasthan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Ashok Tambi ◽  
A.B. Gupta ◽  
Sushant Upadhyaya
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Energy Consumptions

This study presents a performance analysis in terms of energy and other costs related to the unit cost of water produced in 16 identical community scale reverse osmosis units installed at Jaipur. The energy consumptions indicated that these plants suffer from accelerated fouling of membranes due to scaling by hardness causing substances, which results in a significant loss of useful life of the membranes. The study shows that the overall cost of water production has four major components. Energy cost varies between Rs. 0.025 and 0.079 per litre. Salary cost varies between Rs. 0.04 to 0.20 per litre. Spares and chemical cost varies between Rs. 0.01 to 0.04 per litre. In addition, repayment of capital invested has also been considered with and without solar integration to arrive at realistic cost estimates over a perceived life cycle of the system. The breakeven achieved by selling 4600–5200 litre water @ Rs. 0.2 per litre per day if repayment of capital investment is not considered, as these units were installed under CSR, while it varies between 8800 and 9600 litre if repayment of capital investment is also considered as an independent business venture. This analysis substantiates that potential exists for the long-term sustainability of these systems.

Reports From the Field: “Vini Ansanm” Come Together for Inclusive Community Music Development in Port-au-Prince, Haiti

2020 ◽  
pp. 273-289
Author(s):  
Donald DeVito ◽  
Gertrude Bien-Aime ◽  
Hannah Ehrli ◽  
Jamie Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Children With Disabilities ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Community Music ◽  
Music Learning ◽  
Loss Of Life

Haiti has experienced a series of catastrophic natural disasters in recent decades, resulting in significant loss of life and long-term damage to infrastructure. One critical outcome of these disasters is that there are approximately 400,000 orphans in the small population of just over 10 million. Throughout Haiti, children with disabilities are often considered cursed, and thus are rejected by the community in which they live. Haitian children with disabilities need creative and educational activities that will help them grow, develop, enjoy their lives, and become accepted members of the community. This chapter on the Haitian Center for Inclusive Education presents a case study of social media engagement and music learning, with an emphasis on social justice that has contributed to sustainable efforts.

scholarly journals Nutrient retention behind a tropical mega-dam: a case study of the Sardar Sarovar Dam, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harish Gupta ◽  
S. Kiran Kumar Reddy ◽  
Mounika Chiluka ◽  
Vamshikrishna Gandla
Keyword(s):  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Narmada River ◽  
Sardar Sarovar ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn this study, we demonstrate the impact of the construction of a mega-dam on the nutrient export regime of a large tropical river into the Arabian Sea. Long-term (11 years) fortnight nutrient parameters, upstream and downstream to Sardar Sarovar (SS) Dam, were examined to determine the periodical change in nutrient fluxes from the Narmada River, India. During this 11-year period, the average discharge of the Narmada River upstream to Rajghat (35.3 km3 year−1) was higher than that of downstream at Garudeshwar (33.9 km3 year−1). However, during the same period, the suspended sediment load was reduced by 21 million tons (MT) from 37.9 MT at Rajghat to 16.7 MT at Garudeshwar. Similarly, mean concentrations of dissolved silica (DSi) reduced from 470 (upstream) to 214 µM (downstream), dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) from 0.84 to 0.38 µM, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) from 43 to 1.5 µM. It means that about 54%, 55%, and 96% flux of DSi, DIP, and DIN retained behind the dam, respectively. The estimated denitrification rate (80,000 kg N km−2 year−1) for the reservoir is significantly higher than N removal by lentic systems, globally. We hypothesize that processes such as biological uptake and denitrification under anoxic conditions could be a key reason for the significant loss of nutrients, particularly of DIN. Finally, we anticipated that a decline in DIN fluxes (by 1.13 × 109 mol year−1) from the Narmada River to the Arabian Sea might reduce the atmospheric CO2 fixation by 7.46 × 109 mol year−1.

scholarly journals Stand-Alone Direct Current Power Network Based on Photovoltaics and Lithium-Ion Batteries for Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2772
Author(s):  
Vishwas Powar ◽  
Rajendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Power Network ◽  
Variable Effect ◽  
Desalination Plant ◽  
Reverse Osmosis Desalination

Plummeting reserves and increasing demand of freshwater resources have culminated into a global water crisis. Desalination is a potential solution to mitigate the freshwater shortage. However, the process of desalination is expensive and energy-intensive. Due to the water-energy-climate nexus, there is an urgent need to provide sustainable low-cost electrical power for desalination that has the lowest impact on climate and related ecosystem challenges. For a large-scale reverse osmosis desalination plant, we have proposed the design and analysis of a photovoltaics and battery-based stand-alone direct current power network. The design methodology focusses on appropriate sizing, optimum tilt and temperature compensation techniques based on 10 years of irradiation data for the Carlsbad Desalination Plant in California, USA. A decision-tree approach is employed for ensuring hourly load-generation balance. The power flow analysis evaluates self-sufficient generation even during cloud cover contingencies. The primary goal of the proposed system is to maximize the utilization of generated photovoltaic power and battery energy storage with minimal conversions and transmission losses. The direct current based topology includes high-voltage transmission, on-the-spot local inversion, situational awareness and cyber security features. Lastly, economic feasibility of the proposed system is carried out for a plant lifetime of 30 years. The variable effect of utility-scale battery storage costs for 16–18 h of operation is studied. Our results show that the proposed design will provide low electricity costs ranging from 3.79 to 6.43 ¢/kWh depending on the debt rate. Without employing the concept of baseload electric power, photovoltaics and battery-based direct current power networks for large-scale desalination plants can achieve tremendous energy savings and cost reduction with negligible carbon footprint, thereby providing affordable water for all.

scholarly journals A Novel Deep Learning Approach for Machinery Prognostics Based on Time Windows

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
pp. 4813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanbo Yang ◽  
Fei Zhao ◽  
Gedong Jiang ◽  
Zheng Sun ◽  
Xuesong Mei
Keyword(s):  
Time Windows ◽  
Remaining Useful Life ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Kernel Module ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Research Task ◽  
Consecutive Time ◽  
Useful Life

Remaining useful life (RUL) prediction is a challenging research task in prognostics and receives extensive attention from academia to industry. This paper proposes a novel deep convolutional neural network (CNN) for RUL prediction. Unlike health indicator-based methods which require the long-term tracking of sensor data from the initial stage, the proposed network aims to utilize data from consecutive time samples at any time interval for RUL prediction. Additionally, a new kernel module for prognostics is designed where the kernels are selected automatically, which can further enhance the feature extraction ability of the network. The effectiveness of the proposed network is validated using the C-MAPSS dataset for aircraft engines provided by NASA. Compared with the state-of-the-art results on the same dataset, the prediction results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed network.

Uses of a Long-Term Water Production Database

2001 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 84-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine Jones ◽  
J. Scott Matyac ◽  
Morteza Orang
Keyword(s):  
Water Production

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF OTITIS MEDIA A TEN-YEAR COHORT STUDY OF ALASKAN ESKIMO CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary J. Kaplan ◽  
J. Kenneth Fleshman ◽  
Thomas R. Bender ◽  
Carol Baum ◽  
Paul S. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Conductive Component ◽  
Verbal Development

Histories of ear disease, otoscopic examinations, and audiologic, intelligence, and achievement tests were obtained from a cohort of 489 Alaskan Eskimo children who have been followed through the first ten years of life. Seventy-six per cent had experienced one or more episodes of otitis media since birth. Of these, 78% had their first attack during their first two years of life. Perforations and scars were present in 41%. A hearing loss of 26 decibels or greater was present in 16%, and an additional 25% were in the normal range but had a measurable air-bone gap. Children with a history of otitis media prior to 2 years of age and a hearing loss of 26 decibels or greater had a statistically significant loss of verbal ability and were behind in total reading, total math, and language. In addition, children who had an early onset of otitis media but now had normal hearing with a conductive component were also adversely affected in verbal areas. The number of otitis media episodes was related to tympanic membrane abnormalities, hearing loss, and low verbal and achievement scores. These findings indicate that otitis media has been a significant cause of morbidity in Alaskan Eskimo children, and its onset during the critical years of language development as well as the number of episodes play an important role in impairing verbal development.

Carbamazepine-induced delayed-onset agranulocytosis in a case of bipolar disorder with Kikuchi’s disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. e241973
Author(s):  
Cebasta Irudayaraj ◽  
Raviteja Innamuri ◽  
Dheeraj Kattula
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Kikuchi’S Disease ◽  
Delayed Onset ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Kikuchi's Disease

A 48-year-old man who is a known case of bipolar disorder was maintaining well on a combination of carbamazepine and quetiapine for 3 years until he developed fever, severe leucopenia and lymphadenopathy, along with significant loss of weight and appetite. A thorough investigation revealed Kikuchi’s disease as a likely histological diagnosis. Carbamazepine was discontinued and quetiapine was titrated for the management of psychiatric symptoms. The patient gradually made good recovery following discontinuation of carbamazepine and the diagnosis of drug-induced myelosuppression was retained. Clinicians need to be aware of the adverse effects of medications being used for long-term prophylaxis and other possible conditions that may change the course of drug effects.

Sustainability of Microbusinesses and Success of Microfinance

Paradigm ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-105
Author(s):  
Aradhana Chouksey ◽  
Yamini Karmarkar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Fixed Capital Investment ◽  
Training Need ◽  
Funding Resource ◽  
Selection Of

Emergence of microfinance facilities has raised self-employment opportunities for the disadvantaged group. There are many small and micro entrepreneurs who have started their business with funding support from microfinance agencies. Though this increased funding resource has increased the number of businesses that are started by entrepreneurs in rural areas, another important fact is that all these new businesses are not necessarily successful. In Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh (MP), only 20 per cent of businesses funded by microfinance agencies are profitable. There are multiple reasons behind this lack of success of microenterprises. There are paucity of information in selection of right opportunity, absence of technical assistance, lack of business knowledge and marketing and finance skills, which are few of them. This is an alarming sign for funding agencies as higher failure rate of microenterprises bound to jeopardize, the sustainability of the microfinance in long term and retard the development of region. This research conducted on microenterprises of Malwa region of MP tries to identify the specific training needs of microfinance clients. Further, this research tries to evaluate empirically what are the potential and sustainable microbusiness opportunities, which can be started and run by people of disadvantage groups. Empirical findings through a survey designed on a sample of 54 microenterprises of eight villages of Malwa region show that any microbusiness having higher ratio of working capital to fixed capital investment are successful in Malwa region. Also, it is found that the most important training need of these enterprises is in the field of ‘managing finance’ for small business.

Late Quaternary vegetation dynamics in a biodiversity hotspot, the Uluguru Mountains of Tanzania

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jemma Finch ◽  
Melanie J. Leng ◽  
Rob Marchant
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Vegetation History ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Eastern Arc ◽  
Uluguru Mountains

AbstractLate Quaternary vegetation history and environmental changes in a biodiverse tropical ecosystem are inferred from pollen, charcoal and carbon isotope evidence derived from a ∼ 48,000-yr sedimentary record from the Uluguru Mountains, a component of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Kenya and Tanzania. Results indicate that Eastern Arc forest composition has remained relatively stable during the past ∼ 48,000 yr. Long-term environmental stability of the Eastern Arc forests has been proposed as a mechanism for the accumulation and persistence of species during glacial periods, thus resulting in the diverse forests observed today. The pollen and isotope data presented here indicate some marked changes in abundance but no significant loss in moist forest taxa through the last glacial maximum, thereby providing support for the long-term environmental stability of the Eastern Arc. Anthropogenic activities, including burning and forest clearance, were found to play a moderate role in shaping the mosaic of forest patches and high-altitude grasslands that characterise the site today; however, this influence was tempered by the inaccessibility of the mountain.

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