scholarly journals Analisis Audit Energi Terhadap Intensitas Konsumsi Energi Listrik Sistem Pencahayaan dan Sistem Penyimpanan Ikan di Cold Storage Kabupaten Malang

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Asfari Hariz Santoso ◽  
Ahmad Hermawan ◽  
Sugeng Harianto
Keyword(s):  
Power Quality ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Web Based ◽  
One Year ◽  
Total Usage

Nowadays energy has a very important role in the life of human civilization. One of the energy that is still widely used and almost cannot be reduced from the community is electrical energy. Energy audit is one of the processes in managing energy use to become more efficient. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential for energy savings that can be carried out optimally and accurately in Cold Storage, Malang Regency. This study uses data collection methods with Web-based Power Quality Meter PM5110 and account data from energy use during the period June 2020 to May 2021. Data retrieval using a Web-based Power Quality Meter PM5110 which is carried out for 24 hours on weekdays, then the total consumption of kWh in one day reached 119,538 kWh, while the total usage of kWh in one month is 3586.14 kWh for the month of June and for the total usage for the period of one year is 43631.37 kWh. Regarding the value of energy consumption kWh in a period of one year, it can be generated by dividing the total energy consumed by the building in one year by the total gross floor area of the building. Based on the results of the IKE calculation in the Cold Storage Building, Malang Regency from the results before the recommendation of 34.91 kWh/m2/year and for the result after the recommendation is 174,841 kWh/m2/year, which is included in the very efficient category according to the ASEAN USAID 1987 standard. For energy saving opportunities in the lighting system and cooling system, it can be done by using energy-efficient lamps and changing the operating pattern in the cooling room.

scholarly journals Energy Savings in an Office Building with High WWR Using Glazing Systems Combining Thermochromic and Electrochromic Layers

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 3020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Detsi ◽  
Aris Manolitsis ◽  
Ioannis Atsonios ◽  
Ioannis Mandilaras ◽  
Maria Founti
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
G Value

This paper assesses energy savings in terms of heating, cooling, and artificial lighting achieved in an office building with a high Window to Wall Ratio (WWR), located in Athens and Stockholm. Six different configurations of triple pane windows combining thermochromic, electrochromic, and low-e coatings in Insulated Glass Units (IGUs) are examined to quantify the potential of increasing energy savings in office buildings. The combination of electrochromic and thermochromic layers on the outer pane of the triple IGU, achieved an 18.5% and 8.1% reduction in annual primary energy use for Athens and Stockholm, respectively. The used switching strategy ensured the visual comfort of the employees and provided adequate daylight in both cases. It was found that in Stockholm the cooling system can be downsized considerably, achieving important cost reduction in the HVAC system. The analysis also takes into account the reduction of thermal storage in the building envelope due to the switchable windows. This reduction is beneficial in the case of Athens, but it can reduce energy savings in Stockholm. Therefore, for colder climates, it is important to increase window heat gains through the development of layers with higher g-value in the clear state and through the application of appropriate switching strategies.

An Investigation Into Cooling System Control Strategies for Data Center Airflow Containment Architectures

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Patterson ◽  
Rainer Weidmann ◽  
Markus Leberecht ◽  
Manuel Mair ◽  
Richard M. Libby
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
System Control ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Containment Strategy

Data Center efficiency is critical to successful operation of today’s large IT installations. The reduction of infrastructure energy use will allow an increase in IT carrying capacity and / or a reduction in operating costs. The cooling portion of the data center Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) can represent a significant cost and energy burden to the data center. The use of containment hardware (hot aisle, chimney, or cold aisle containment) is a good step in reducing the Data Center PUE; however the specifics of the implementation remains a challenge and some legacy controls strategies limit the efficacy of their use. The most typical control scheme in today’s data center is the return airflow temperature modulating a linked supply temperature and airflow. This control scheme is unsuitable for an advanced data center and limits the efficiency that can be gained with the containment strategy. But the optimal control scheme for a containment strategy remains a matter of discussion and debate. This paper reports on testing performed at our collaborative data center test lab facility in Munich, Germany where we have explored three different control designs for a containment strategy. The primary goal for energy savings in a containment strategy is to provide just enough cool air to the servers such that the server fans are satisfied without causing any recirculation to occur from the hot side of the containment. We investigated control based on temperature, pressure, and velocity measurements. The specifics of each are discussed as well as recommendations for choosing the appropriate controls. Practical considerations as well as system implementation recommendations are also shared. Each strategy can be made to work but the pressure control scenario provided the best level of control.

scholarly journals Energy and Greenhouse Gas Savings for LEED-Certified U.S. Office Buildings

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 749
Author(s):  
John H. Scofield ◽  
Susannah Brodnitz ◽  
Jakob Cornell ◽  
Tian Liang ◽  
Thomas Scofield
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Site Energy ◽  
New Construction

In this work, we present results from the largest study of measured, whole-building energy performance for commercial LEED-certified buildings, using 2016 energy use data that were obtained for 4417 commercial office buildings (114 million m2) from municipal energy benchmarking disclosures for 10 major U.S. cities. The properties included 551 buildings (31 million m2) that we identified as LEED-certified. Annual energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission were compared between LEED and non-LEED offices on a city-by-city basis and in aggregate. In aggregate, LEED offices demonstrated 11% site energy savings but only 7% savings in source energy and GHG emission. LEED offices saved 26% in non-electric energy but demonstrated no significant savings in electric energy. LEED savings in GHG and source energy increased to 10% when compared with newer, non-LEED offices. We also compared the measured energy savings for individual buildings with their projected savings, as determined by LEED points awarded for energy optimization. This analysis uncovered minimal correlation, i.e., an R2 < 1% for New Construction (NC) and Core and Shell (CS), and 8% for Existing Euildings (EB). The total measured site energy savings for LEED-NC and LEED-CS was 11% lower than projected while the total measured source energy savings for LEED-EB was 81% lower than projected. Only LEED offices certified at the gold level demonstrated statistically significant savings in source energy and greenhouse gas emissions as compared with non-LEED offices.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of an Ultrasonic Humidifier to Control Humidity in a Cold Storage Room for Postharvest Quality Management of Dates

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 949
Author(s):  
Maged Mohammed ◽  
Nashi Alqahtani ◽  
Hamadttu El-Shafie
Keyword(s):  
Quality Management ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Storage Room ◽  
Ultrasonic Humidifier

Dates are subjected to postharvest losses in quality and quantity caused by water loss, fermentation, insect infestation, and microbial spoilage during storage. Cold storage is the main element in the postharvest quality management used for fruit preservation. Although cold storage is used for dates, precision control of the relative humidity (RH) using ultrasonic applications is not used thus far, or it is applied to other fruits on a small scale. Therefore, we designed and constructed an ultrasonic humidifier (DUH) for RH control in the cold storage room (CSR) of dates. The optimum air velocity of 3 m s−1 at the outlets of the DUH ducts produced a mist amount of 6.8 kg h-1 with an average droplet diameter of 4.26 ± 1.43 µm at the applied voltage of 48 V and frequency of 2600 kHz of the transducers. The experimental validation was carried out by comparing a CSR controlled with the DUH with two conventional CSRs. The three tested CSRs were similar in dimensions, cooling system, and amount of stored dates. The time required for cooling 800 kg of dates in the controlled CSR from 25 °C to the target temperature of 5 °C was approximately 48 h. The DUH precisely controlled the RH at the maximum RH set point of 80% in the tested CSR at 5 °C. The controlled RH at 80% has a positive impact on the physicochemical characteristics of the stored dates. It significantly reduced the weight loss of the fruits and preserved fruit mass, moisture content, water activity, firmness, and color parameters. However, no significant effect was observed on fruit dimensions, sphericity, and aspect ratio. The microbial loads of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, molds, and yeasts fell within the acceptable limits in all tested CSRs. Both stored date fruits and artificially infested dates showed no signs of insect activity in the controlled CSR at the temperature of 5 °C and RH of 80%. The DUH proved to be a promising technology for postharvest quality management for dates during cold storage.

scholarly journals Impacts on Indoor Thermal Comfort and Heating Energy Use in Hellenic Dwellings from Occupant Behavioral Reactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6254
Author(s):  
Elena G. Dascalaki ◽  
Constantinos A. Balaras
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Indoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
Energy Audits

In an effort to reduce the operational cost of their dwellings, occupants may even have to sacrifice their indoor thermal comfort conditions. Following the economic recession in Greece over recent years, homeowners have been forced to adapt their practices by shortening heating hours, lowering the indoor thermostat settings, isolating spaces that are not heated or even turning off their central heating system and using alternative local heating systems. This paper presents the results from over 100 occupant surveys using questionnaires and walk-through energy audits in Hellenic households that documented how occupants operated the heating systems in their dwellings and the resulting indoor thermal comfort conditions and actual energy use. The results indicate that the perceived winter thermal comfort conditions were satisfactory in only half of the dwellings, since the actual operating space heating periods averaged only 5 h (compared with the assumed 18 h in standard conditions), while less than half heated their entire dwellings and only a fifth maintained an indoor setpoint temperature of 20 °C, corresponding to standard comfort conditions. Mainstream energy conservation measures include system maintenance, switching to more efficient systems, reducing heat losses and installing controls. This information is then used to derive empirical adaptation factors for bridging the gap between the calculated and actual energy use, making more realistic estimates of the expected energy savings following building renovations, setting prudent targets for energy efficiency and developing effective plans toward a decarbonized building stock.

scholarly journals Towards Sustainable Energy Retrofitting, a Simulation for Potential Energy Use Reduction in Residential Buildings in Palestine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3876
Author(s):  
Sameh Monna ◽  
Adel Juaidi ◽  
Ramez Abdallah ◽  
Aiman Albatayneh ◽  
Patrick Dutournie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Water Heating ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Space Cooling ◽  
Cooling Loads

Since buildings are one of the major contributors to global warming, efforts should be intensified to make them more energy-efficient, particularly existing buildings. This research intends to analyze the energy savings from a suggested retrofitting program using energy simulation for typical existing residential buildings. For the assessment of the energy retrofitting program using computer simulation, the most commonly utilized residential building types were selected. The energy consumption of those selected residential buildings was assessed, and a baseline for evaluating energy retrofitting was established. Three levels of retrofitting programs were implemented. These levels were ordered by cost, with the first level being the least costly and the third level is the most expensive. The simulation models were created for two different types of buildings in three different climatic zones in Palestine. The findings suggest that water heating, space heating, space cooling, and electric lighting are the highest energy consumers in ordinary houses. Level one measures resulted in a 19–24 percent decrease in energy consumption due to reduced heating and cooling loads. The use of a combination of levels one and two resulted in a decrease of energy consumption for heating, cooling, and lighting by 50–57%. The use of the three levels resulted in a decrease of 71–80% in total energy usage for heating, cooling, lighting, water heating, and air conditioning.

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING THE EMBEDDED CARBON CHALLENGES OF BUILDING SERVICE SYSTEMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 3279-3288
Author(s):  
Maria Hein ◽  
Darren Anthony Jones ◽  
Claudia Margot Eckert
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Current System ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Service Systems ◽  
Carbon Footprints ◽  
Embodied Carbon ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Operational Energy

AbstractEnergy consumed in buildings is a main contributor to CO2 emissions, there is therefore a need to improve the energy performance of buildings, particularly commercial buildings whereby building service systems are often substantially over-designed due to the application of excess margins during the design process.The cooling system of an NHS Hospital was studied and modelled in order to identify if the system was overdesigned, and to quantify the oversizing impact on the system operational and embodied carbon footprints. Looking at the operational energy use and environmental performance of the current system as well as an alternative optimised system through appropriate modelling and calculation, the case study results indicate significant environmental impacts are caused by the oversizing of cooling system.The study also established that it is currently more difficult to obtain an estimate of the embodied carbon footprint of building service systems. It is therefore the responsibility of the machine builders to provide information and data relating to the embodied carbon of their products, which in the longer term, this is likely to become a standard industry requirement.

How mortality risk estimated by MAGGIC-HF, SHFM and BCN-Bio HF scores is modified after 12-month management in a multidisciplinary HF Clinic

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Codina ◽  
M De Antonio ◽  
E Santiago-Vacas ◽  
M Domingo ◽  
E Zamora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Estimated Risk ◽  
Contemporary Management ◽  
One Year ◽  
Missing Variables

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) contemporary management has significantly improved over the past two decades leading to better survival. How application of the contemporary HF management guidelines affects the risk of death estimated by available web-based risk scores is not elucidated. Objective To assess changes in mortality risk prediction after a after a 12-month management period in a multidisciplinary HF Clinic. Methods Out of 1,689 consecutive patients with HF admitted at our ambulatory HF Clinic from May 2006 to November 2018, those who completed one year follow-up were considered for the study. Patients without NTproBNP measurement or with more than 3 missing variables for risk estimation were excluded. Three contemporary web-based HF risk scores were evaluated: MAGGIC-HF, Seattle HF Model (SHFM) and the Barcelona Bio-HF Calculator containing NTproBNP (BCN Bio-HF). Risk of all-cause death at one year and at 3 years were calculated at baseline and re-evaluated after 12-month management in a multidsisciplinary HF Clinic. Wilcoxon paired data test was used to compare changes in mortality risk estimation over time and test equality of matched pairs for comparing estimated change among tools. 442 patients used to derive the Barcelona Bio-HF Calculator were excluded for discrimination purposes. Results 1,157 patients were included (age 65.7±12.7 years, 70.4% men). A significant reduction in mortality risk estimation was observed with the three HF risk scores evaluated at 12-months (Table). The BCN Bio-HF model showed significantly different changes in risk estimation, fact that indeed was partnered with numerically better discrimination. AUC at 1 and 3 years, respectively, were: BCN Bio-HF (0.773 and 0.775), MAGGIC HF (0.686 and 0.748) and SHFM (0.773 and 0.739). Conclusions The three web-based risk scores evaluated showed a significant reduction in mortality risk estimation after 12 month management in a multidisciplinary HF Clinic. The BCN Bio-HF score showed higher reduction in estimated risk, together with better discrimination, likely because it incorporates contemporary treatment and use of biomarkers. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Experimental investigation on PCM cold storage integrated with ejector cooling system

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangjie Chen ◽  
Mark Worall ◽  
Siddig Omer ◽  
Yuehong Su ◽  
Saffa Riffat
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Cooling System
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