scholarly journals Antimicrobial Peptides: A New Hope in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Fields

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Moretta ◽  
Carmen Scieuzo ◽  
Anna Maria Petrone ◽  
Rosanna Salvia ◽  
Michele Dario Manniello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Inhibitory Peptides ◽  
Small Proteins ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Potential Applicability ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Enzyme I

Antibiotics are essential drugs used to treat pathogenic bacteria, but their prolonged use contributes to the development and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms. Antibiotic resistance is a serious challenge and has led to the need for new alternative molecules less prone to bacterial resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have aroused great interest as potential next-generation antibiotics, since they are bioactive small proteins, naturally produced by all living organisms, and representing the first line of defense against fungi, viruses and bacteria. AMPs are commonly classified according to their sources, which are represented by microorganisms, plants and animals, as well as to their secondary structure, their biosynthesis and their mechanism of action. They find application in different fields such as agriculture, food industry and medicine, on which we focused our attention in this review. Particularly, we examined AMP potential applicability in wound healing, skin infections and metabolic syndrome, considering their ability to act as potential Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme I and pancreatic lipase inhibitory peptides as well as antioxidant peptides. Moreover, we argued about the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches to develop new antibiotics, the drug development strategies and the formulation approaches which need to be taken into account in developing clinically suitable AMP applications.

scholarly journals Mammals’ antimicrobial peptides: potential and limitations for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Gabriel Bernardes Baron ◽  
Nathália Franchon Marques Tejada ◽  
Fabiano Pinheiro da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
English Language ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Do So

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecules produced by virtually all living organisms as a part of the innate immune system. They present a broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against a myriad of microorganisms, but also anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antitumor effects, among others. Therefore, it was our objective to compile and analyze the current information about natural and synthetic AMPs, regarding their general mechanisms of action, potentials, and limitations for clinical use, especially for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections. Furthermore, we intended to briefly discuss new routes of administration and the emergence of bacterial resistance to AMPs. To do so, two databases, PubMed and Scopus, and the keywords “Staphylococcus aureus”, “antimicrobial peptide” and “novel antibiotics” were used, and the articles were filtered by the English language for the period between 2011 and 2016. We found that AMPs possess different properties, with characteristic antimicrobial activities and secondary effects. Moreover, we also pointed some modifications that could be used to design new AMPs and different routes of administration that could be used to improve AMP capacity or to adapt it to a specific purpose, such as preventing biofilm formation in catheters or treating a specific disease. On the other hand, they also present limitations that include: development of bacterial resistance, cytotoxicity, and reduced stability, sometimes lower efficacy when compared to the actual treatment, high costs of production and also some inconsistent results between articles, which we believe that may be related to differences in methods and/or strains of S. aureus investigated.

Combining Antimicrobial Peptides with Nanotechnology: An Emerging Field in Theranostics

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sk Abdul Mohid ◽  
Anirban Bhunia
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Toxicity Profile ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Pathogens ◽  
New Generation

The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and their rapid adaptation against new antibiotics is a major challenge for scientists and medical professionals. Different approaches have been taken to combat this problem, which includes rationally designed potent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and several nanoparticles and quantum dots. AMPs are considered as a new generation of super antibiotics that hold enormous potential to fight against bacterial resistance by the rapidly killing planktonic as well as their biofilm form while keeping low toxicity profile against eukaryotic cells. Various nanoparticles and quantum dots have proved their effectiveness against a vast array of infections and diseases. Conjugation and functionalization of nanoparticles with potentially active antimicrobial peptides have added advantages that widen their applications in the field of drug discovery as well as delivery system including imaging and diagnostics. This article reviews the current progress and implementation of different nanoparticles and quantum dots conjugated antimicrobial peptides in terms of bio-stability, drug delivery, and therapeutic applications.

Computer Aided Design of Non-toxic Antibacterial Peptides

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 1044-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Rondon-Villarreal ◽  
Efrain Pinzon-Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Antibacterial Peptides ◽  
Defense Proteins ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Aided Design

Antimicrobial resistance is increasing at an alarming rate and the number of new antibiotics developed and approved has decreased in the last decades, basically for economic and regulatory obstacles. Pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to multiple or all available antibiotics are isolated frequently. Hence, new antibacterial agents are urgently needed and antimicrobial peptides are being considered as a potential solution to this important threat. These molecules are small host defense proteins that are part of the immune systems of most living organisms such as plants, bacteria, invertebrates, vertebrates, and mammals. These peptides are found in those parts of organisms that are exposed to pathogens and they are active against multiple organisms such as virus, bacteria, and parasites, among others. This review shows different strategies in the computational design of new antibacterial peptides, the physicochemical properties that are considered as the most relevant for the antibacterial activity and toxicity, and it suggests guidelines in order to help in the finding of new non-toxic antibacterial peptides through the development of computational models.

scholarly journals The Opp (AmiACDEF) Oligopeptide Transporter Mediates Resistance of Serotype 2Streptococcus pneumoniaeD39 to Killing by Chemokine CXCL10 and Other Antimicrobial Peptides

2018 ◽  
Vol 200 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin E. Bruce ◽  
Britta E. Rued ◽  
Ho-Ching Tiffany Tsui ◽  
Malcolm E. Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Oligopeptide Transporter ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New Information ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including chemokines, are produced during infections to kill pathogenic bacteria. To fill in gaps in knowledge about the sensitivities ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeand relatedStreptococcusspecies to chemokines and AMPs, we performed a systematic, quantitative study of inhibition by chemokine CXCL10 and the AMPs LL-37 and nisin. In a standard Tris-glucose buffer (TGS), all strains assayed lacked metabolic activity, as determined by resazurin (alamarBlue) reduction, and were extremely sensitive to CXCL10 and AMPs (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], ∼0.04 μM). In TGS, changes in sensitivities caused by mutations were undetectable. In contrast, strains that retained reductive metabolic activity in a different assay buffer (NPB [10 mM sodium phosphate {pH 7.4}, 1% {vol/vol} brain heart infusion {BHI} broth]) were less sensitive to CXCL10 and AMPs than in TGS. In NPB, mutants known to respond to AMPs, such as Δdltmutants lackingd-alanylation of teichoic acids, exhibited the expected increased sensitivity.S. pneumoniaeserotype 2 strain D39 was much (∼10-fold) less sensitive to CXCL10 killing in NPB than serotype 4 strain TIGR4, and the sensitivity of TIGR4 was unaffected by the absence of capsule. Candidate screening of strain D39 revealed that mutants lacking Opp (ΔamiACDEF) oligopeptide permease were significantly more resistant to CXCL10 than the wild-type strain. This increased resistance could indicate that Opp is a target for CXCL10 binding or that it transports CXCL10 into cells. Finally, ΔftsXor ΔftsEmutants ofBacillus subtilisor amino acid changes that interfere with FtsX function inS. pneumoniaedid not impart resistance to CXCL10, in contrast to previous results forBacillus anthracis, indicating that FtsX is not a general target for CXCL10 binding.IMPORTANCES. pneumoniae(pneumococcus) is a human commensal bacterium and major opportunistic respiratory pathogen that causes serious invasive diseases, killing millions of people worldwide annually. Because of its increasing antibiotic resistance,S. pneumoniaeis now listed as a “superbug” for which new antibiotics are urgently needed. This report fills in knowledge gaps and resolves inconsistencies in the scientific literature about the sensitivity ofS. pneumoniaeand relatedStreptococcuspathogens to chemokines and AMPs. It also reveals a new mechanism by whichS. pneumoniaecan acquire resistance to chemokine CXCL10. This mechanism involves the Opp (AmiACDEF) oligopeptide transporter, which plays additional pleiotropic roles in pneumococcal physiology, quorum sensing, and virulence. Taking the results together, this work provides new information about the way chemokines kill pneumococcal cells.

scholarly journals TEIXOBACTIN - A GAME CHANGER ANTIBIOTIC

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-224
Author(s):  
Sahil Hussain ◽  
Neelam Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Ateam of scientist under the supervision of Kim Lewis from Northeastern University has discovered a novel antibiotic called Teixobactin, which kills the bacteria by inhibiting them from building their outer protein envelop. The bacterial resistance interference are key challenges to the global health. Teixobactin shows exceptional antibacterial activities against the range of pathogenic bacteria viz S.Aureus and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. It is bactericidal and has many mode of operation, however it is one of the most important contribution in the modernization of medicine. However, the increase in Antibiotic resistance is at alarming rate and the ability of patient care through antibiotics is a challenge nowadays increment in Antibiotics resistance is among the top public health threats in the century 21". According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), around 23 thousand peoples die in every year in United States of America (USA) due to Antibiotic resistance. Whenever the patient is administered with an antibiotic the condition of the patient does not improve due to which more than 2 million people are sickened. The increase in Antibiotic resistance is much greater than the increase in epidemic diseases such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Al DS) or Ebola Virus Disease. The cost of human Antibiotic resistance crisis is estimated to be 300 million mortalities collectively by 2050. And it will also be the cause of declining graph of global economy of around $100 trillion. Production of new antibiotics in the 21" century seems to be difficult task to deal Teixobactin comes under new class of antibiotics. It is the first new antibiotic that is being isolated from bacteria after 30 years. After teixobactin's isolation from the soil full of bacteria, another novel class of antibiotics are discovered known as Malacidine, which was revealed later in 2018

Essential Oils: A Novel Approach for Anti-Microbial Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwini Wani ◽  
Hiren Mange ◽  
Aishwarya Vasudevan
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Potential Applications

: Overexploitation of antibiotics has led to significant challenges with antimicrobial resistance. The gravity of this trend has resulted in the rapid emergence of multi-resistant pathogens. Increased frequency to treat infections and the unfeasibility to reverse this resistance have burdened researchers in developing novel mechanisms to counteract and obstruct antimicrobial resistance. An effective medical strategy to control resistance was to develop new and potent antibiotics although, a sobering reality is that the product pipeline towards new antibiotics is inadequate. To ensure continued effective treatment of bacterial infections, there is an urgent need to control as well as conserve existing antibiotics through novel approaches. Utilization of Essential Oils (EO) in a multi-target anti-infective therapy addresses this need by targeting the mechanism of bacterial resistance and discovering synergism between EO’s antimicrobial properties to anti-infectives. When introduced into a pharmaceutical formulation, this novel and rational approach will open the door towards the development of a new generation of antimicrobials. Today, several essential oils have the ability to act as resistant modifying agents and enhance the antimicrobial activity of anti-infectives. This review article intends to focus on the effectiveness of essential oils on drug-resistant pathogens, mechanisms to counteract antimicrobial resistance, approaches to enhance efficacy, and explore potential applications.

scholarly journals Highlights on the alternatives to antibiotic therapy against bacterial infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-203
Author(s):  
Bijayanta Sircar ◽  
Shyamapada Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance ◽  
Antibacterial Capacity

The antibiotic resistance among gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria is of global health concern. This has prompted the development of new effective drugs. But the discovery and development of new drugs is slow, and the emergence of resistance to such new drugs, on the other hand, is rapid as well as continuous among the bacteria. Therefore, in tackling the emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria finding alternative ways is vital. This communication, based on the published scientific data, summarizes the antibacterial capacity of some naturally derived agents such as honey, phytocomponents, probiotics, and antimicrobial peptides that might bring new essence in biomedicine.  Keywords: Bacterial resistance, alternative therapeutics, honey, phytomedicine, probiotics, antimicrobial peptides.

scholarly journals Biotechnological Potential of Streptomyces Siderophores as New Antibiotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Terra ◽  
Paul Dyson ◽  
Norman Ratcliffe ◽  
Helena Carla Castro ◽  
Ana Carolina Paulo Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Genus Streptomyces ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Potential Applications

Background: Siderophores are small molecule iron-chelators produced by microorganisms and plants growing mostly under low iron conditions. Siderophores allow iron capture and transport through cell membranes into the cytoplasm, where iron is released for use in biological processes. These bacterial iron uptake systems can be used for antibiotic conjugation or as targets for killing pathogenic bacteria. Siderophores have been explored recently because of their potential applications in environmental and therapeutic research. They are present in Streptomyces, Gram-positive bacteria that are an important source for discovering new siderophores. Objective: This review summarizes siderophore molecules produced by the genus Streptomyces emphasizing their potential as biotechnological producers and also illustrating genomic tools for discovering siderophores useful for treating bacterial infections. Methods: The literature search was performed using PUBMED and MEDLINE databases with keywords siderophore, secondary metabolites, Trojan horse strategy, sideromycin and Streptomyces. The literature research focused on bibliographic databases including all siderophores identified in the genus Streptomyces. In addition, reference genomes of Streptomyces from GenBank were used to identify siderophore biosynthetic gene clusters by using the antiSMASH platform. Results: This review has highlighted some of the many siderophore molecules produced by Streptomyces, illustrating the diversity of their chemical structures and wide spectrum of bioactivities against pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, the possibility of using siderophores conjugated with antibiotics could be an alternative to overcome bacterial resistance to drugs and could improve their therapeutic efficacy. Conclusion: This review confirms the importance of Streptomyces as a rich source of siderophores, and underlines their potential as antibacterial agents.

Inorganic Gold and Polymeric Poly(Lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles as Novel Strategies to Ameliorate the Biological Properties of Antimicrobial Peptides

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Casciaro ◽  
Francesca Ghirga ◽  
Deborah Quaglio ◽  
Maria Luisa Mangoni
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Biological Profile ◽  
Innovative Strategy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Interesting Class ◽  
Alternative Antimicrobials ◽  
Nanoparticulate Systems ◽  
Infective Activity

Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an interesting class of gene-encoded molecules endowed with a broad-spectrum of anti-infective activity and immunomodulatory properties. They represent promising candidates for the development of new antibiotics, mainly due to their membraneperturbing mechanism of action that very rarely induces microbial resistance. However, bringing AMPs into the clinical field is hampered by some intrinsic limitations, encompassing low peptide bioavailability at the target site and high peptide susceptibility to proteolytic degradation. In this regard, nanotechnologies represent an innovative strategy to circumvent these issues. According to the literature, a large variety of nanoparticulate systems have been employed for drug-delivery, bioimaging, biosensors or nanoantibiotics. The possibility of conjugating different types of molecules, including AMPs, to these systems, allows the production of nanoformulations able to enhance the biological profile of the compound while reducing its cytotoxicity and prolonging its residence time. In this minireview, inorganic gold nanoparticles (NPs) and biodegradable polymeric NPs made of poly(lactide-coglycolide) are described with particular emphasis on examples of the conjugation of AMPs to them, to highlight the great potential of such nanoformulations as alternative antimicrobials.

scholarly journals Plant antimicrobial peptides: structures, functions, and applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junpeng Li ◽  
Shuping Hu ◽  
Wei Jian ◽  
Chengjian Xie ◽  
Xingyong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Potential Applicability ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Positively Charged

AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of short, usually positively charged polypeptides that exist in humans, animals, and plants. Considering the increasing number of drug-resistant pathogens, the antimicrobial activity of AMPs has attracted much attention. AMPs with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against many gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi are an important defensive barrier against pathogens for many organisms. With continuing research, many other physiological functions of plant AMPs have been found in addition to their antimicrobial roles, such as regulating plant growth and development and treating many diseases with high efficacy. The potential applicability of plant AMPs in agricultural production, as food additives and disease treatments, has garnered much interest. This review focuses on the types of plant AMPs, their mechanisms of action, the parameters affecting the antimicrobial activities of AMPs, and their potential applications in agricultural production, the food industry, breeding industry, and medical field.

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