scholarly journals Leprosy: Need Early Detection And Early Treatment

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubna Khondker ◽  
Md Abdul Wahab ◽  
Md Shirajul Islam Khan ◽  
Samaresh Chandra Hazra
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Mycobacterium Leprae ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Abnormal Immune Response ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medicine Today ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Leprosy Control

Leprosy is the most ancient bacterial disease in the history of mankind. It remains still public health problem in the countries where it is endemic. Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) is a chronic infectious disease which is diagnosable and curable if recognized early and treated adequately. The infectious agent of leprosy is Mycobacterium leprae which is only bacteria to infect peripheral nerves. Leprosy is characterized by a variety of abnormal immune response. It depends on the integrity of the host’s specific CMI response to the M. leprae and it may be genetically determined. Antileprotic multidrugs therapy (MDT) as recommended by WHO is now the standard and accepted method for leprosy control. Leprosy can not be completely rooted out with physicians, control offices, leprosaria and propaganda; it will disappear when the economic and cultural factors change, because leprosy is the thermometer of civilization. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v24i1.14116 Medicine TODAY Vol.24(1) 2012 pp.44-47

scholarly journals Primary Biliary Cirrhosis in HLA-Identical Twin Sisters

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh J Freeman ◽  
Robert J Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Liver Disorder ◽  
Identical Twin ◽  
Biliary Cirrhosis ◽  
Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
Antimitochondrial Antibody ◽  
Abnormal Immune Response ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genetically Determined

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical twin sisters with chronic liver disease were evaluated. Both had a childhood history of transient jaundice suggestive of a possible infectious cause. Subsequent studies in both siblings at age 51 years revealed antimitochondrial antibody-positive primary biliary cirrhosis. This report documents HLA-identical twins with primary biliary cirrhosis, providing added evidence for a genetically determined abnormal immune response in this liver disorder, possibly to a specific viral or other environmental factor.

scholarly journals Indeterminate leprosy and lepromatous index case: four cases in the same family

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (6 suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Priscilla Martins da Silva ◽  
Heloisa Helena Ramos Fonseca ◽  
Mariana Mazzochi Sens ◽  
Alvaro Thadeu Bender
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
General Population ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Mycobacterium Leprae ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
The World

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Brazil remains as the country with the second largest number of cases in the world. We report the case of three patients diagnosed with indeterminate leprosy in the same family. Two patients were HIV positive. An active search led to the discovery of the index case. It was crucial to persist in the search of the index case. This report shows how important it is to teach physicians and the general population about the signs and symptoms of leprosy. Early diagnosis and treatment are necessary to prevent sequelae and to eliminate the disease as a public health problem.

PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN SOCIOLOGY

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-159
Author(s):  
I.E. Levchenko ◽  
◽  
A.Y. Kuznetsov ◽  
E.G. Korniltseva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals The Relationships between HIV-1 Infection, History of Methamphetamine Use Disorder, and Soluble Biomarkers in Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1287
Author(s):  
T. Walter ◽  
Jennifer Iudicello ◽  
Debra Cookson ◽  
Donald Franklin ◽  
Bin Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Immune Biomarkers ◽  
Plasma Factor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hiv 1

Methamphetamine (METH) use disorder is highly prevalent among people with HIV (PWH) and is a significant public health problem. HIV and METH use are each associated with immune system dysfunction; however, the combined effects on the immune system are poorly understood. This cross-sectional project measured soluble immune biomarkers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from a control group, people with a history of a METH use disorder (METH+), PWH with no history of METH use disorder (HIV+), and PWH with a history of METH use disorder (HIV+/METH+). HIV, METH, and immune dysfunction can also be associated with affective and cognitive deficits, so we characterized mood and cognition in our participants. Two factor analyses were performed for the plasma and CSF biomarkers. Plasma IL-8, Ccl2, VEGF, and 8-isoprostane loaded onto one factor that was highest in the HIV+/METH+ group (p < 0.047) reflecting worse inflammation, vascular injury, and oxidative stress. This plasma factor was also negatively correlated with delayed recall (R = −0.49, p = 0.010), which was worst in the HIV+/METH+ group (p = 0.030 compared to the control group). Overall, these data implicate that combined HIV-1 infection and METH use may exacerbate inflammation, leading to worse cognition.

Adherence to Primary Prevention and Skin Self-Examination Practices by Spanish Melanoma Patients

Dermatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Irene Torrecilla-Martínez ◽  
Esperanza Manrique-Silva ◽  
Victor Traves ◽  
Celia Requena ◽  
Eduardo Nagore
Keyword(s):  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Cutaneous Melanoma ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Self Examination

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The incidence of cutaneous melanoma, an important global public health problem, has been increasing over the last several decades. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> In order to decrease melanoma-related mortality, ways to communicate and implement the correct methods for conducting primary and secondary prevention measures (such as early detection via self-examination) should be investigated. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> An observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study consisting of 409 patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma was conducted. An online questionnaire was created to evaluate knowledge levels, attitudes, and adherence to primary preventive measures and to skin self-examination practices. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The results revealed that even when 43% of the patients perform cutaneous self-examinations, only half of them fully followed the recommendations. Patients aged &#x3c;45 years, female, with a I–II phototype, with an intermediate/high level of education, and with a history of NMSC were more likely to have an adequate degree of knowledge. Moreover, patients aged &#x3c;45 years and with an adequate degree of knowledge more frequently showed an adequate adherence to the primary prevention measures. Finally, patients aged 45–60 years and with an adequate degree of knowledge presented a good adherence to the self-skin examination measures. <b><i>Limitations:</i></b> Possible limitations of this study were memory bias through the influence of age within the study population, and bias due to a greater proportion of subjects with a high education level. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Within the population of patients with melanoma, a high percentage of patients do not rigorously follow the recommended prevention measures. Our study highlights the need to implement awareness in this population to improve the prevention of cutaneous cancer.

Sudden cardiac arrest in 15-year-old girl. Could it be avoided?

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (46) ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Maria Posadowska ◽  
Maria Miszczak-Knecht ◽  
Alicja Mirecka-Rola ◽  
Katarzyna Bieganowska
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Sudden Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Postmortem Examination ◽  
Cardiac Care ◽  
Related Family ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genetically Determined

We present a case of a 15-year-old girl after sudden cardiac arrest because of ventricular fibrillation. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was diagnosed. Family history of patient was positive – her uncle (mother’s brother) died suddenly at the age of 21, postmortem examination showed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The deceased man’s family was not under cardiac care. The presented case proves, that due to genetically determined cardiac diseases such as cardiomyopathies and channelopathies, all related family members should be examined cardiologically. Diagnosis of the disease in asymptomatic patients would allow the implementation of treatment and reduce the risk of a sudden cardiac arrest / sudden cardiac death.

scholarly journals Hepatitis E: an underestimated emerging threat

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 204993611983716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glynn W. Webb ◽  
Harry R. Dalton
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
History Of

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of viral hepatitis in the world. It is estimated that millions of people are infected every year, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. However, these estimates do not include industrialized regions and are based on studies which employ assays now known to have inferior sensitivity. As such, this is likely to represent a massive underestimate of the true global burden of disease. In the developing world, HEV causes large outbreaks and presents a significant public-health problem. Until recently HEV was thought to be uncommon in industrialized countries, and of little relevance to clinicians in these settings. We now know that this is incorrect, and that HEV is actually very common in developed regions. HEV has proved difficult to study in vitro, with reliable models only recently becoming available. Our understanding of the lifecycle of HEV is therefore incomplete. Routes of transmission vary by genotype and location: endemic regions experience large waterborne epidemics, while sporadic cases in industrialized regions are zoonotic infections likely spread via the food chain. Both acute and chronic infection has been observed, and a wide range of extrahepatic manifestations have been reported. This includes neurological, haematological and renal conditions. As the complete clinical phenotype of HEV infection is yet to be characterized, a large proportion of cases go unrecognized or misdiagnosed. In many cases HEV infection does not feature in the differential diagnosis due to a lack of knowledge and awareness of the disease amongst clinicians. In combination, these factors have contributed to an underestimation of the threat posed by HEV. Improvements are required in terms of recognition and diagnosis of HEV infection if we are to understand the natural history of the disease, improve management and reduce the burden of disease around the world.

scholarly journals A community-based randomized trial for the prevention and control of brucellosis among rural populations in Iran: application of the PRECEDE planning model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiry ◽  
Maryam Khazaee-Pool ◽  
Towhid Babazadeh ◽  
Parvin Sarbakhsh ◽  
Koen Ponnet
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Community Based ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Brucellosis is one of the most frequently occurring zoonotic diseases of veterinary and a public health problem in developing countries. It affects human and animal health and has measurable effects on the productive and reproductive performance of livestock. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to develop a community-based intervention program for brucellosis prevention and control. A two-arm parallel cluster randomized controlled trial investigated the effectiveness of the program over six months in a rural population in Ahar, East Azerbaijan, Iran. A total of 16 village health houses were randomly allocated to the intervention and the control groups (eight per arm), and 400 participants were recruited via household health records in the health houses. The PRECEDE model, which is an acronym for Predisposing, Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation, was used to design, implement, and evaluate the brucellosis prevention and control program. Knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, social support, environmental enabling, and behavioral factors were measured at the baseline and the six-month follow-up. A generalized mixed effects model was used to analyze data. Results: The mean ages (SD) of the intervention and control group respondents were 35.9 (11.87) and 37.28 (11.04) years, respectively. After the six-month intervention, significant between-group differences were found on all PRECEDE variables, adjusted for education, history of brucellosis, and family history of brucellosis. Conclusion: There is a need to consolidate collaborative health and veterinary sector efforts, as well as increase regular vaccination practices and financial resources to support farmers willing to slaughter animals and/or offer slaughter facilities. The present study was able to demonstrate which educational and ecological factors influence behaviors and environments related to brucellosis and, as such, provide evidence of the effectiveness of interventions based on the PROCEDE model.

scholarly journals The Commodification of Humanism: Methods, Marketing, and Morals of a Postmodern Shift in the Philosophy of Medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ericka Iny
Keyword(s):  
History Of Medicine ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Philosophy Of Medicine ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medicine Today

Consideration of the history of medicine reveals a postmodern shift in the philosophy of medicine, one that arguably strays from its humanist foundations. Though often attributed to Sir William Osler’s contributions, the modernization of medicine extends beyond his influence, as well as beyond his time. Peaking in the mid-1900s, the paradigm shift in the philosophy of medicine continues to compel a certain dichotomy between humanism and medicine today. Despite being historically intertwined, medicine distances itself from humanism amidst the institutionalization, depersonalization, and monetization of the medical field. Notably, the commodification of medicine entails three central themes: methods, marketing, and morals.

scholarly journals An epidemiological study of the prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity in women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years) group in an urban slum

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2460
Author(s):  
Pratibha U. Mulik ◽  
Sudam R. Suryawanshi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Age Group ◽  
History Of

Background: After comparing data of NFHS-3 and 4, prevalence of overweight and obesity in women of an urban population almost doubled in 10 yr. So, the causes of increasing prevalence need to be studied as public health concern. Objective of the study is to determine prevalence of overweight and obesity among reproductive age group (15-49 years) of women in an urban slum of Mumbai.Methods: Total 220 women were selected among 11 sectors from A to K by simple random method and data collected by using validated questionnaire. WHO’s classification was used to classify as overweight and obese.Results: Out of 220 women participated in study, 14 (6.36%) were obese, 75 (34.09%) were overweight according to BMI and 17 (7.7%) were found to be obese according to waist to hip ratio. From the present study it was seen that age group of the women, socio economic class, education, history of hypothyroidism, family history of obesity, types of work women do, hours of television watching, calorie and fat intake, had a significant relationship with BMI, whereas physical exercise they used to do and tendency to sleep in the afternoon and hours of sleep in the night had non-significant relationship with BMI.Conclusions: Obesity and overweight is found to be a growing public health problem and can be preventable. Interventional measures include developing healthy eating habits, regular moderate physical exercise, sleeping habits, health camps for screening of overweight and obesity.

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