scholarly journals Plant Genetics as a Tool for Manipulating Crop Microbiomes: Opportunities and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla M. Clouse ◽  
Maggie R. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Modern Breeding ◽  
Climate Crisis ◽  
Plant Microbiome ◽  
Beneficial Organisms

Growing human population size and the ongoing climate crisis create an urgent need for new tools for sustainable agriculture. Because microbiomes have profound effects on host health, interest in methods of manipulating agricultural microbiomes is growing rapidly. Currently, the most common method of microbiome manipulation is inoculation of beneficial organisms or engineered communities; however, these methods have been met with limited success due to the difficulty of establishment in complex farm environments. Here we propose genetic manipulation of the host plant as another avenue through which microbiomes could be manipulated. We discuss how domestication and modern breeding have shaped crop microbiomes, as well as the potential for improving plant-microbiome interactions through conventional breeding or genetic engineering. We summarize the current state of knowledge on host genetic control of plant microbiomes, as well as the key challenges that remain.

scholarly journals Holo-omics for deciphering plant-microbiome interactions

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Xu ◽  
Grady Pierroz ◽  
Heidi M.-L. Wipf ◽  
Cheng Gao ◽  
John W. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Data ◽  
Research Field ◽  
System Level ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Powerful Approach ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Analytical Frameworks ◽  
Plant Microbiome

AbstractHost-microbiome interactions are recognized for their importance to host health. An improved understanding of the molecular underpinnings of host-microbiome relationships will advance our capacity to accurately predict host fitness and manipulate interaction outcomes. Within the plant microbiome research field, unlocking the functional relationships between plants and their microbial partners is the next step to effectively using the microbiome to improve plant fitness. We propose that strategies that pair host and microbial datasets—referred to here as holo-omics—provide a powerful approach for hypothesis development and advancement in this area. We discuss several experimental design considerations and present a case study to highlight the potential for holo-omics to generate a more holistic perspective of molecular networks within the plant microbiome system. In addition, we discuss the biggest challenges for conducting holo-omics studies; specifically, the lack of vetted analytical frameworks, publicly available tools, and required technical expertise to process and integrate heterogeneous data. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on appropriate use-cases for holo-omics studies, the need for downstream validation, and new experimental techniques that hold promise for the plant microbiome research field. We argue that utilizing a holo-omics approach to characterize host-microbiome interactions can provide important opportunities for broadening system-level understandings and significantly inform microbial approaches to improving host health and fitness.

scholarly journals Genomics of Trypanosomatidae: Where We Stand and What Needs to Be Done?

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1124
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Yurchenko ◽  
Anzhelika Butenko ◽  
Alexei Y. Kostygov
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Standard Tool ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
State Of The Field

Trypanosomatids are easy to cultivate and they are (in many cases) amenable to genetic manipulation. Genome sequencing has become a standard tool routinely used in the study of these flagellates. In this review, we summarize the current state of the field and our vision of what needs to be done in order to achieve a more comprehensive picture of trypanosomatid evolution. This will also help to illuminate the lineage-specific proteins and pathways, which can be used as potential targets in treating diseases caused by these parasites.

scholarly journals Structure-Based Classification and Anti-Cancer Effects of Plant Metabolites

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong-Ah Shin ◽  
Sun Young Moon ◽  
Woe-Yeon Kim ◽  
Seung-Mann Paek ◽  
Hyun Ho Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Current State ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Further Development

variety of malignant cancers affect the global human population. Although a wide variety of approaches to cancer treatment have been studied and used clinically (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy), the toxic side effects of cancer therapies have a negative impact on patients and impede progress in conquering cancer. Plant metabolites are emerging as new leads for anti-cancer drug development. This review summarizes these plant metabolites with regard to their structures and the types of cancer against which they show activity, organized by the organ or tissues in which each cancer forms. This information will be helpful for understanding the current state of knowledge of the anti-cancer effects of various plant metabolites against major types of cancer for the further development of novel anti-cancer drugs.

scholarly journals THE CURRENT STATE AND LATEST TRENDS OF THE UKRAINIAN DAIRY SECTOR

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (2) ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
Anna Gereles ◽  
László Szőllősi
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Current State ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Significant Achievement ◽  
The Eu

The global dairy sector is currently going through a period of turbulence. Global human population growth is substantially increasing the demand for dairy products. Our study stresses the importance of the dairy industry in the agriculture of the Ukraine and its national economy. It aims at identifying and describing the latest trends in the Ukrainian dairy industry. While the Ukrainian dairy sector is currently dealing with a number of challenges, we are looking for a number of opportunities for Ukrainian dairy producers to strengthen their competitiveness in the EU and global market, as well as maintain and expand their position on the domestic market. The dairy industry is one of the major industries in the Ukraine and, before the crisis, this segment demonstrated a trend towards its active development, but the situation in the dairy sector has become more complicated since 2014. The biggest problem for the dairy sector was the loss of the Russian market, which accounted for about 80% of exports of dairy products. However, the growth of cow productivity became a significant achievement of the dairy sector. Today, the main challenge for the dairy industry is finding new export markets and developing existing markets.

scholarly journals From Genome Sequencing to CRISPR-Based Genome Editing for Climate-Resilient Forest Trees

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 966
Author(s):  
Hieu Xuan Cao ◽  
Giang Thi Ha Vu ◽  
Oliver Gailing
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Forest Sustainability ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Modern Breeding ◽  
Selection Of

Due to the economic and ecological importance of forest trees, modern breeding and genetic manipulation of forest trees have become increasingly prevalent. The CRISPR-based technology provides a versatile, powerful, and widely accepted tool for analyzing gene function and precise genetic modification in virtually any species but remains largely unexplored in forest species. Rapidly accumulating genetic and genomic resources for forest trees enabled the identification of numerous genes and biological processes that are associated with important traits such as wood quality, drought, or pest resistance, facilitating the selection of suitable gene editing targets. Here, we introduce and discuss the latest progress, opportunities, and challenges of genome sequencing and editing for improving forest sustainability.

scholarly journals Human health in education for sustainable development

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Ligia Tuszyńska ◽  
Agnieszka Pawlak
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Current State ◽  
Education Leaders ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Climate Crisis

The development of civilization that is so advantageous for the humankind on one hand makes also the human being to forget that they are part of nature and live in natural environment. The paper presents dependencies and determinants between the society’s health and natural environment. The history of shaping the conception of changes, that sustainable development and education of the society are, shows that the level of social awareness increases slowly, while new threats for health appear quickly. The human influence on natural environment still has a lot of negative consequences, including threats for human health. The pollution of natural environment causing climate crisis became a highly publicized topic in the media but there are still few decisive actions undertaken to foster the protection of natural environment and, at the same time, better health protection and comfort of living. In conclusion, the authors, on the basis of the statement that only higher ecological and health awareness can change the current state of affairs, which has lately become a strong demand of younger generation, point out the importance of social pedagogy in preparing teachers and education leaders in local communities.

Integrating use of beneficial organisms with chemical crop protection

1988 ◽  
Vol 318 (1189) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Beneficial Insects ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Beneficial Organisms

The selectivity of insecticides, particularly of pyrethroids, is described and possibilities are proposed for further development of selectivity. The production of beneficial organisms resistant to pesticides by techniques including genetic manipulation is discussed. Preliminary studies on the use of semiochemicals to improve the efficiency of entomophagous pathogens in controlling pest infestations, and for monitoring and manipulating populations of beneficial insects, are described. The prospects for genetic manipulation of crop plants to improve predation and parasitism of pests are also discussed.

scholarly journals Signalling of Rhizosphere Micobiomes: Benign and Malign Borders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhoshmita Mondal ◽  
Sibasish Baksi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Soil Rhizosphere ◽  
And Function ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Plant Microbiome

Signalling is a strongly influenced area trending to be applied in almost every focus of biological sciences. The part of signalling or communication from cellular level to a whole organism including plant as well as animal drags a vast diversity of wealthy structural compounds. There is immense demand for new bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical, agro and food industries. Plant-associated microbes present an attractive and promising source. The concept of the microbiome and the significance it has to host health, diseases state, and the role of immune have been the hub of research that has led to advances in our understanding of the massive power of the small unseen majority of the microbes (Peterson Andrew H., 2013). Before we say about microbiome—plant relation, it is important to first understand the working concept of the microbiome. Every organism on earth counts on their neighbours to sustain life.  Microbiome can be considered a community of microorgasims who can prove to be loveable and hateful. The analysis of microbiome structure and function was protagonise in studies of human hosts and has been extensively documented as essential to genetic and functional capacity attributed to the host, comprehending aspects of metabolism and physiology. Plants are crowded with microbial organisms, counting those that colonize internal tissues, also those that adhere to external surfaces. The wide diversity of microorganisms in the soil rhizosphere is collectively plant–soil-associated microbes cover the plant microbiome. The intricate involvement of microbiome serves to plant health and as a tank of additional genes that plants can access when needed.

scholarly journals In View of Today’s Realities: What should any Work with the Plant World Actually Gain us?

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sener Akinci
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Plant Biochemistry ◽  
The World ◽  
Climate Crisis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Important Evidence

Studies on plants are important evidence not only for their diversity and richness in the world, but also for revealing the relationship between the environment and the organisms. How important are the concepts of climate crisis and global warming? What is the number of people in the world, other than scientists, who are aware of the seriousness of the problem? Do we have any information about the number of people who have knowledge about what can be done? Do we want to experience the carbon richness of millions of years ago (Carboniferous) again? Let's not forget that this reality, which seems to be an advantageous situation at first glance, has actually been moved to a platform where today's leaders discuss the effects of climate balance. We need more and more plants all over the planet. With the increase in the human population, it is time to change our prejudices about “uncertain or suspicious” plants to be used. Could some toxic metabolites be usable or even edible by appropriate treatments? Can countries that are lucky in terms of endemic species make better use of these reserves? Plant biochemistry studies should be encouraged in this respect.In addition, there is evidence that the consumption of a large number of products that we use as food causes health problems that we do not know yet, but which can increase greatly with daily use and even be fatal when contaminated by pathogenic organisms.

scholarly journals Host genetic and environmental factors shape the human gut resistome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.I. Le Roy ◽  
R.C. E. Bowyer ◽  
V.R. Carr ◽  
R. Costeira ◽  
J.E. Castillo-Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Environmental Exposures ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding and controlling the spread of antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest challenges of modern medicine. To this end many efforts focus on characterising the human resistome or the set of antibiotic resistance determinants within the microbiome of an individual. Aside from antibiotic use, other host environmental and genetic factors that may shape the resistome remain relatively underexplored.MethodsUsing gut metagenome data from 250 TwinsUK female twins, we quantified known antibiotic resistance genes to estimate gut microbiome antibiotic resistance potential for 41 types of antibiotics and resistance mechanisms. Using heritability modelling, we assessed the influence of host genetic and environmental factors on the gut resistome. We then explored links between gut resistome, host health and specific environmental exposures using linear mixed effect models adjusted for age, BMI, alpha diversity and family structure.ResultsWe considered gut microbiome antibiotic resistance to 21 classes of antibiotics, for which resistance genes were detected in over 90% of our population sample. Using twin modelling, we estimated that on average about 25% of resistome variability could be attributed to host genetic influences. Greatest heritability estimates were observed for resistance potential to acriflavine (70%), dalfopristin (51%), clindamycin (48%), aminocoumarin (48%) and the total score summing across all antibiotic resistance genes (38%). As expected, the majority of resistome variability was attributed to host environmental factors specific to an individual. We compared antibiotic resistance profiles to multiple environmental exposures, lifestyle and health factors. The strongest associations were observed with alcohol and vegetable consumption, followed by high cholesterol medication and antibiotic usage. Overall, inter-individual variation in host environment showed modest associations with antibiotic resistance profiles, and host health status had relatively minor signals.ConclusionOur results identify host genetic and environmental influences on the human gut resistome. The findings improve our knowledge of human factors that influence the spread of antibiotic resistance genes and may contribute towards helping to attenuate it.

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