Use of coffee grind with cocoa shell as the basis for a filter to reduce lead from contaminated water from a river, Peru

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Valeria Morales Diaz ◽  
Jorge Jave Nakayo ◽  
Elmer Benites Alfaro
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Design System ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Cocoa Shell ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Chemical Activator ◽  
Different Doses

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of coffee grind residues with cocoa shell as the basis for a filter to reduce lead from the contaminated water of the Chirino River, San Ignacio - Cajamarca, 2018. Providing a method of low cost and without the use of large-scale technologies, by taking advantage of the organic waste mentioned above, thus improving its final disposal. The experimentation was carried out in a conventional design system, where the placed filter presented a spongy structure containing 60% of coffee borage with cocoa shell applied in three different doses (15g coffee grind with 15 g cocoa shell, 10g coffee grind with 20g cocoa shell and 20g coffee grind with 10 g cocoa shell) and 40% of sugar in silicone elastomer solution; having bioadsorbent properties to reduce metals. The sampling point and the amount of sample in liters was for convenience, evaluating the concentration of Lead present in the water of the river Chírinos in the stages of pre-treatment and post treatment. The results obtained with respect to the efficiency to reduce Lead of the three doses applied coded with T-1, T-2 and T-3 were 77.1%, 98.53% and 87.36% respectively; being the most efficient T-2 contiendo the dose of 10g coffee grind with 20g cocoa shell, without the need to add a chemical activator, making the application friendly with the environment.

scholarly journals Biomining – Biotechnological Systems for the Extraction and Recovery of Metals from Secondary Sources

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-742 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Hydrometallurgical Processing ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Pyrometallurgical Processing

<p>Biomining is the common term used to define processes that utilize biological systems to facilitate the extraction of metals from ores. Nowadays, a biomining concept can be defined as a two stage combined biological systems (1st stage bioleaching and 2nd stage biosorption) in order to perform the extraction and recovery of the metals from secondary sources such as industrial and mining waste, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), bottom ash and end of life vehicles. Overwhelming demand and limited sources of metals have resulted in searching new sources so that attentions have been shifted from mining process towards recycling of secondary resources for the recovery of metals. There are several metallurgical processes for metal recovery from the secondary sources such as pyrometallurgical processing, hydrometallurgical and bio/hydrometal-lurgical processing. Biomining processes are estimated to be relatively low-cost, environmentally friendly and suitable for both large scale as well as small scale applications under the bio/hydrometallurgical processing. Thus, the process involves physical separation (pre-treatment) and biomining (bioleaching and biosorption) and hydrometallurgical processes for recovery of base metals, rare earth elements (REEs) and precious metals from e-waste was evaluated.</p>

Facile self-templating large scale preparation of biomass-derived 3D hierarchical porous carbon for advanced supercapacitors

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (35) ◽  
pp. 18154-18162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shijiao Song ◽  
Fangwei Ma ◽  
Guang Wu ◽  
Di Ma ◽  
Weidan Geng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Hierarchical Porous Carbon ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Corn Husk ◽  
Large Scale Preparation ◽  
Hierarchical Porous ◽  
Scale Preparation ◽  
Pre Treatment

Corn husk, a renewable biomass, has been successfully explored as a low-cost crude carbon source to prepare advanced higher-value 3D HPCs by means of KOH pre-treatment and direct pyrolysis, the synthesis route is simple, self-templating and easy to scale-up for industrialization.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Sawdust from Selected African Indigenous Wood spp. as a Low-cost Adsorbent for Removal of Copper Ion from Contaminated Water

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
E. A. Iyiola ◽  
J. M. Owoyemi ◽  
T. P. Saliu ◽  
B. Olufemi ◽  
D. O. Dania ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Copper Ion ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Four Levels

Aims: This study investigates the use of sawdust from 3 hardwood species as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of copper from contaminated water. Study Design: The experimental design used for this study was 3 x 2 x 4 factorial experiment; the different sawdust species, two baselines (treated and untreated) and four levels of pH and time as factors were combined and used for the study. Methodology: Test was carried out to investigate the effect of sawdust pre-treatment on their adsorption capacity in the removal of Copper ions from contaminated water at different pH levels; the sawdust samples were sieved through a screen size of 850 μm after which a portion of each species sawdust was subjected to pre-treatment by boiling while the other portions were maintained as control samples (untreated). Results: The results shows that adsorption capacity for both treated and untreated samples were 69.75±13.78%,  68.60±19.48%, 69.34±23.08%, 74.79±17.79%, 74.52±22.30% and 76.90±18.21% for  Alstonia boonei, Erythrophleum suaveolens  and Ficus mucuso  respectively. Conclusion: The contact time and pH showed no significant difference between the treated and untreated samples. Sawdusts from the selected wood species are suitable to be used as adsorbent towards the removal of copper from contaminated water.

scholarly journals Role of Ag+ in the Bioleaching of Arsenopyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Xiaoliang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pre Treatment

Arsenopyrite (FeAsS) is often associated with gold, but pre-treatment is necessary prior to gold leaching, mainly due to the gold encapsulation in the matrix of FeAsS. Bio-oxidation is attractive and promising, largely due to its simplicity, low cost and environmental friendliness. A critical problem that still impedes the large-scale applications of this green technology is its slow leaching kinetics. Some metal ions such as Ag+ have previously been found to expedite the bioleaching process. In this paper, the role of Ag+ in the arsenopyrite bioleaching by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was investigated in detail by bioleaching experiments and a series of analyses including thermodynamics, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Experimental results suggested that addition of 5 mg/L Ag+ to the leaching system could significantly improve the final As leaching efficiency from 30.4% to 47.8% and shorten the bioleaching period from 19 days to 15 days. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that Ag+ destabilises As2S2, As2S3 and S0 via forming Ag2S, which is confirmed by the XRD analysis on the phase transformation during bioleaching. SEM and XPS analyses further showed that Ag+ removed the passivating film consisting mainly of As2S2, As2S3 and S0 because Ag2S formed on the arsenopyrite surface from the start bioleaching of 36 h. In the presence of Fe3+, Ag2S could easily be dissolved to Ag+ again, likely leading to the establishment of the Ag+/Ag2S cycle. The bacteria utilised the two synergistic cycles of Fe3+/Fe2+ and Ag+/Ag2S to catalyse the bioleaching of arsenopyrite.

Lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol: an overview on pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodjui Olivier Abo ◽  
Ming Gao ◽  
Yonglin Wang ◽  
Chuanfu Wu ◽  
Hongzhi Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
High Availability ◽  
Fermentation Processes ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract Bioethanol is currently the only alternative to gasoline that can be used immediately without having to make any significant changes in the way fuel is distributed. In addition, the carbon dioxide (CO2) released during the combustion of bioethanol is the same as that used by the plant in the atmosphere for its growth, so it does not participate in the increase of the greenhouse effect. Bioethanol can be obtained by fermentation of plants containing sucrose (beet, sugar cane…) or starch (wheat, corn…). However, large-scale use of bioethanol implies the use of very large agricultural surfaces for maize or sugarcane production. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) such as agricultural residues for the production of bioethanol seems to be a solution to this problem due to its high availability and low cost even if its growth still faces technological difficulties. In this review, we present an overview of lignocellulosic biomass, the different methods of pre-treatment of LCB and the various fermentation processes that can be used to produce bioethanol from LCB.

scholarly journals Development of a Low-Cost, Rapid-Cycle Hot Embossing System for Microscale Parts

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Hale ◽  
David E. Hardt
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Time ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Hot Embossing ◽  
Capital Cost ◽  
Machine Design ◽  
Electrical Heating ◽  
Design System ◽  
Wide Range

Hot embossing is an effective technology for reproducing micro-scale features in polymeric materials, especially micron scale patterning. The equipment used for hot embossing to date is often research oriented, (intended to be flexible and provide a wide range of processing conditions), and a dedicated equipment industry has yet to develop. This paper details a hot embossing machine design strategy suitable for large-scale manufacturing. The design is motivated by capital cost reduction, right-size machine design, system simplicity, and production flexibility and scalability. Toward this end, a minimal number of components were used, commercially available off-the-shelf components were chosen where possible, system layout was designed to be modular, and system size was scaled for the intended products (in this case microfluidic devices). Innovative design aspects include the use of new ceramic substrate heaters for electrical heating, choice of a moveable heat sink to minimize heat load during the heating cycle, and the careful design of the thermal elements to minimize cycle time. The capital cost and the cost per part produced with this machine are estimated to be an order of magnitude less than currently available options. This design has a minimum cycle time of two minutes, and replicates microstructures within a 25mm by 75mm area.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PRE-SOWING TREATMENT ON THE EMERGENCE OF DIALIUM GUINEENSE (WILD)

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
A Abdulrahman ◽  
M Atiku ◽  
AS Ambursa ◽  
I Umar ◽  
A Shuaibu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Result Analysis

The experiments were conducted in the Forestry laboratory of Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi State. The studies were conducted from February 2020− March 2020 to assess the most effective method of breaking seed dormancy in Dialium guineense seeds. The seeds were subjected to four (4) pre-treatment methods (sulphuric acid, hot water, cold water and mechanical scarification) with untreated seeds as control, the experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated three (3) times. Final germination percentage (FGP), germination mean time (GMT), germination index (GRI), Coefficient Velocity of Germination (CVG) and Germination rate index (GRI) were calculated and the data was subjected to the analysis of the variance (ANOVA). Seed treated with cold water for 48 hours (Trt 1) started germination at two (2) days after sowing (DAS) and ended germination at 5 DAS, control and three of the treatments (Trt 2, Trt 5& Trt 7) started germination at 3 DAS while Trt 4 and Trt 8 started at 4 and 5 DAS respectively. FGP 100% was obtained from Control and Trt 5 and they finished Germination at 9 and 21 DAS respectively. Highest GI, GRI and CVG and lowest MGT were recorded from Trt 1. The result analysis of findings at 5% level of statistics showed that there is nosignificant difference between the treatments. Similarly, no germination on seeds in Trt 3 and Trt 6. Seeds of Dialium guineense are not limited by dormancy therefore can be sown without any pre-treatment, but for large scale production of Dialium seedlings it can be treated in cold water at room temperature for 48 hours due to availability and low cost with less risks.

scholarly journals Formation Process of the Passivating Products from Arsenopyrite Bioleaching by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in 9K Culture Medium

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoliang Liu ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Yongbin Yang ◽  
Bin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sulphide Mineral ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Passivating Film ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Significant Attention

Arsenopyrite is a common sulphide mineral occurring in deposits of gold ore that makes the extraction of gold difficult and, thus, pre-treatment is necessary prior to gold leaching. Bioleaching pre-treatment of arsenopyrite has drawn significant attention owing to its environmental friendliness, low cost and simple operation. A critical impedance of bioleaching to its large-scale industrial application is the slow leaching kinetics. Various passivating products on the surface of arsenopyrite have been found to limit the bioleaching process. This paper reports results from an in-depth investigation into the formation process of passivating products from arsenopyrite bioleaching by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in 9K culture medium including bioleaching experiments and physicochemical analyses of the materials as well as thermodynamic analyses of the leaching system. The results of phase transformation and morphological change of the solid products suggest that the passivation occurring in the bioleaching of arsenopyrite is largely attributed to an initially formed passivating film consisting mainly of realgar (As2S2), orpiment (As2S3) and elemental sulphur (S0) on the arsenopyrite surface. Based on the results, the paper also proposes possible passivation mechanisms to allow for a better understanding on the passivation behaviour of the bioleaching of arsenopyrite.

scholarly journals Development and treatment procedure of arsenic-contaminated water using a new and green chitosan sorbent: kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic and dynamic studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxanne Brion-Roby ◽  
Jonathan Gagnon ◽  
Jean-Sébastien Deschênes ◽  
Bruno Chabot
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Sorption Process ◽  
Protonated Form ◽  
Breakthrough Curves ◽  
World Health ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractArsenic is classified as one of the most toxic elements for humans by the World Health Organization (WHO). With the tightening drinking water regulation to 10 μg L−1 by the WHO, it is necessary to find efficient sorbent materials for arsenic. In this work, the removal of arsenic(V) from water is achieved with an insoluble chitosan sorbent in the protonated form obtained by a simple heating process. Kinetic studies show a very fast sorption (less than 10 min). The Langmuir isotherm model is best describing experimental data with a capacity of 42 mg g−1 at pH 8. The sorption process is based on anion exchange (chemisorption) determined from the Dubinin-Radushkevich model. The sorption efficiency of the chitosan sorbent is 97% at low concentrations (e.g. 100 μg L−1). Thermodynamic analysis reveals that the sorption process is exothermic and is controlled by enthalpic factors. Breakthrough curves (BTC) were acquired in real-time by instrumental chromatography and was better described by the Thomas model. BTC from column sorption and desorption with a salt solution suggest that this sorbent is relevant for large scale applications. With this new renewable product, it will be possible to treat arsenic contaminated water at low cost and with little waste (concentration factor of 1500).

Review of Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment: Large-Scale Applications, Future Needs and Current Research Gaps

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Waller ◽  
Thomas A. Trabold
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Research Gaps

There is growing interest in innovative waste water treatment technologies that can utilize the inherent energy-producing potential of organic waste. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a type of bioreactor that produces electricity by converting energy in the chemical bonds of organic material, through a catalytic reaction of microorganisms under anaerobic conditions. MFCs provide a promising low cost, highly efficient, and renewable energy-producing alternative to conventional wastewater treatments. MFC technology at the laboratory scale has advanced to the point where chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies (RE) over 90% are commonly achieved; however, low coulombic efficiencies (CE) and power densities often result when treating actual industrial and domestic wastewaters. In spite of their low energy recovery and power production, MFCs have been shown to be economically viable when factoring in costs savings from the sale of produced chemical byproducts and reduction of solid waste removal costs. However, further research of large-scale MFC wastewater treatment applications must be performed to determine the extent of their feasibility. This paper reviews several pilot-test MFC systems, addresses promising future industrial applications, and discusses current research gaps in MFC technology for wastewater treatment. Of particular interest in our research program is the use of MFCs to treat liquid-phase organic waste generated at food processing plants. Because of the general scalability of fuel cell systems, there is reason to believe that an MFC treatment system would be better suited to relatively small waste flow rates, unlike other treatment methods (e.g., anaerobic digestion) which typically require large volume to achieve economic viability.

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