scholarly journals Technologies of carp growing and their features

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (95) ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Loboiko ◽  
Ye. O. Barylo ◽  
Yu. R. Vachko ◽  
B. S. Barylo ◽  
I. R. Rachkivska
Keyword(s):  
Fish Farming ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Bottom Fauna ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Fish Productivity

Carp is one of the few fish farms for which a wide range of technologies has been developed: from extensive, with minimal human intervention in the formation of fish productivity of the reservoir, to intensive, with the most controlled production conditions. Carp has many biological features, enhanced by centuries of breeding work, making this fish extremely “technological”, able to more or less fully realize the genetically determined bioproductive properties of different breeding technologies. Technologies for growing commercial carp according to the level of intensification of the production process can be divided into extensive (grazing), semi-intensive, intensive, and continuous, as a distinct type of intensive technology for growing carp in ponds and pools. Extensive technology assumes that the fish will feed exclusively on natural food, zooplankton, and bottom fauna. In this case, the cost of growing carp will be the lowest; the fish will be called “ecological”, but the growth of individuals will be insignificant. Semi-intensive technology assumes that carp feed on natural feeds, and their energy needs are met by providing carbohydrate additives to feed. Intensive technology believes that carp feeding with compound feeds with high protein content is used, which allows achieving productivity of 3–20 tons/ha. This system requires the highest costs, although it gives the highest performance. The pond must provide additional aeration and water flow to prevent contamination of the reservoir and the development of fish diseases. The main disadvantage of popular carp growing technologies is their staging. All operations are carried out strictly one after another in specialized ponds. Moreover, each stage ends with the descent of the tanks, and the fish are transplanted several times from one to another (from spawning to juvenile, from them to nursery). During this, the carp is injured, which negatively affects its productivity and inevitably leads to waste. To remedy this, fish farming is now using continuous rearing technology. The choice of technology for growing carp is a responsible task on which the profitability of fisheries depends.

Methods for reducing the cost of production of commercial carp when feeding grain crops

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
G. E. Servetnik ◽  
E. V. Pishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Pond Aquaculture ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
The Cost

Feeding is one of the main methods of intensification of agricultural fish farming. Based on FAO reports, the share of aquaculture products grown with feed is gradually increasing. In pond farms with medium and high degree of intensification, up to 80% of fish products are produced due to feeding. Moreover, in the structure of the cost of fish production, compound feeds account for up to half of the total costs, and in industrial aquaculture up to 65–70%. It is shown that it is Known that feeding and growing technology account for about 55% of the success rate of increasing fish productivity, while the genetic potential is only about 25%, and the share of veterinary and sanitary well-being of fish accounts for about 20%. In Russia and many other countries, cereals are used to reduce the cost of carp farming products, as a relatively cheap and affordable source of energy compared to granulated feed. The availability and low cost of such feed is of paramount importance in pond aquaculture and currently all cereal species are used for artificial feeding. Information about feeding carp with grain crops, as well as requirements for the quality and safety of feed is provided. It is indicated that feeding carp with whole grains is advisable if the natural food base is well developed. Traditional fish farming experience shows that feeding carp with whole wheat grain is advisable when the planting density of two-year-olds is up to 3.5 thousand / ha and mainly in August-September. Before eating fish, the grain must necessarily swell in water, otherwise it injures the intestines and is excreted from the digestive tract poorly digested.

scholarly journals Economics of ornamental fish farming industry in Madurai District, Tamil Nadu

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Umamaheswari ◽  
M. Rajakumar ◽  
P. Chidambaram
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Ornamental Fish ◽  
Expected Profit ◽  
Profit Margin ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Farming Industry ◽  
Ranking Technique

India has enormous potential for the development of ornamental fish business. Although the country has conducive environmental conditions for breeding and culture of ornamental fishes, its share in export of ornamental fishes is less than 1%. The present study was undertaken to address the constraints prevailing in ornamental fish farming. Study was carried out among 44 ornamental fish farms in Madurai District, Tamil Nadu by adopting random sampling technique. The selected farms were classified into small (<0.5 ha) and medium farms (0.5-2 ha) and the data were collected by personally interviewing the fish farmers. The study attempted to analyse the socio-economic characteristics of respondents, existing supply chain, constraints involved in ornamental fish farming, annual revenue loss due to major constraints, treatment cost and expected profit margin. Various constraints were classified as production, marketing and others and were ranked using Garrett ranking technique. Tabular and percentage analyses were used to estimate the cost of treatment, revenue loss and expected profit margin. Four types of marketing channels were observed in the study area. Disease outbreak was found to be the major constraint faced by the farmers and hence, the revenue loss was estimated for the same. The annual revenue loss was found to be higher for the small ornamental units when compared to medium farms, which showed higher profit margin than small ornamental fish farms.

Modern features of aquaculture of cyprinids in the republic of Iraq

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Farhan Yasin Hamed ◽  
Adelia Zakirovna Anokhina ◽  
Natalia Viktorovna Sudakova ◽  
Damelya Kazhigalievna Magzanova
Keyword(s):  
Silver Carp ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix ◽  
Fish Farms

It is shown that the leading role in the aquaculture of Iraq belongs to Cyprinids, which account for over 80 % of all fish farming production. The most widespread in the country are four main world species of carp aquaculture: common carp (Cyprinus carpio), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). Basically, the traditional technology of growing Cyprinids in ponds is used, which includes the main fish farming processes: care of broodstock to prepare them for spawning, collecting eggs and milt, eggs fertilization and incubation of embryos, raising juveniles and marketable fish. Currently, there are about 2 thousand private fish farms, which have ponds of various sizes from 4 to 100 hectares. Cultivation of Cyprinids in Iraq is carried out mainly by extensive methods: the use of the natural food base of reservoirs with low fish stocking density in polyculture. The fish productivity of ponds varies greatly in different fish farms from 1,5 to 6 t/ha, which is due to economic reasons. The data on changes in the temperature of pond water during the year and hydrochemical indicators are given, which shows favorable conditions for Cyprinids rearing. Information on the use of compound feeds for growing carp in ponds is provided, and data on the composition and nutritional value of the feed used. The fish culture indicators for the main biotechnical processes of the rearing of four Cyprinid species in Iraq are described in detail. In the conclusion, it is indicated that for the effective development of aquaculture in Iraq, government support is needed in the form of a developed long-term program and legislative acts.

Polyculture in fish farming as a method of preventing fish diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-40
Author(s):  
Grigory Emelyanovich Servetnik
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Fish Habitat ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Fish Diseases ◽  
Host Body ◽  
Contagious Diseases

Methods of prevention of fish diseases are aimed at destroying parasites in the host body and in the fish habitat — in the reservoir (chemoprophylaxis, increasing fish resistance), at preventing parasites from entering the reservoir (limiting the import of fish, import of healthy fish, quarantine measures, etc.), as well as preventing their spread and entry into the host body. It is shown that polyculture is not only the most effective method of using the natural forage base of the reservoir and, as a result, increasing fish productivity, but also a means of preventing mass infectious and other fish diseases. To prevent mass infectious diseases of fish and death from them both in safe and unfavorable ponds of carp fish farms, it is advisable to grow other fish species together with carp that do not suffer from diseases peculiar to carp. As a result, so-called sparse species plantings of fish are created in the ponds, while the total biomass remains high. At the same time, the natural food supply of ponds is most fully used and a kind of biological buffer is created that prevents the emergence and spread of contagious diseases. Polyculture can play a particularly important role in pond farms that already have certain problems with rubella, filometroidosis, botryocephalosis, carp pox, etc. Long-term studies of breeding herds in pond farms have shown that most of them have single foci of diseases, which, if there are optimal conditions for the pathogen, are ready to immediately respond with an outbreak of the disease or are generally quarantined for a particular fish disease. When determining the objects of polyculture, it is necessary to reduce the proportion of fish species that have a significant number of common diseases.

Results of experimental work on the application of the aquacrop rotation practice in fish ponds in Iraq

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
Farhan Yasin Hamed Farhan Yasin Hamed ◽  
Lydia Mikhailovna Vasilyeva ◽  
Natalia Viktorovna Sudakova ◽  
Ali Attala Muheisin ◽  
Adelia Zakirovna Anokhina
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Fish Breeding ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Fish Productivity

The use of the crop rotation method in fish farming makes it possible to increase fish productivity and crop yields in ponds. In the countries of the Middle East, in recent years, the Aqua Crop rotation practice has been developing, in particular, the consistent cultivation of fish and rice in fish ponds, which allows eliminating the contradictions between these crops and increasing production efficiency. In Iraq, an experiment was carried out on the variable cultivation of rice and carp in fish ponds for four years, with the aim of introducing this practice into the country’s agriculture. Four ponds, each with an area of 7.5 hectares, were involved. The research was carried out in two variants: in experiment No.1 rice was grown in the first year, fish in the second, then rice again and in the fourth year — fish, in the second experiment, on the contrary, at the beginning of the fish, then rice, etc. The fish-breeding season lasted 9 months (March to November). Fish-breeding indicators were studied in detail: survival rate, feed costs, fish productivity, the results of rice cultivation were judged by yield. In addition, indicators of economic efficiency were determined according to a simplified scheme. The results indicate that, in general, fish-breeding indicators turned out to be higher when growing fish in ponds after rice, so fish productivity increased by almost 30% with an average value of 3.9 t/ha, feed costs decreased, while rice yield increased by 15–16% and averaged 3.6 t/ha. The best fish-breeding indicators were obtained in the second experiment after rice was grown in the ponds for two years. Economic calculations confirmed the advantages of using the aquacrop rotation practice, so in the second experiment the cost of marketable fish decreased by 10%, and the profitability increased by almost 30%.

scholarly journals A validated protocol for fish farm monitoring using environmental DNA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Pochon ◽  
Susie Wood ◽  
Javier Atalah ◽  
Lauren Fletcher ◽  
Olivier Laroche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Biotic Index ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range

Sea-based fish farms are associated with strong benthic enrichment gradients and routine monitoring is usually required by regulation. Internationally a wide range of approaches exist for measuring the degree of benthic deterioration around fish farming activities, ranging from simple visual or odour assessments to the calculation of secondary indices that combine multiple biological and/or physico-chemical metrics (e.g., AZTI Marine Biotic Index; Invertebrate Species Index; Norwegian Quality Index; Infauna Trophic Index). In New Zealand, the health of marine benthic ecosystems around coastal salmon farms is currently measured using an Enrichment State (ES) index. This index incorporates physico-chemical (redox, organic matter, sulphates, etc.) and benthic macrofaunal measurements, which requires taxonomic expertise, is time consuming and expensive. Supported by a range of private/government agencies and industry partners, we have developed and tested the robustness of bacterial, eukaryotic, and multi-trophic Metabarcoding Biotic Indices (b-MBI, e-MBI, and mt-MBI, respectively) using a molecular Eco-Group approach. The indices were calculated via automatic computer pipelines using data collected over a period of nine years from a range of high- and low-flow salmon farms (12 farms and 60 stations) from three distinct regions in New Zealand. The MBIs were compared against the established ES index. All MBIs yielded strong and highly significant relationships with the ES index. The strongest relationships (R2 &gt; 0.9) were obtained with the b-MBI. A refinement of the b-MBI (2019-2020) was supported by highly prolific microbes throughout the ES spectrum, and in particular in the upper end of the organic enrichment scale where traditional benthic indices tend to fail. This resulted in ES values of both (molecular-based versus morphology-based) indices to follow a near one-to-one relationship, performing consistently across water flow environments and considered sub-regions. Station-averaged results were also used to compare regulated compliance outcomes between the two indices, based on the current key compliance criteria for farms within each flow regime. Of the 67 seabed monitoring stations that were subsequently classified as compliant or non‑compliant, 62 stations had identical compliance outcomes (i.e. 92% of instances). Furthermore, the b-MBI showed consistently narrower (~50%) confidence interval bands when compared to the traditional ES index. The b-MBI offers unprecedented precision for determining subtle changes along enrichment gradients, constituting a valuable asset for triggering timely management responses and improving compliance. The protocols developed in this project enable rapid, standardised, and cost-effective eDNA isolation and extraction, followed by automatic b-MBI calculation. The affordability and versatility of the b-MBI tool suggests that it could be immediately integrated into current monitoring strategies as the primary benthic assessment tool for assessing benthic impacts of salmon farms in New Zealand.

INVESTIGATION OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANIC AND MINERAL PARTS OF SOLID WASTE FROM THE PRODUCTION OF HUMIC PREPARATIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
Ivan I Lishtvan ◽  
Galina V. Naumova ◽  
Nadezhda A. Zhmakova ◽  
Natalyia L. Makarova ◽  
Tatiyana F. Ovchinnikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Base Hydrolysis ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Wide Range

The composition of the organic and mineral parts of solid residues from the production of humic preparations Hydrohumate, Oxyhumate, peat oxidate and Consil was studied. Significant differences in the component composition of these wastes, depending on the technologies for obtaining drugs, have been established. Redox-hydrolytic processing of peat leads to almost complete (acid-base hydrolysis) or partial (oxidation) destruction of hemicelluloses and the relative accumulation of cellulose and "lignin" in solid waste. The organic parts of the residues contain up to 30 % humic substances, due to the fact that the technologies for the production of humic preparations do not provide for the stage of washing the residues after separation in a centrifuge and some of the humic preparations remain in the solid phase. It is shown that the mineral part of solid residues includes a wide range of biogenic macro-and microelements, since humates of monovalent metals pass into solution, and salts of humic substances with metals of higher valence are insoluble and remain in the solid residue from hydrolysis or oxidation of peat. The study of the chemical composition of solid residues from the production of humic preparations showed possible directions for their effective disposal. Waste products are humate-containing products with a wide range of biogenic macro-and microelements, so they can be effectively used as biologically active additives to soils, compost, fertilizers, as well as in pond fish farming to stimulate the development of components of the natural food base of fish and increase the fish productivity of reservoirs.

scholarly journals Cultivation of young-of-the-year carp with the use of chlorella (Chlorella (Beijerinck, 1890)) suspension

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-47
Author(s):  
T. Hryhorenko ◽  
◽  
N. Savenko ◽  
N. Chuzhma ◽  
A. Bazaieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Average Biomass ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Young Of The Year ◽  
Fish Productivity ◽  
Experimental Pond

Purpose. Investigate ecological conditions and determine fish productivity of ponds when growing young-of-the-year carp using a suspension of chlorella. Methodology. During the study, we used methods generally accepted in hydrochemistry, hydrobiology and fish farming. Findings. The article presents the results of the study on the use of chlorella suspension in the cultivation of carp. It was found that the use of chlorella suspension created favorable hydrochemical conditions resulting in intensive development of zooplankton, which had a positive effect on the growth of young-of-the-year carp and fish productivity of the pond. The development of the natural food supply was sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of juvenile carp. The average seasonal biomass of zooplankton in the experimental pond was 28.68 g/m3 that was 1.5 times higher than in the control. The share of cladocerans in the total biomass of zooplankton in the experimental pond was 76.6%, versus 36.8% in the control. The average biomass of zoobenthos for the growing season in the experimental was 1.3 times higher than in the control, and was formed by chironomid larvae, which are valuable in the food chain. Originality. The study investigated ecological conditions and fish productivity of growing ponds under conditions of the application of cattle manure and suspension of chlorella when growing carp in monoculture. Practical value. It was found that the use of chlorella suspension promotes the intensification of the development of zooplankton organisms in ponds. The obtained data can be used to develop practical recommendations for optimizing the conditions for growing carp seeds and increasing the biological productivity of ponds. Key words: nursery ponds, natural food supply, phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos, young-of-the-year carp, chlorella suspension, fish productivity.

scholarly journals The benefits of development cage fish farming

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 09006
Author(s):  
Umida Sangirova ◽  
Zulfiya Khafizova ◽  
Iskandar Yunusov ◽  
Barna Rakhmankulova ◽  
Umirzok Kholiyorov
Keyword(s):  
Fish Farming ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Farming Industry

The fishing industry has a special role in the development of the agricultural economy. Fish farming in cages is currently very important and is a promising and economically profitable form of growing marketable fish. The fishing industry has many advantages, such as beneficial effects on the health of the population, on the environment, and on the world’s economy. Activities carried out in the fish farming industry provide ample opportunities. These activities are the organization of fish farming clusters, the use of intensive methods and resource-saving technologies, the transportation of compound feed and mineral fertilizers to fish farms. Intensive fish farming can reduce the cost of fish and maintain the existence of many types of commercial fish.

scholarly journals PRACTISE OF ORGANIZING LAKE COMMERCIAL FISH FARMS IN CONDITIONS OF LAKE OZGENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-96
Author(s):  
Nailya Baimuratovna Bulavina ◽  
Tynysbek Temirkhanovich Barakbaev ◽  
Galymzhan Zholdasbekovich Iskhakhov ◽  
Alyona Aleksandrovna Mukhramova
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Hydrochemical Regime ◽  
Current State ◽  
Fish Productivity

The article presents the results of the researches conducted on Lake Ozgent (the Kyzylorda region). The data on hydrochemical regime of the lake, ionic composition, composition of biogenous compounds, oxygen and thermal regimes were collected and analysed. There has been done the assessment of food supply and current state of the ichthyofauna. According to the obtained data, the recommendations about using Lake Ozgent were made, the recommended meliorative events (meliorative fishing, repair of hydroconstructions) were held and stocking the fishing material of carp was carried out. Based on the work results it has been established that in the conditions of Lake Ozgent the pure gain in 5 months of cultivation (on extensive technology when using only the natural food supply) made 385.6 g in a carp, 301.4 g in a white silver carp and 428.7 g in a grass carp. In the full catch of commodity fish species, the overall fish productivity of Lake Ozgent will make 101.9 kg/hectare, of them carp will take 43.4 kg/hectare, grass carp - 13.5 kg/hectare and white silver carp - 45 kg/hectare. The growth of the grown-up fish in Lake Ozgent corresponds to biotechnical standards of fish cultivation in the in polyculture of the feeding lakes.

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