scholarly journals Kematangan Beragama dalam Perspektif Psikologi Tasawuf

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-325
Author(s):  
Zulkarnain Zulkarnain

The psychology of Sufism has a strong connection in all areas of human life in modern times. The modern human is not enough to be able to understand the material, scientific, technological and cultural needs. Certainly, modern humans demand answers on how to display spirituality in religious practices. Psychology and Sufism as a holistic approach oration that integrates psychic and spiritual can provide solutions to human problems. Through spirituality, a person will be able to purify the soul in religious behavior, improve morals, the reference lines in the noble values ​​of the religion he believes. Religious maturity contains patterns of adjustment with religious awareness and religious beliefs adopted. Applying the noble values ​​of religion that are embraced comprehensive in aspects of daily life. As a spiritual door (Sufism) is a container for the formation of a person's religious behavior carried out in religious activities. The purpose of this paper is to describe and certainly to know the maturity of religion from the perspective of Sufism psychology based on theorization. The psychology of Sufism is a typical paradigm to overcome the problem of human psychiatric illness through religious worship practices, healthy mental processes in life. Certainly able to find peace and happiness in living in diversity.

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Minarti

Religious behavior is a condition that exists in humans, which encourages someone to do or behave related to religious teachings. Various institutions in human life will influence and direct the actions or behavior of citizens. To build the religious behavior of rural communities religious leaders conduct guidance with weekly recitation, tahlil, and sholawatan. The animal society is still lacking in religious behavior, most residents and children cannot read the Koran, let alone understand the teachings of Islam, and on average they have not performed the five-time compulsory prayer. Based on data from Kedewan Village 100% of its citizens are Muslim, the habit of people gathering at night or in the morning when they take their sons and daughters to study, such community meetings are called "jagongan". Therefore, one of the methods or approaches taken in the context of building religious behavior in the community is by taking part in the show, because they are not yet accustomed to paper invitations, but still through direct talks to meet each other. In this watch, it gives input to the parents' thoughts about religious activities so that changes in behavior and practice of Islamic teachings occur.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-449
Author(s):  
Salman Abdul Muthalib ◽  
Tarmizi M. Jakfar ◽  
Muhammad Maulana ◽  
Lukman Hakim

Covid-19 has changed the habits of almost all activities of human life, including religious matters. The worship practices have also changed, such as performing prayers at home, keeping distant rows, and wearing masks. This paper is empirical legal research that seeks to examine the living law in the Aceh society with a maqashid shari’a perpective during a pandemic. The data collection techniques were interview, observation, and document study. It concludes that the government policies, including the 2020 Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB), the 2021 Implementation of Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM), fatwas of Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) and Tausiyah of Acehnese Ulema regulating and calling for restrictions on religious activities are rules with benefit values and in accordance with the principle of maqasid al-shari'a. Despite some people's rejection, the policies are, in fact, based on maqasid al-shari'a, namely protecting the life (hifz al-nafs) so that people will not get infected by the virus. Moreover, public safety is the highest law purpose to maintain. The policies also prove the state's role through the rule when conditions endanger the community in addition to avoiding harms as a part of Islamic law orders. (Covid-19 telah mengubah kebiasaan hampir seluruh aktivitas kehidupan manusia, mulai dari ekonomi, sosial, budaya, pendidikan bahkan agama. Pada aspek agama aktivitas ibadah juga mengalami perubahan misalnya himbauan shalat di rumah, menjaga jarak saf dan memakai masker. Tulisan ini merupakan penelitian hukum empiris yang berupaya menelaah hukum sebagaimana yang terjadi dalam realitas masyarakat dengan pendekatan hukum Islam saat pandemi. Sedangkan teknik pengumpulan data yang dipakai adalah wawancara, observasi dan studi dokumen. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pada awalnya himbauan sebagai pemerintah tidak secara menyeluruh diikuti oleh masyarakat karena setiap daerah berbeda tingkat penularan dan kondisi covid terjadi. Setelah aturan PPKM 2021 diterapkan hal ini relatif teratur termasuk di Aceh karena dibedakan empat level dan berdasarkan tingkat penularan dan korban yaitu, merah, orange, kuning dan hijau. Kebijakan pemerintah agar tidak salat jamaah di masjid pada saat kondisi penularannya tinggi sebenarnya mengacu pada konsep maqashid syari’ah yaitu menjaga jiwa (hifz al-nafs) agar masyarakat tidak tertular virus. Meskipun sebagian masyarakat khusus daerah atau kabupaten yang tingkat penularannya rendah menganggap bahwa shalat berjamaah di masjid tetap harus dilakukan dengan pertimbangan menjaga agama (hifz al-din) sesuai protokol kesehatan. Namun patut dicatat kebijakan pemerintah tersebut mengandung kemaslahatan yang bertujuan untuk menghindari kemudharatan dan menolak bahaya sebagaimana disebutkan dalam kaidah fikih. Sehingga menghindarkan diri dari kemudharatan dan taat kepada pemerintah juga merupakan perintah syariat Islam.)


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Lindström ◽  
Martin Bellander ◽  
David T. Schultner ◽  
Allen Chang ◽  
Philippe N. Tobler ◽  
...  

AbstractSocial media has become a modern arena for human life, with billions of daily users worldwide. The intense popularity of social media is often attributed to a psychological need for social rewards (likes), portraying the online world as a Skinner Box for the modern human. Yet despite such portrayals, empirical evidence for social media engagement as reward-based behavior remains scant. Here, we apply a computational approach to directly test whether reward learning mechanisms contribute to social media behavior. We analyze over one million posts from over 4000 individuals on multiple social media platforms, using computational models based on reinforcement learning theory. Our results consistently show that human behavior on social media conforms qualitatively and quantitatively to the principles of reward learning. Specifically, social media users spaced their posts to maximize the average rate of accrued social rewards, in a manner subject to both the effort cost of posting and the opportunity cost of inaction. Results further reveal meaningful individual difference profiles in social reward learning on social media. Finally, an online experiment (n = 176), mimicking key aspects of social media, verifies that social rewards causally influence behavior as posited by our computational account. Together, these findings support a reward learning account of social media engagement and offer new insights into this emergent mode of modern human behavior.


2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Locke ◽  
Barry Bogin

It has long been claimed that Homo sapiens is the only species that has language, but only recently has it been recognized that humans also have an unusual pattern of growth and development. Social mammals have two stages of pre-adult development: infancy and juvenility. Humans have two additional prolonged and pronounced life history stages: childhood, an interval of four years extending between infancy and the juvenile period that follows, and adolescence, a stage of about eight years that stretches from juvenility to adulthood. We begin by reviewing the primary biological and linguistic changes occurring in each of the four pre-adult ontogenetic stages in human life history. Then we attempt to trace the evolution of childhood and juvenility in our hominin ancestors. We propose that several different forms of selection applied in infancy and childhood; and that, in adolescence, elaborated vocal behaviors played a role in courtship and intrasexual competition, enhancing fitness and ultimately integrating performative and pragmatic skills with linguistic knowledge in a broad faculty of language. A theoretical consequence of our proposal is that fossil evidence of the uniquely human stages may be used, with other findings, to date the emergence of language. If important aspects of language cannot appear until sexual maturity, as we propose, then a second consequence is that the development of language requires the whole of modern human ontogeny. Our life history model thus offers new ways of investigating, and thinking about, the evolution, development, and ultimately the nature of human language.


Author(s):  
Dr sunila h deo

Introduction and Background: Yogashastra and Ayurveda are two ancient Indian sciences that have evolved separately over millennia. Many masters have contributed to the growth and development of these sciences and they have produced seminal literature and body of knowledge in both these streams. The goals and objectives of these two sciences differ from each other and accordingly their approaches too differ from each other.  Both in Yogashastra and Ayurveda, the concept of Vayu has very important place. Current effort is undertaken from the viewpoint to unravel the complementary and contradictory aspects and explore the possibility of combining the concepts so as to evolve the holistic approach. Aim: To compare the concept of Vayu as described in Yogashastra and in Ayurveda. Discussion and Results: Yogashstra the concept of Vayus is aimed solely at attaining mastery over the bodily Vayus by following Yogic disciplines to attain Moksha or final emancipation of the soul from the unending cycle of birth and death. This puts the Yogic discussion of Vayus in the realm of highest spiritual practices with the ultimate conceivable goal of human life that can be taught only by the accomplished masters and eligible seekers who fulfil the strictest eligibility criteria stipulated by Yogic discipline. On the other hand in Ayurveda the concept of Vayus is from the perspective of knowing physiology and causes of various diseases and their treatment by means of various therapies and medicines. All these things are essentially corporeal in nature and do have worldly goals to achieve.


2012 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 165-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Wonicki
Keyword(s):  

The author dwells on the concept of hospitality which has been replaced in our era by that of tolerance. The author introduces us to contemporary attitudes to the latter and points to its problematic nature, the counterpoint to which is the former. A description of changes in the understanding of hospitality is provided, ranging from antiquity, via the Englightenment, to modern times, with references to Kant and Derrida. Besides this, he compares the differences and similarities between the concepts of tolerance and hospitality, suggesting that it is the latter which is useful when describing a globalised and cosmopolitical world, as well as positing that the concept of hospitality can be translated into the practices of human life.


2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suswandari Suswandari

Abstract:  The History  Teaching  Paradigm  Facing  Future  Challenges.  Teaching history is an interesting topic to be discussed, especially when modern human life becomes more materialistic and pays almost no attention to moral values. History, and especially history teaching, as a part of social sciences becomes dry because it provides no financial benefits in the short run as in the case of other social sciences. However, history and history teaching play an important role in the existence of a nation with regard to moral values. By studying history everybody can understand better about himself or herself, his or her existence, and how  life always changes through experiences. History teaches people to be wise and not to repeat mistakes. Therefore, history teaching plays an important role in the existence of a nation. Keywords: paradigm, history teaching, future challenges


TERANG ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-108
Author(s):  
Christine Widyastuti ◽  
Isworo Pujotomo ◽  
Muchammad Nur Qosim ◽  
Rinna Hariyati ◽  
Aas Wasri Hasanah ◽  
...  

Electricity is the most suitable and appropriate form of energy for modern human life, such as today, where electrical energy has a function that can provide a need or service for electric power obtained by consumers, with electricity human life becomes very pleasant. Television, lighting, traffic lights, all using electricity. So, electricity can be said as a form of technological results that are very vital in human life. With this activity, it is expected that the general public can and understand about safe electrical installation and handling, mitigation of electrical hazards that are not in accordance with PLN's standardization. So that electricity does not necessarily become a scapegoat every time there is a fire in the community, and the voltage system used in Indonesia is: single phase 220 V, and phase three 220/380 V with a frequency of 50 Hz. This voltage system is very influential and dangerous for human safety.


Author(s):  
Christopher Brooke

This chapter tracks the changing fortunes of a fundamental opposition between more Stoic and more Augustinian perspectives on human life, showing that as the seventeenth century gave way to the eighteenth, the patterns of Augustinian anti-Stoicism had often found expression in a more secular, Epicurean register. What Jean-Jacques Rousseau attempts, more strenuously than any other thinker of the period, is an extraordinary synthesis of Epicurean, Augustinian, and Stoic argumentative currents. In common with the modern Epicureans, Rousseau uses claims about self-love to illuminate all areas of human behaviour in modern times. But by presenting that self-love as inflamed amour-propre, Rousseau tilts sharply towards the more critical Augustinians than towards those Epicurean writers who were making their apology for commercial society.


1985 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 11-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Hardie

The Homeric description of the shield made for Achilles by Hephaestus (Il. xviii 478–608) is the type for all later ecphrases of works of art in ancient literature. It stands out as an extravagant example of the epic poet's powers of elaborate and vivid description, so extravagant that one notable ancient critic at least, Zenodotus, felt that it was more comfortable simply to athetize the greater bulk of the passage. More symphathetic commentators of modern times have sought ways of integrating the scenes displayed on the divine artefact with the primary subject-matter of theIliad; the most common approach is to take the Shield as a summary of all human life, a mirror of society in all its aspects, against which to measure the significance of the narrow range of warfare and death that dominates the rest of the poem.The requirements of internal coherence and external relevance also guided the interpretative strategy of ancient critics less austere than Zenodotus. This paper is an inquiry into the ways that antiquity perceived and exploited the Homeric Shield of Achilles. In the first section I examine early Greek responses to the question of the contextual function of a decorated shield such as that of Achilles.


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