Yeast Concentration, pH, and Fermentation Time on the Production and Concentration of Bioethanol Made from Sargassum crassifolium  as a Renewable Energy Source

Sargassum crassifolium is one type of brown algae which has many benefits and has a high economic value. It has a relatively short harvest age. It is widespread in Indonesia's marine waters with high production potential, but the production is still largely from the harvest of natural supplies. Sargassum contains a lot of alginate polysaccharides that are used for food-beverage, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. In addition, it also contains other types of polysaccharides namely cellulose (part of the cell wall), manithol (as stored carbohydrates) and fucoidan. The cellulose content in Sargassum ranges from 23.97 to 35.22%. Thus, it can be processed into a raw material in the production of bioethanol. The results of the research showed that the yeast concentration 3%, the medium pH 7, and fermentation time 72 hours gave the best results in increasing the production and content of bioethanol made from Sargassum crasifolium.

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THE EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF ACID CATALYST AND TIME ON % YIELD OF BIOETHANOL FROM ELEPHANT GRASS (Pennistum Purpureum Schumach)

Jurnal Distilasi ◽

10.32502/jd.v4i2.2210 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Netty - Herawati

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Bioethanol Production ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Cattle Feed ◽

Good Nutrition ◽

High Cellulose

Elephant gass is cattle feed that contains good nutrition. One of its uses is converted into an energy source in the form bioethanol, Elephant grass has a high cellulose content reaching 40,85%, therefore elephant grass has the potential to be used as raw material in manufacture of bioethanol through the process of acid hydrolysis and fermentation. In research on percent yield of bioethanol from elephant grass chemically carried out at fixed conditions : grass weight 100 gr, temperature 100oC, water 1 liter, H2SO4 30 ml, hydrolysis timw 2 hours and conditions change : fermentation time 4,6,8 (day), saccharomyces cerevisiae starter 7%, 9%, 11%, 13%, HCl and H2SO4 catalys. From the research on chemical bioethanol production from elephant grass we got the best percent yield at 6 days of fermentation, 11% saccharomyces cerevisiae, HCl catalys which was 17,30%Keywords: bioethanol, fermentation, elephant grass,

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Pemanfaatan Sampah Sayur Dari Pasar Tradisional Untuk Produksi Bioetanol

Jurnal Serambi Engineering ◽

10.32672/jse.v5i3.2075 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Novirina Hendrasarie ◽

Dimas Eka Mahendra

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Economic Value ◽

Carbohydrate Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Vegetable Waste ◽

Waste Generation ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Two Factors

Vegetables that do not sell and rotten will be thrown away. This makes the volume of waste increases every day. Vegetable waste that is no longer being sold, could reprocessed into useful products and selling value. The purpose of this research is to use vegetable waste to become bioethanol raw material, which have economic value. The selected vegetable waste was from potatoes, carrots, cabbage, cassava, chicory, and green mustard, because they have higher carbohydrate content than other vegetable waste. The bioethanol product produced will be measured by its bioethanol content and fermentation time. These two factors, affect the quality of the bioethanol produced. The microorganism used in this study was Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These microorganisms are in bread yeast and tape yeast, which are also examined for their effectiveness in the production of this vegetable waste bioethanol. From this study, producing bioethanol with the highest ethanol content of 15% v / v, produced in the interaction of bread yeast and 6 days’ fermentation time. Meanwhile, from the production using yeast tape, obtained ethanol levels of 13% v / v. Bioethanol from vegetable waste is not only to reduce the burden of waste generation, but can be used as an alternative energy to replace fuel.

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The Effect of Type and Concentration Yeast with Fermentation Time and Liquifaction Variations on the Bioethanol Concentration Resulted by Sorgum Seeds with Hydrolysis and Fermentation Processes

Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience ◽

10.1166/jctn.2019.8591 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. 5228-5232

Author(s):

Kiagus A. Roni ◽

Dorie Kartika ◽

Hasyirullah Apriyadi ◽

Netty Herawati

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Fermentation Process ◽

Rhizopus Oryzae ◽

Process Variations ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Hydrolysis Method ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Starch Composition ◽

Yeast Concentration

Sorghum is one of the plants that can be used as raw material for making bioethanol. Sorghum has seeds with a starch composition of 73.8%, which is potential as a raw material for making bioethanol. Sorghum starch can be converted into bioethanol through the hydrolysis process (the process of converting carbohydrates into glucose) which consists of liquefaction and saccharification processes and is followed by a fermentation process. The hydrolysis method is carried out enzymatically. In this study alpha amylase and gluco amylase enzymes were used with various types of yeast including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus oryzae, Acetobacter xylinum, Mucor sp, and Aspergilus niger which varied with liquefaction temperatures including 80, 85, 90, 95, and 100 °C. Obtained the most optimal yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae with an optimal temperature of 95 °C resulting in a bioethanol concentration of 4.3%. After getting the optimal yeast and temperature, the fermentation step of the two variables is used in the next step. In the fermentation process, variations of yeast concentration and duration of fermentation were used, the optimum yeast concentration was at 2.5% with 48 hours of fermentation resulting in bioethanol concentration of 11%.

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Produksi Crude Selulase dari Limbah Kayu Mahoni Menggunakan Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan ◽

10.33795/jtkl.v3i1.86 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 39 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sri Rulianah ◽

Christyfani Sindhuwati ◽

Prayitno Prayitno

Keyword(s):

Phanerochaete Chrysosporium ◽

Incubation Time ◽

Economic Value ◽

Cellulase Activity ◽

Cellulase Production ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Size Reduction ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Activity Test

Limbah kayu mahoni dapat dikategorikan sebagai limbah lignoselulosa yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan biofuel, seperti bioetanol. Selulosa pada limbah kayu mahoni dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku produksi crude selulase dengan bantuan kapang Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Crude selulase yang dihasilkan memiliki nilai ekonomis yang tinggi dan dapat dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai bidang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu fermentasi dan penambahan konsentrasi serbuk kayu mahoni terhadap aktivitas crude selulase, dan untuk mengetahui kondisi operasi terbaik sehingga diperoleh crude selulase dengan aktivitas yang tertinggi. Produksi crude selulase dari limbah kayu mahoni melalui beberapa tahapan yaitu, size reduction, peremajaan dan pembuatan inokulum kapang Phanerocheate chrysosporium, produksi crude selulase dan uji aktivitas selulase dengan metode DNS. Variabel berubah pada penelitian ini adalah % penambahan serbuk kayu mahoni pada media pembuatan crude selulase yaitu 5%, 6% dan 7%, dan waktu inkubasi pembuatan crude selulase yaitu 9, 11, 13, 15 dan 17 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, semakin lama waktu fermentasi, dan semakin tinggi jumlah penambahan serbuk kayu mahoni, maka aktivitas selulase yang dihasilkan semakin tinggi. Kondisi operasi terbaik diperoleh pada waktu inkubasi selama 17 hari, dan jumlah penambahan serbuk kayu mahoni 7% , diperoleh aktivitas crude selulase sebesar 39,034 U/ml.Mahogany waste can be categorized as lignocelluloses waste which can be used as raw material of biofuel such as bioethanol. Cellulose in mahogany can also be utilized as crude cellulose raw material with the help of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Crude selulase produced has high economic value and can be utilized in many sectors. This research is aim to determine the effect of fermentation time and the addition of mahogany concentration on crude cellulase activity, and to determine the best operating conditions. Crude cellulase production from waste of mahogany through several steps, those are size reduction, rejuvenation and inoculum production of Phanerocheate chrysosporium, crude cellulase production and activity test with DNS method. The variable in this experiment was the precentage of mahogany powder added on crude cellulase production media which was 5%, 6% and 7%, and incubation time of crude cellulase production which were 9, 11, 13, 15 and 17 days. The experiment shows that the highest cellulase activity was at concentration of mahogany powder of 7% with incubation time of 17days as 39,034 U/ml.

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ANALYSIS FOR POTENCY AND PRODUCTION OF GRANULE ORGANIC FERTILIZER BASED ON MANURE

Jurnal Rekayasa Lingkungan ◽

10.29122/jrl.v7i2.1951 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Firman L. Sahwan

Keyword(s):

Organic Material ◽

Organic Materials ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cow Manure ◽

Production Potential ◽

Natural Organic Material ◽

Very High

Organic materials that are generally used as raw material for organic fertilizer granules (POG) is a natural organic material that has been degrade, smooth and dry. One of the main raw materials are always used with a very high percentage of usage, is manure. Manure potential in Indonesia is very high, amounting to 113.6 million tons per year, or 64.7 million tons per year to the island of Java. From this amount, it will be generated numbers POG production potential of 17.5 million tons per year (total Indonesia) or 9.9 million tons per year for the island of Java. While the realistic POG production predictions figures made from raw manure is 2.5 million tons annually, a figure that has been unable to meet the number requirement of POG greater than 4 million tons per year. Therefore, in producing POG, it should be to maximize the using of the potential of other organic materials so that the use of manure can be saved. With the use of a small amount of manure (maximum 30% for cow manure), it would be useful also to avoid the production of POG with high Fe content.keywods: organic material, manure, granule organic fertilizer

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Brewers’ spent grain as substrate for dextran biosynthesis by Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides DSM20193 and Weissella confusa A16

Microbial Cell Factories ◽

10.1186/s12934-021-01515-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Prabin Koirala ◽

Ndegwa Henry Maina ◽

Hanna Nihtilä ◽

Kati Katina ◽

Rossana Coda

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Viscosity Increase ◽

Spent Grain ◽

Leuconostoc Pseudomesenteroides ◽

Weissella Confusa

Abstract Background Lactic acid bacteria can synthesize dextran and oligosaccharides with different functionality, depending on the strain and fermentation conditions. As natural structure-forming agent, dextran has proven useful as food additive, improving the properties of several raw materials with poor technological quality, such as cereal by-products, fiber-and protein-rich matrices, enabling their use in food applications. In this study, we assessed dextran biosynthesis in situ during fermentation of brewers´ spent grain (BSG), the main by-product of beer brewing industry, with Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides DSM20193 and Weissella confusa A16. The starters performance and the primary metabolites formed during 24 h of fermentation with and without 4% sucrose (w/w) were followed. Results The starters showed similar growth and acidification kinetics, but different sugar utilization, especially in presence of sucrose. Viscosity increase in fermented BSG containing sucrose occurred first after 10 h, and it kept increasing until 24 h concomitantly with dextran formation. Dextran content after 24 h was approximately 1% on the total weight of the BSG. Oligosaccharides with different degree of polymerization were formed together with dextran from 10 to 24 h. Three dextransucrase genes were identified in L. pseudomesenteroides DSM20193, one of which was significantly upregulated and remained active throughout the fermentation time. One dextransucrase gene was identified in W. confusa A16 also showing a typical induction profile, with highest upregulation at 10 h. Conclusions Selected lactic acid bacteria starters produced significant amount of dextran in brewers’ spent grain while forming oligosaccharides with different degree of polymerization. Putative dextransucrase genes identified in the starters showed a typical induction profile. Formation of dextran and oligosaccharides in BSG during lactic acid bacteria fermentation can be tailored to achieve specific technological properties of this raw material, contributing to its reintegration into the food chain.

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Utilization of Cumbeba (Tacinga inamoena) Residue: Drying Kinetics and Effect of Process Conditions on Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10040788 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 788

Author(s):

João Paulo de Lima Ferreira ◽

Alexandre José de Melo Queiroz ◽

Rossana Maria Feitosa de Figueirêdo ◽

Wilton Pereira da Silva ◽

Josivanda Palmeira Gomes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Drying Kinetics ◽

Raw Material ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Temperature Range ◽

Water Diffusivity ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Effective Water

The residue generated from the processing of Tacinga inamoena (cumbeba) fruit pulp represents a large amount of material that is discarded without proper application. Despite that, it is a raw material that is source of ascorbic acid, carotenoids and phenolic compounds, which are valued in nutraceutical diets for allegedly combating free radicals generated in metabolism. This research paper presents a study focused on the mathematical modeling of drying kinetics and the effect of the process on the level of bioactive of cumbeba residue. The experiments of cumbeba residue drying (untreated or whole residue (WR), crushed residue (CR) and residue in the form of foam (FR)) were carried out in a fixed-bed dryer at four air temperatures (50, 60, 70 and 80 °C). Effective water diffusivity (Deff) was determined by the inverse method and its dependence on temperature was described by an Arrhenius-type equation. It was observed that, regardless of the type of pretreatment, the increase in air temperature resulted in higher rate of water removal. The Midilli model showed better simulation of cumbeba residue drying kinetics than the other models tested within the experimental temperature range studied. Effective water diffusivity (Deff) ranged from 6.4890 to 11.1900 × 10−6 m2/s, 2.9285 to 12.754 × 10−9 m2/s and 1.5393 × 10−8 to 12.4270 × 10−6 m2/s with activation energy of 22.3078, 46.7115 and 58.0736 kJ/mol within the temperature range of 50–80 °C obtained for the whole cumbeba, crushed cumbeba and cumbeba residue in the form of foam, respectively. In relation to bioactive compounds, it was observed that for a fixed temperature the whole residue had higher retention of bioactive compounds, especially phenolic compounds, whereas the crushed residue and the residue in the form of foam had intermediate and lower levels, respectively. This study provides evidence that cumbeba residue in its whole form can be used for the recovery of natural antioxidant bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, with the possibility of application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

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Economic and Sustainability of Biodiesel Production—A Systematic Literature Review

Clean Technologies ◽

10.3390/cleantechnol3010002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 19-36

Author(s):

Tamás Mizik ◽

Gábor Gyarmati

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Systematic Literature Review ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

First Generation ◽

Production Costs ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Important Research Topic ◽

The Social ◽

High Production

As Earth’s fossil energy resources are limited, there is a growing need for renewable resources such as biodiesel. That is the reason why the social, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels became an important research topic in the last decade. Depleted stocks of crude oil and the significant level of environmental pollution encourage researchers and professionals to seek and find solutions. The study aims to analyze the economic and sustainability issues of biodiesel production by a systematic literature review. During this process, 53 relevant studies were analyzed out of 13,069 identified articles. Every study agrees that there are several concerns about the first-generation technology; however, further generations cannot be price-competitive at this moment due to the immature technology and high production costs. However, there are promising alternatives, such as wastewater-based microalgae with up to 70% oil content, fat, oils and grease (FOG), when production cost is below 799 USD/gallon, and municipal solid waste-volatile fatty acids technology, where the raw material is free. Proper management of the co-products (mainly glycerol) is essential, especially at the currently low petroleum prices (0.29 USD/L), which can only be handled by the biorefineries. Sustainability is sometimes translated as cost efficiency, but the complex interpretation is becoming more common. Common elements of sustainability are environmental and social, as well as economic, issues.

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Assessment of Pellets from Three Forest Species: From Raw Material to End Use

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12040447 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 447

Author(s):

Miguel Alfonso Quiñones-Reveles ◽

Víctor Manuel Ruiz-García ◽

Sarai Ramos-Vargas ◽

Benedicto Vargas-Larreta ◽

Omar Masera-Cerutti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Ash Content ◽

Hot Water ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

End Use ◽

The Impact

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the relationship between chemical properties, energy efficiency, and emissions of wood and pellets from madroño Arbutus xalapensis Kunth, tázcate Juniperus deppeana Steud, and encino colorado Quercus sideroxyla Humb. & Bonpl. in two gasifiers (top-lit-up-draft (T-LUD) and electricity generation wood camp stove (EGWCS)) in order to determine the reduction of footprint carbon. In accordance with conventional methodologies, we determined the extracts and chemical components (lignin, cellulose, holocellulose), and the immediate analyses were carried out (volatile materials, fixed carbon, ash content and microanalysis of said ash), as well as the evaluation of emission factors (total suspended particulate matter (PM2.5), CO, CO2, CH4, black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC)). The results were statistically analyzed to compare each variable among species and gasifiers. The raw material analyzed showed how the pH ranged from 5.01 to 5.57, and the ash content ranged between 0.39 and 0.53%. The content values of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca ranged from 0.08 to 0.22, 0.18 to 0.19, 0.38 to 0.84, 1.75 to 1.90, and 3.62 to 3.74 mg kg−1, respectively. The extractive ranges from cyclohexane were 2.48–4.79%, acetone 2.42–4.08%, methanol 3.17–7.99%, and hot water 2.12–4.83%. The range of lignin was 18.08–28.60%. The cellulose content ranged from 43.30 to 53.90%, and holocellulose from 53.50 to 64.02%. The volatile material range was 81.2–87.42%, while fixed carbon was 11.30–17.48%; the higher heating value (HHV) of raw material and pellets presented the ranges 17.68–20.21 and 19.72–21.81 MJ kg−1, respectively. Thermal efficiency showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between pellets and gasifiers, with an average of 31% Tier 3 in ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for the T-LUD and 14% (ISO Tier 1) for EGWCS, with Arbutus xalapensis being the species with the highest energy yield. The use of improved combustion devices, as well as that of selected raw material species, can reduce the impact of global warming by up to 33% on a cooking task compared to the three-stone burner.

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Testing Study on the Influence Factors to the Straw Pellet Fuel Broken Strength

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.786 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 448-453 ◽

pp. 786-790

Author(s):

Wei Gao ◽

Rong Fei Zhao ◽

Qing Yu Liu ◽

Xu Wei Bai

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Optimal Parameter ◽

Influence Factors ◽

Raw Material ◽

Single Factor ◽

Quadratic Regression ◽

Corn Straw ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Optimization Parameter ◽

Single Factor Experiment

This paper take link mold pellet pelletizer to carry on the pellet fuel manufacture experiment with corn straw stalk. The influence of moisture content, material size and fermentation time impact on broken strength is studied by single factor experiment. Through quadratic regression orthogonal rotating combination experiment, establish mathematics equation of the factors and the straw pellet fuel broken strength and analyze the important degree of each experimental factor impact on the granulation rate. Through the optimized computation, definite optimization parameter of the highest broken strength is that raw material moisture content is 20%, fermentation time is 4h and particle size is 2.5mm. The result of verifying experiment indicat that the optimal parameter combination and the predict data measured were consistent.

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