SUBACUTE TOXICITY TEST OF Rhizophora apiculata BARK EXTRACT ON LIVER AND PANCREAS HISTOPATHOLOGY OF RATS

Background: Rhizophora apiculata, one of the mangrove plant widely spread in Indonesia, can be developed as a medicinal plant. The extract of the bark has been found to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. However, the toxicity of Rhizophora apiculata has not been established yet.Objective: This research aims to evaluate the toxicity of ethanolic extract of Rhizophora apiculata bark on histopathological changes in rat’s liver and pancreas.Methods: Subacute toxicity study of the ethanol extract of Rhizophora apiculata bark was performed in healthy male rats by administering the extract at doses of 57, 114, 228, 456, and 918 mg/kg of body weight daily for 28 days. The subacute toxicity in rats was determined by histological analyses.Results: No significant adverse effect of the extract at dose 57 mg/kg was found. However at and over 114 mg/kg dose of the extract exhibited toxicities to the rats’ liver. In addition, the toxic effect appeared in rats’ pancreas at and over 228 mg/kg dose.Conclusions: Rhizophora apiculata bark extract showed no toxicity at or below 57 mg/kg. The ethanol extract from bark of Rhizophora apiculata showed toxicity at 114 mg/kg by subchronic toxicity.

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Subacute Toxicity Effect of Psidium guajava Leaves Ethanolic Extract on Gaster in Wistar Rat

JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA ◽

10.35814/jifi.v16i1.466 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 61

Author(s):

Esti Dyah Utami ◽

Hanif Nasiatul Baroroh ◽

Nuryanti Nuryanti

Keyword(s):

Toxic Effect ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Wistar Rat ◽

Psidium Guajava ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Respiratory Disorder ◽

Subchronic Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Effect ◽

Test Materials

Psidium guajava leaves have been proven be antiallergic. From the results of previous research, the ethanol extract of leaves is included in the class materials "Practically Non-Toxic." However, repeated administration may cause toxic effects on body organs, one of which was gaster. Subchronic toxicity had been carried out on 20 male Wistar rats and 20 female wistar albino rats. The test materials were administered orally, every day for 28 days. There are 3 (three) doses of test materials which were 250 mg, 500 mg, and 750 mg/kg BW. Observation of the general toxic effect was performed everyday, then organ sampling was performed on day 29 to examined gaster histology and score using Barthel-Manja methods. The result showed that administration of Psidium guajava leaves extract for 28 days caused physical and behavioral changes, caused soft and mucous feces, and also respiratory disorder. But the extract at dose 250 mg, 500 mg and 750 mg/kg BW did not caused changes on gaster histology profile and score. In conclusion, the extract did not have subchronic toxicity effect on gaster rat, but might caused general toxic effect in the higher dose.

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Acute and Subacute Toxicological Studies of Annona Vepretorum in Experimental Animals

Planta Medica International Open ◽

10.1055/a-0833-8785 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (01) ◽

pp. e15-e22

Author(s):

Juliane Silva ◽

Tâmara Diniz ◽

Érica Lavor ◽

Mariana Silva ◽

Sarah Lima-Saraiva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Diode Array ◽

Diode Array Detection ◽

Subacute Toxicity ◽

Toxicological Studies ◽

Array Detection ◽

Histopathologic Analysis ◽

Hematological And Biochemical Parameters ◽

Experimental Group

Abstract Annona vepretorum is endemic from the Brazilian Caatinga biome and is used in human nutrition. The present study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of the ethanolic extract from the leaves of this species. The leaves of A. vepretorum were collected, dried, pulverized, and macerated with ethanol to yield the crude ethanol extract of A. vepretorum. HPLC-diode array detection was used to determine the fingerprint chromatogram of the extract. In toxicity studies, the acute toxicity experimental group was administered a single dose of the ethanol extract of A. vepretorum (1 g/kg), while in the subacute toxicity experimental group, the ethanol extract of A. vepretorum was administered orally, daily for 30 days, at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg. Death and signs of toxicity were observed and at the end, the animals were anesthetized, and blood and organs were then collected. The presence of the flavonoid rutin in the extract was confirmed using HPLC-diode array detection. In the evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity, there were no behavioral and physiological changes or signs of toxicity, and no occurrences of mice deaths were registered. The organs had normal color and preserved architecture, and no statistical variations in weight were observed. The results of the hematological and biochemical parameters after the administration of the ethanol extract of A. vepretorum showed no significant change, except in the count of the number of leukocytes and triglycerides. The histopathologic analysis of the liver, kidneys, and stomach indicated architecture with normal aspects. Thus, the toxicity study indicates low toxicity of the ethanol extract of A. vepretorum. Such information will be helpful in future clinical studies.

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Subchronic Toxicity of Green Algae (Spyrogyra sp.) Ethanolic Extract on Hematologic Parameters

International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) ◽

10.11591/ijphs.v5i4.5962 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 484

Author(s):

Nina Salamah ◽

Wahyu Widyaningsih ◽

Hari Susanti ◽

Anggita Devi ◽

Anita Wening Sejati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Green Algae ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Test Group ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Control Group ◽

Subchronic Toxicity ◽

Immune Parameters ◽

Hematology Parameters

Green Algae, an organism with active substance such as phytomelatonin, has potential to be developed as Indonesian traditional medicine. As the long term addition of Green Algae ethanol extract (Ekstrak etanol ganggang hijau, EEGH) influences the hematology system, in this paper, the safety test was done to ensure the safety of its use through subchronic toxicity test of EEGH on the hematology parameters of Wistar rats. The test group consisted of three groups treated with EEGH 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg, while the control group was given by 0.5% CMC-Na, with 8 rats each respectively. By using blood samples taken from orbital sinus on the 29th day, common hematologic parameters (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and hemoglobin level), the parameters of hemostasis (platelets, pT, aPTT, BT) and immune parameters (Differential Leukocytes Counts include neutrophils segment, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils) were finally observed and showed that the 28 days-addition of EEGH increase the hematological parameters of Wistar rats.

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Incision Wound Healing Test of Ethanolic Extract Gel from Salaon (Parsonsia alboflavescens [Dennst.] Mabb.) Leaves in Male Rats

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2021.6662 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (A) ◽

pp. 776-781

Author(s):

Nilsya Zebua ◽

Muharni Saputri ◽

Winda Giovana Sijabat ◽

Inda Aristika Sri Retno Wulandari ◽

Ira Nofriani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Optimal Dose ◽

Positive Control ◽

Male Rats ◽

Optimum Dose ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The One ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Incision Wound

BACKGROUND: An incision wound is a wound caused by a sharp object. One of the plants that can be used as a traditional medicine for an incision wound is salaon leaves. The prepared form chosen is the gel because it is easy to use and its distribution is faster on the skin. AIM: The aim of the study was to explore whether salaon leaf extract gel meets the quality evaluation requirements and to know the effectiveness of ethanol extract gel of salaon (Parsonsia alboflavescens [Dennst] Mabb.) leaves to cure a scar on male rats. METHODS: Experimental method with salaon leaves as sample. Simplicia of salaon leaves extracted by maceration method, and then arenga gum gel-based formulation, afterward evaluation, and testing of its effectiveness on the healing of incision wound of male rats. Normal data were analyzed by the One Way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Post Hoc Tuckey Method. Kruskal-Wallis test used for abnormal data. RESULTS: The whole formula shows homogenous results, normal pH, stability, dissemination and good viscosity, less irritating, and with good adhesion. The results of a statistical analysis of the wound on the 8th day with ANOVA test indicate a significant difference between the five groups p = 0.000 (p < 0.05) and Post-Hoc Tukey Honest Significant Difference test results obtained a concentration of 5% not significantly different from the positive control Placenta extract gel. The optimum dose that can heal incision wound in male rats is 5%. CONCLUSION: The whole formulation qualifies for the quality of the gel formulation. Ethanol extract gel of salaon leaves can heal wound on male rats and the optimal dose is 5%.

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THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF RHIZOPHORA APICULATA BARK EXTRACT AGAINST TESTICULAR DAMAGE INDUCED BY CIGARETTE SMOKE IN MALE RATS

Acta Biochimica Indonesiana ◽

10.32889/actabioina.v2i1.34 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 23-31

Author(s):

Syazili Mustofa ◽

Fauziah Hanif

Keyword(s):

Protective Effect ◽

Cigarette Smoke ◽

Male Rats ◽

Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Seminiferous Tubules ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Rhizophora Apiculata ◽

One Way Anova

Background: The mangrove bark extract (Rhizophora apiculata) is known to have the ability to inhibit the formation of free radicals, act as antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory. Objective: This study was attempted to investigate the potency of Rhizophora apiculata bark extracts as an antioxidant to protect rat testes from the damage due to cigarette smoke exposure. Methods: An experimental study using a posttest-only control group design was employed. Samples consisted of 25 male rats divided into 5 groups, namely K (-) not treated, K (+) exposed to cigarette smoke without the administration of mangrove bark extract, groups P1, P2, and P3 were exposed to cigarette smoke and each group received a dose of Rhizophora apiculata bark extracts every day for 30 days. Furthermore, P1 obtained 28.275 mg/KgBW, P2 was about 56.55 mg/kgBW, and P3 got 113.10 mg/kgBW.Results: Analysis using One Way ANOVA showed that there were significant effects of administration of extracts on the average number of primary spermatocytes and the thickness of the seminiferous tubules in the rats that have been exposed to cigarette smoke when compared to controls. The dose of extract that has the best effect was 113.10 mg/kgBW.Conclusion: Rhizophora apiculata bark extract is indicated to have a protective effect that can prevent damage in rats testes exposed to cigarette smoke.

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Efecto anticonceptivo y postcoital del extracto etanólico de lashojas del Desmodium molliculum (HBK).DC “Manayupa” en ratas hembras Holtzmann

Revista ECIPeru ◽

10.33017/reveciperu2012.0018/ ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 33-41

Keyword(s):

Statistical Tests ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Alcoholic Solution ◽

Female Rats ◽

Male Rats ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Contraceptive Effect ◽

Postcoital Contraception ◽

Group 2

Efecto anticonceptivo y postcoital del extracto etanólico de lashojas del Desmodium molliculum (HBK).DC “Manayupa” en ratas hembras Holtzmann Postcoital contraceptive effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Desmodium molliculum (HBK).DC "Manayupa" in Holtzmann female rats Fidel Ernesto Acaro Chuquicaña Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2012.0018/ Resumen Nuestro objetivo fue determinar el efecto anticonceptivo y postcoital del extracto etanólico de las hojas de Desmodium molliculum (HBK).DC en ratas hembras adultas Holtzmann. Las hojas fueron recolectadas en el valle de Baños del Inca, departamento de Cajamarca, la cual es utilizada como diurética, depurativa de la sangre, antihemorrágica, antiinflamatoria de las vías urinarias, hígado y riñones. Se utilizaron 80 ratas hembras fueron seleccionadas aleatoriamente de acuerdo a los criterios de inclusión, y divididas en 2 grandes grupos, cada uno conformada por 5 subgrupos de 8 ratas hembras y ratas machos para el emparejamiento (1 macho: 2 hembras). Grupo 1: 40 ratas para la evaluación del efecto anticonceptivo del extracto de Desmodium molliculum a una solución 100mg/ml vía oral en dosis 200mg/kg, 600mg/kg y 1000mg/kg. Se utilizaron dos grupos como controles suero fisiológico y Medroxiprogesterona en dosis 15mg/kg; Grupo 2: 40 ratas para la evaluación del efecto postcoital del extracto Desmodium molliculum a una solución de 100mg/ml vía oral a dosis 200mg/kg, 600mg/kg y 1000mg/kg. Se utilizaron dos grupos control suero fisiológico y Levonorgestrel a dosis de 50ug/kg. El efecto anticonceptivo se evaluó mediante la cuantificación de los indicadores gravidez, número de implantaciones y número de fetos; el efecto post-coital se evaluó los indicadores gravidez, número de implantaciones, número de fetos vivos y número de fetos muertos. Del escreening fitoquímico se observa que las muestras en estudio, presentan una considerable cantidad de metabolitos secundarios, destacándose cantidades apreciables de flavonoides, compuestos fenólicos, esteroides, alcaloides y taninos estuvieron en mayor cantidad en el extracto etanólico. De las evaluaciones las ratas que recibieron la solución alcohólica a dosis de 200mg/kg.600mg/kg,1000mg/kg disminuyeron la gravidez, el número fetos e implantaciones en la actividad anticonceptiva y poscoital. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y pruebas estadísticas de significancia ANOVA y Tukey (p<0.05).Concluyendo que en condiciones experimentales los resultados encontrados demuestran que el extracto etanólico de Desmodium molliculum tiene efecto anticonceptivo y postcoital en ratas hembras Holtzmann. Descriptores: Anticonceptivo, Postcoital, Desmodium molliculum, Plantas Anticonceptiva. Abstract Our objective was to determine the effect of postcoital contraception and ethanol extract of the leaves of Desmodium molliculum (HBK). DC Holtzmann in adult female rats. The leaves were collected in the valley of Baños del Inca, Cajamarca department, which is used as a diuretic, purifying the blood, prevent bleeding, inflammatory urinary tract, liver and kidneys. We used 80 female rats were randomly selected according to the inclusion criteria, and divided into 2 groups, each consisting of 5 subgroups of 8 male rats and female rats for pairing (1 male: 2 females). Group 1: 40 rats to evaluate the contraceptive effect of the extract of Desmodium molliculum a 100mg/ml solution orally at 200mg/kg, 600mg/kg and 1000mg/kg. Two groups as saline controls and 15mg/kg dose medroxyprogesterone. Group 2: 40 rats to evaluate the effect of post-coital Desmodium molliculum extract a 100mg/ml solution orally at 200mg/kg dose, 600 mg / kg and 1000mg/kg. Two control groups were used and Levonorgestrel saline at doses of 50ug/kg. The contraceptive effect was assessed by quantifying indicators pregnancy, number of locations and number of fetuses; the effect was evaluated post-coital pregnancy indicators, number of implantations, number of live fetuses and dead fetuses number. Phytochemical screening shows that the samples under study show a considerable amount of secondary metabolites, highlighting significant amounts of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, alkaloids and tannins were in greater amounts in the ethanol extract. Evaluation of rats receiving a dose of alcoholic solution 200mg/kg.600mg/kg, 1000mg/kg decreased pregnancy, fetuses and the number deployments and postcoital contraceptive activity. Descriptive analyzes were performed and statistical tests of significance ANOVA and Tukey (p <0.05). Concluding that under experimental conditions the results show that the ethanol extract of Desmodium molliculum effect and postcoital contraception in female rats Holtzmann. Keywords: Anticonceptivo, Postcoital, Desmodium molliculum, Plantas Anticonceptiva.

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Neem Leaf (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) Ethanolic Extract on the Liver and Kidney Function of Rats

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2021/7970424 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Irma Seriana ◽

Muslim Akmal ◽

Darusman Darusman ◽

Sri Wahyuni ◽

Khairan Khairan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Male Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Tropical Plants ◽

Neem Leaves ◽

Liver And Kidney

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is one of the tropical plants found in Indonesia that has been used to prevent and treat various diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the ethanol extract of neem leaves on the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine in male rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (T0, T1, T2, and T3) with 6 rats in each group. T0 is the control group, and T1, T2, and T3 are the treatment groups that were administered 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight of neem leaf ethanolic extracts for 48 days, respectively. On day 49, blood samples were collected to measure the concentration of AST, ALT, creatinine, and urea followed by an evaluation of liver and kidney histology. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of neem leaves did not affect the concentration of AST, ALT, and creatinine, The ethanol leaves reduced extract on the urea concentration, no abnormal changes were observed in the liver and kidney organs. In the future, it is required to carry out a comprehensive safety evaluation of the neem leaf ethanol extract for herbal medicines.

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EFFECT OF 70% ETHANOL EXTRACT OF ORTHOSIPHONIS STAMINEUS BENTH LEAVES ON THE PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS OF FUROSEMIDE IN MALE WHITE RATS

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2017.v9s1.28_33 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 54

Author(s):

Riana Maya Oktaviani ◽

Santi Purna Sari ◽

Yahdiana Harahap

Keyword(s):

White Male ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Male Rats ◽

Combination Group ◽

Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽

Control Group ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

White Rats

Objective: This study aimed to observe the effect of the 70% ethanol extract of Orthosiphonis stamineus Benth leaves on the pharmacokineticparameters of furosemide in white male rats.Methods: 18 Sprague–Dawley male rats were divided into three groups: The normal control group was given only 1% carboxymethyl cellulose,the furosemide group was given 7.2 mg/200 g body weight (BW) suspension of furosemide, and the combination group was given 700 mg/kg BWsuspension of the 70% ethanolic extract of O. stamineus Benth leaves for 4 days followed by a 7.2 mg/200 g BW suspension of furosemide. On the4th day of treatment, we performed orbital sinus blood sampling on the eyes of the rats and analyzed the levels of furosemide in plasma using highperformanceliquid chromatography.Results: Therefore, the results showed that the administration of the 70% ethanol extract of O. stamineus Benth leaves improves the pharmacokineticparameters of furosemide on Cpmax and the area under the curve (p<0.05).Conclusion: This study concludes that the 70% ethanol extract of O. stamineus Benth leaves improves the pharmacokinetic parameters of furosemidein white male rats.

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Brassica juncea L. (Mustard) Extract Silver NanoParticles and Knocking off Oxidative Stress, ProInflammatory Cytokine and Reverse DNA Genotoxicity

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10121650 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1650

Author(s):

Sohair Aly Hassan ◽

Ali Mohamed El Hagrassi ◽

Olfat Hammam ◽

Abdelmohsen M. Soliman ◽

Essam Ezzeldin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Failure ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokine ◽

Tumor Necrosis ◽

Total Bilirubin ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Male Rats ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Liver Functions ◽

Necrosis Factor

Detoxification is one of the main vital tasks performed by the liver. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether mustard in its normal or nanoparticles could confer a protective/therapeutic effect against TAA-induced acute liver failure in experimental animal models. Mustard ethanolic extract was analyzed by HPLC/MS. To induce liver failure, male rats were injected with 350 mg/kg bw TAA IP, then treated orally with a dose of 100 mg/kg for 15 d of mustard extract and its nanoform before and following induction. The levels of serum liver functions, total cholesterol (TCHo), total glyceride (TG), total bilirubin (TBIL), hepatic malonaldhyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO),glutathione (GSH), sodium oxide dismutase (SOD), as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α,) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), were estimated. DNA genotoxicity and hepatic pathology, and immunohistologic (IHC) changes were assayed. The antioxidant content of Phenolic acids, flavonoids in mustard ethanolic extract substantially decreased the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and rehabilitated the histopathological alterations. In addition, nanoforms of mustard ethanol extract have notably increased the levels of GSH, SOD and significantly reduced the levels of MDA. The expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in serum and tissue were markedly downregulated. DNA genotoxicity was significantly reversed. Mustard introduced a protective and medicinal effect against TAA in both its forms.

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