Antiviral and virucidal potential of Origanum vulgare Linn. (oregano) extracts against Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1)

The search for natural resources with antiviral potential, as an alternative to synthetic drugs, has been growing and, in this sense, oregano presents itself as a potential candidate. However, the antiviral studies with oregano are still poorly explored. BoHV-1 stands out among veterinary pathogens, for its economic impact on cattle production. In this study, the antiviral and virucidal activity of polar extracts of Origanum vulgare was evaluated against BoHV-1. Infusion (INF10), decoction (DEC), and hydroalcoholic (HAE) extracts were tested to cytotoxic and antiviral assays on MDBK cells. Cytotoxic effects were analyzed through MTT assay and the antiviral activity was expressed as a percentage of inhibition (PI). BoHV-1 was incubated with O. vulgare extracts as virucidal assay. Concentrations ≤3.12 mg/ml (INF10) and ≤1.56 mg/ml (DEC/HAE) preserved the cell viability above 60%, and all extracts were safe (>96%) between 0.78 and 0.39 mg/ml. Regarding the antiviral activity, pre-treatment of all extracts highlighted in comparison to the post-treatment. The pre-treatment of infusion at 2 mg/ml highlighted due to the high cell viability (84.69%) and the elimination of the viral load. All extracts inactivated BoHV-1 from 2 hours of incubation (20 mg/ml), showing virucidal activity. These findings may be related to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid as prevalent in all extracts. These findings showed the in vitro antiviral and virucidal activity of oregano polar extracts against BoHV-1 and may be promising for the therapeutic use against herpesviruses infections.

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Evaluation effects of Quercetin on streptozotocin-treated RINm5F pancreatic β-cells in vitro

Current Chemical Biology ◽

10.2174/2212796816666211223101206 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Maryam Mazraesefidi ◽

Maryam Mohammad Sadeghipour ◽

Hossein Khorramdelazad ◽

Mahdi Mahmoodi ◽

Alireza Khoshdel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Viability ◽

Insulin Content ◽

Β Cells ◽

Simultaneous Treatment ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Low Toxicity ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion

Background and objectives: Quercetin is a naturally occurring phenolic compound abundantly present in plants as a secondary metabolite. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of quercetin on improving RINm5F β-insulinemia cell viability, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), and cell insulin content in the presence or absence of streptozotocin (STZ). Methods: This experimental study was conducted on RINm5F β-insulinemia cell line. The cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. The necrosis was confirmed by flowcytometry and insulin ELISA kit was used to measure the GSIS level and cell insulin content. It should be noted that for testing of cells by 50μM of quercetin, simultaneous treatment and pre-treatment of quercetin were performed in the presence of STZ (20mM). Results: The quercetin was able to improve the viability of RINm5F cells in the presence of STZ and to increase the GSIS level and cell insulin content under STZ and glucotoxic conditions Conclusion: The quercetin seems to have beneficial effects on β-cells, especially the synthesis and secretion of insulin. In addition to the therapeutic effect, given the low toxicity of this flavonoid and the results of this study, the quercetin as a preventive agent may play an important role in maintaining the health of β-cells in people at risk of diabetes.

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Methylene Blue has a potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and H1N1 influenza virus in the absence of UV-activation in vitro

10.21203/rs.3.rs-134789/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Valeria Cagno1 ◽

Chiara Medaglia ◽

Andreas Cerny ◽

Thomas Cerny ◽

Arnaud Zwygart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Influenza Virus ◽

Antiviral Activity ◽

Uv Light ◽

H1n1 Influenza ◽

European Medicines Agency ◽

Virus H1n1 ◽

Therapeutic Activity ◽

Virucidal Activity

Abstract Methylene blue is an FDA (food and drug administration) and EMA (european medicines agency) approved drug with an excellent safety profile. It displays broad-spectrum virucidal activity in the presence of UV light and has been shown to be effective in inactivating various viruses in blood products prior to transfusions. In addition, its use has been validated for methemoglobinemia and malaria treatment. In this study, we first evaluated the virucidal activity of methylene blue against Influenza Virus H1N1 upon different incubation times and in the presence or absence of light activation, and then against SARS-CoV-2. We further assessed the therapeutic activity of methylene blue by administering it to cells previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we examined the effect of co-administration of the drug together with immune serum. Our findings reveal that methylene blue displays virucidal preventive or therapeutic activity against Influenza Virus H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 at low micromolar concentrations and in the absence of UV activation. We also confirm that MB antiviral activity is based on several mechanisms of action as the degradation of genomic RNA is only observed in the presence of light and after long exposure. Our work supports the interest of testing methylene blue in clinical studies to confirm a preventive or therapeutic efficacy against both Influenza Virus H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 infections.

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Antiviral activity of plant juices and green tea against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus in vitro

10.1101/2020.10.30.360545 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bruno Frank ◽

Carina Conzelmann ◽

Tatjana Weil ◽

Rüdiger Groß ◽

Peggy Jungke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Antiviral Activity ◽

Green Tea ◽

Human Adenovirus ◽

Virus Infectivity ◽

Virucidal Activity ◽

Black Chokeberry ◽

Chokeberry Juice

AbstractMany plant juices, extracts and teas have been shown to possess antiviral activity. We here analyzed the virucidal activity of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa), pomegranate (Punica granatum), and elderberry (Sambucus nigra) juice, as well as green tea (Camellia sinensis) against different respiratory viruses. We found that all tested plant derived products effectively inactivated influenza virus, whereas only chokeberry juice diminished SARS-CoV-2 and vaccinia virus infectivity. None of the products inactivated non-enveloped human adenovirus type 5. Thus, black chokeberry juice exerts virucidal activity against different enveloped viral pathogens under in vitro conditions. Whether application of virucidal juices or green tea as oral rinses may lower viral loads in the oral cavity in vivo remains to be evaluated.

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Comparison between In Vitro Antiviral Effect of Mexican Propolis and Three Commercial Flavonoids against Canine Distemper Virus

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/7092416 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

María de Jesús González-Búrquez ◽

Francisco Rodolfo González-Díaz ◽

Carlos Gerardo García-Tovar ◽

Liborio Carrillo-Miranda ◽

Carlos Ignacio Soto-Zárate ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Activity ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Canine Distemper Virus ◽

Antiviral Effect ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Cellular Viability ◽

Canine Distemper ◽

Viral Origin ◽

Viral Expression

Propolis is a resin that honey bees (Apis mellifera) produce by mixing wax, exudates collected from tree shoots, pollen, and enzymes. It has been used for its biological properties against pathogenic microorganisms including those of viral origin. In the present study, we demonstrate the antiviral effect of Mexican propolis, as well as of the three commercial flavonoids (quercetin, naringenin, and pinocembrin) present in its composition, in cell cultures infected with Canine Distemper Virus. The treatments were carried out with propolis, flavonoids individually, and a mixture of the three flavonoids at three different times. Antiviral activity was evaluated by the inhibition of the relative expression of the virus nucleoprotein gene (Real-Time qPCR) and by the determination of cellular viability (MTT assay). Propolis applied before infection decreased viral expression (0.72 versus 1.0, 1.65, and 1.75 relative expressions) and correlated with increased cell viability (0.314 versus 0.215, 0.259, and 0.237 absorbance units (AU)). The administration of a flavonoid mixture containing the three commercial flavonoids before infection induces a slight decrease in viral expression (0.93 versus 1, 1.42, and 1.82 relative expressions); however, it does not improve cellular viability (0.255 versus 0.247, 0.282, and 0.245 AU). Quercetin administrated at the same time of infection decreases viral expression (0.90 versus 1.0, 3.25, and 1.02 relative expressions) and improves cellular viability (0.294 versus 0.240, 0.250, and 0.245 AU). Pinocembrin and naringenin individually did not show any antiviral activity at the administration times evaluated in this study. The present work is the first in vitro study of the effect of propolis in Canine Distemper Virus and demonstrated the antiviral activity of Mexican propolis, in addition to the synergy that exists between the three flavonoids on cell viability and the expression of the nucleoprotein virus gene.

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Protective Effect of Schisandrin on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Damage in PC12 Cells

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1545 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 750-752 ◽

pp. 1545-1548

Author(s):

Kuang Ren ◽

Yan Chun Wang ◽

Hong Yan Fan

Keyword(s):

Protein Expression ◽

Pc12 Cells ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Immunocytochemical Staining ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Neuroprotective Effects ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Vitro Model

In this study, schisandrin was assessed for potential protective effects on pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12 cells). Using PC12 cells damage induced by H2O2(25μmol/L) as in vitro model. After pre-treatment with different concentration of schisandrin (0.3, 0.6, 1.2μM) for 24h, MTT assay was used to detect the cell viability, the supernatant of cells was collected to examine the levels of nitric oxide (NO) in each sample, and immunocytochemical staining was adopted to observe the expression levels of bcl-2. Results showed that schisandrin at different concentrations could increase the viability of PC12 cells and decrease the levels of NO in the culture medium. There were significant differences between schisandrin group and H2O2group (P<0.05,P<0.01). Immunocytochemical staining result revealed that schisandrin could upregulate bcl-2 protein expression. In summary, schisandrin shown significant neuroprotective effects on H2O2-injured PC12 cells through antioxidant properties and upregulate bcl-2 protein expression, and could be a potential candidate for intervention in neurodegenerative diseases.

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Methylene Blue has a potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and H1N1 influenza virus in the absence of UV-activation in vitro

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-92481-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Valeria Cagno ◽

Chiara Medaglia ◽

Andreas Cerny ◽

Thomas Cerny ◽

Arnaud Charles-Antoine Zwygart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Influenza Virus ◽

Antiviral Activity ◽

Uv Light ◽

Rna Degradation ◽

European Medicines Agency ◽

Virus H1n1 ◽

Therapeutic Activity ◽

Virucidal Activity

AbstractMethylene blue is an FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and EMA (European Medicines Agency) approved drug with an excellent safety profile. It displays broad-spectrum virucidal activity in the presence of UV light and has been shown to be effective in inactivating various viruses in blood products prior to transfusions. In addition, its use has been validated for methemoglobinemia and malaria treatment. In this study, we first evaluated the virucidal activity of methylene blue against influenza virus H1N1 upon different incubation times and in the presence or absence of light activation, and then against SARS-CoV-2. We further assessed the therapeutic activity of methylene blue by administering it to cells previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we examined the effect of co-administration of the drug together with immune serum. Our findings reveal that methylene blue displays virucidal preventive or therapeutic activity against influenza virus H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 at low micromolar concentrations and in the absence of UV-activation. We also confirm that MB antiviral activity is based on several mechanisms of action as the extent of genomic RNA degradation is higher in presence of light and after long exposure. Our work supports the interest of testing methylene blue in clinical studies to confirm a preventive and/or therapeutic efficacy against both influenza virus H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 infections.

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Impact of Heat-Killed Lactobacillus casei Strain IMAU60214 on the Immune Function of Macrophages in Malnourished Children

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12082303 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 2303 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luz María Rocha-Ramírez ◽

Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa ◽

Saúl Gómez-Manzo ◽

Jaime Marcial-Quino ◽

Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Function ◽

Lactobacillus Casei ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Malnourished Children ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

In Vitro Effects ◽

Necrosis Factor

Malnutrition is commonly associated with immunological deregulation, increasing the risk of infectious illness and death. The objective of this work was to determine the in vitro effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus casei IMAU60214 on monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from well-nourished healthy children, well-nourished infected children and malnourished infected children, which was evaluated by an oxygen-dependent microbicidal mechanism assay of luminol-increase chemiluminescence and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-10, as well as phagocytosis using zymosan and as its antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. We found that reactive oxygen species (ROS), secretion cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 levels), phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity increased in all groups after pre-treatment with heat-killed L. casei IMAU60214 at a ratio of 500:1 (bacteria:MDM) over 24 h compared with MDM cells without pre-treatment. The results could indicate that heat-killed L. casei IMAU60214 is a potential candidate for regulating the immune function of macrophages.

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Verbascoside isolated from Lepechinia speciosa has inhibitory Activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in vitro

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x0900401217 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 4 (12) ◽

pp. 1934578X0900401 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fernanda O. Martins ◽

Patricia F. Esteves ◽

Gabriella S. Mendes ◽

Nanci S. Barbi ◽

Fabio S. Menezes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Activity ◽

Natural Product ◽

Mechanism Of Action ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Cellular Receptor ◽

Spectroscopic Techniques ◽

Virucidal Activity ◽

Toxic Concentration ◽

Receptor Assay

Verbascoside has been isolated form L. speciosa after several different chromatographic methods. After its purification, the structure has been unequivocally established using modern spectroscopic techniques. As for the antiviral activity, the maximum non toxic concentration has been established and this concentration has been used in the anti herpes assay, in vitro. Mechanism of action for this molecule regarding the anti-herpes activity has been studied encompassing the following assays: virucidal activity, cellular receptor assay, penetration assay and intracellular assay, in order to understand the activity for this natural product.

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C-X-C motif chemokine 16, modulated by microRNA-545, aggravates myocardial damage and affects the inflammatory responses in myocardial infarction

Human Genomics ◽

10.1186/s40246-021-00314-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fang-Qian Liang ◽

Jing-Yuan Gao ◽

Ji-Wei Liu

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Cell Model ◽

Myocardial Damage ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Luciferase Reporter ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Human Cardiomyocytes

Abstract Background Myocardial infarction (MI), a common type of coronary heart disease, is the major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Chemokine-mediated inflammatory cell infiltration and local inflammatory damage response are recent research hotspots. Hence, we attempted to examine the role of C-X-C motif chemokine 16 (CXCL16) as a potential candidate in MI. Methods Human cardiomyocytes were treated with hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) to establish an in vitro cell model. GEO database provided the clinical data of MI patients and GSEA verified the relationship of chemokine and MI. CCK-8 and flow cytometry analyses were used to measure cell viability and apoptosis. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay were conducted to determine the correlation between CXCL16 and miR-545. qRT-PCR and western blot assays were performed to investigate the expression level of the indicated genes. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10 were explored using ELISA assay. Results CXCL16 was increased in MI. CXCL16 knockdown can reverse the inhibitory effect of H/R treatment on cell viability, while overexpression of CXCL16 showed the opposite trend. MiR-545 directly targeted CXCL16 and negatively regulated CXCL16 levels. MiR-545 promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in the MI cell model, which attenuated the CXCL16-induced injury on cardiomyocytes. Conclusion These findings demonstrated that CXCL16 aggravated MI damage through being directly targeted by miR-545 and mediating inflammatory responses, thereby providing potential therapeutic targets for MI therapy.

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Protective Effects of Linearthin and Other Chalcone Derivatives from Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos) against UVB Induced Oxidative Stress and Toxicity in Human Skin Cells

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10091936 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1936

Author(s):

Akeem O. Akinfenwa ◽

Naeem S. Abdul ◽

Jeanine L. Marnewick ◽

Ahmed A. Hussein

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Cell Line ◽

Metabolic Activity ◽

Free Radical Scavengers ◽

Uvb Irradiation ◽

Skin Cells ◽

Aspalathus Linearis ◽

Pre Treatment

Skin cells suffer continuous damage from chronic exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) that may result in UV-induced oxidative stress and skin thinning. This has necessitated the formulation of cosmeceutical products rich in natural antioxidants and free radical scavengers. Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) is an endemic South African fynbos plant growing naturally in the Western Cape region. The plant is rich in phenolics and other bioactives with a wide spectrum of health benefits. The chemical study of an acetonic extract of green A. linearis afforded a novel compound named linearthin (1) and two known dihydrochalcones, aspalathin (2) and nothofagin (3). The chemical structure of the novel compound was elucidated based on spectroscopic data analysis. The bio-evaluation of the isolated chalcones in vitro for protection against UVB-induced oxidative stress were systematically assessed by examining cell viability, metabolic activity, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity using HaCaT and SK-MEL-1 skin cells models. It was observed that pre-treatment with tested samples for 4- and 24 h at low concentrations were sufficient to protect skin cells from UVB-induced damage in vitro as evidenced by higher cell viability and improved metabolic activity in both keratinocytes (HaCaT) and melanocytes (SK-MEL-1). The results further show that the pre-treatment regimen employed by this study involved some degree of cellular adaptation as evidenced by higher levels of reduced glutathione with a concomitant decrease in lipid peroxidation and lowered caspase 3 activity. Furthermore, compound 1 was most cytoprotective against UVB irradiation of HaCaT cell line (over 24 h) with an IC50 of 282 µg/mL and SK-MEL-1 cell line with IC50 values of 248.3 and 142.6 µg/mL over 4 and 24 h, respectively. On the other hand, HaCaT cells exposed to 2 over 4 h before UVB irradiation showed the highest degree of cytoprotection with an IC50 of 398.9 µg/mL among the four studied samples. These results show that linearthin (1) and the two glycoside dihydrochalcone of A. linearis have the potential to be further developed as antioxidant cosmeceutical ingredients that may protect skin against UVB-induced damage.

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