Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Characteristics of Vibrio Isolates From Rustic Environmental Freshwaters

The study investigated the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence determinants in Vibrio species recovered from different freshwater sheds in rustic milieu. A total of 118 Vibrio isolates comprising Vibrio fluvialis (n=41), Vibrio mimicus (n=40) and V. vulnificus (n=37) was identified by amplification of ToxR, vmh and hsp60 genes. The amplification of virulence genes indicated that V. mimicus (toxR, zot, ctx, VPI, and ompU) genes were detected in 12.5%, 32.5%, 45%, 37.5% and 10% respectively. V. fluvialis genes (stn, hupO and vfh) were harboured in 48.8%, 14.6% and 19.5% isolates congruently. The other virulence genes that include vcgC and vcgE were observed in 63.1% and 29% of isolates belonging to V. vulnificus. With the exceptions of imipenem, meropenem and ciprofloxacin, most isolates exhibited more than 50% resistance to antibiotics. The antimicrobial resistance was more prevalent for polymyxin B (100%), azithromycin (100%) and least in ciprofloxacin (16.1%). Multiple antibiotic resistance index range was 0.3 and 0.8 with most isolates showing MARI of 0.8. The blaTEM, AmpC, blaGES, blaIMP, blaOXA-48 and blaKPC genes were detected in 53.3%, 42%, 29.6%, 16.6%, 15%, 11.3% and 5.6% of the isolates. Non-beta lactamases such as streptomycin resistance (aadA and strA), gentamicin resistance (aphA1) and quinolone resistance gene (qnrVC) were found in 5.2%, 44.3%, 26% and 2.8%. Chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA1 and catII) were found in 5.2% and 44.3% among the isolates. Our findings reveal the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulent Vibrio species in aquatic environment which can have potential risk to human and animal’s health.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial Resistance and Comparative Genome Analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Isolated in Egypt

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9091880 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1880

Author(s):

Radwa Abdelwahab ◽

Munirah M. Alhammadi ◽

Ehsan A. Hassan ◽

Entsar H. Ahmed ◽

Nagla H. Abu-Faddan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Virulence Determinants ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Human Infections ◽

Industrialised Countries

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important human pathogen in both developing and industrialised countries that can causes a variety of human infections, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections and bacteremia. Like many Gram-negative bacteria, it is becoming resistant to many frontline antibiotics, such as carbapenem and cephalosporin antibiotics. In Egypt, K. pneumoniae is increasingly recognised as an emerging pathogen, with high levels of antibiotic resistance. However, few Egyptian K. pneumoniae strains have been sequenced and characterised. Hence, here, we present the genome sequence of a multidrug resistant K. pneumoniae strain, KPE16, which was isolated from a child in Assiut, Egypt. We report that it carries multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including a blaNDM-1 carbapenemase and extended spectrum β-lactamase genes (i.e., blaSHV-40, blaTEM-1B, blaOXA-9 and blaCTX-M-15). By comparing this strain with other Egyptian isolates, we identified common plasmids, resistance genes and virulence determinants. Our analysis suggests that some of the resistance plasmids that we have identified are circulating in K. pneumoniae strains in Egypt, and are likely a source of antibiotic resistance throughout the world.

Download Full-text

Serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes of Salmonella isolated from a pig slaughterhouse in Yangzhou, China

AMB Express ◽

10.1186/s13568-019-0936-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Quan Li ◽

Jian Yin ◽

Zheng Li ◽

Zewei Li ◽

Yuanzhao Du ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Production Chain ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

AbstractSalmonella is an important food-borne pathogen associated with public health and high economic losses. To investigate the prevalence and the characteristics of Salmonella in a pig slaughterhouse in Yangzhou, a total of 80 Salmonella isolates were isolated from 459 (17.43%) samples in 2016–2017. S. Derby (35/80, 43.75%) was the most prevalent, followed by S. Rissen (16/80, 20.00%) and S. Newlands (11/80, 13.75%). The highest rates of susceptibility were observed to cefoxitin (80/80, 100.0%) and amikacin (80/80, 100.0%), followed by aztreonam (79/80, 98.75%) and nitrofurantoin (79/80, 98.75%). The highest resistance rate was detected for tetracycline (65/80, 81.25%), followed by ampicillin (60/80, 75.00%), bactrim (55/80, 68.75%), and sulfisoxazole (54/80, 67.50%). Overall, 91.25% (73/80) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, while 71.25% (57/80) of the isolate strains were multidrug resistant in the antimicrobial susceptibility tested. In addition, 86.36% (19/22) of the 22 antimicrobial resistance genes in the isolates were identified. Our data indicated that the resistance to certain antimicrobials was significantly associated, in part, with antimicrobial resistance genes. Furthermore, 81.25% (65/80) isolates harbored the virulence gene of mogA, of which 2 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates carried the mogA, spvB and spvC virulence genes at the same time. The results showed that swine products in the slaughterhouse were contaminated with multidrug resistant Salmonella commonly, especially some isolates carry the spv virulence genes. The virulence genes might facilitate the dissemination of the resistance genes to consumers along the production chain, suggesting the importance of controlling Salmonella during slaughter for public health.

Download Full-text

atpD gene sequencing, multidrug resistance traits, virulence-determinants, and antimicrobial resistance genes of emerging XDR and MDR-Proteus mirabilis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88861-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abdelazeem M. Algammal ◽

Hany R. Hashem ◽

Khyreyah J. Alfifi ◽

Helal F. Hetta ◽

Norhan S. Sheraba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Proteus Mirabilis ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Gene Sequencing ◽

Opportunistic Pathogen ◽

Severe Illness ◽

Virulence Determinants ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Port Said

AbstractProteus mirabilis is a common opportunistic pathogen causing severe illness in humans and animals. To determine the prevalence, antibiogram, biofilm-formation, screening of virulence, and antimicrobial resistance genes in P. mirabilis isolates from ducks; 240 samples were obtained from apparently healthy and diseased ducks from private farms in Port-Said Province, Egypt. The collected samples were examined bacteriologically, and then the recovered isolates were tested for atpD gene sequencing, antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm-formation, PCR detection of virulence, and antimicrobial resistance genes. The prevalence of P. mirabilis in the examined samples was 14.6% (35/240). The identification of the recovered isolates was confirmed by the atpD gene sequencing, where the tested isolates shared a common ancestor. Besides, 94.3% of P. mirabilis isolates were biofilm producers. The recovered isolates were resistant to penicillins, sulfonamides, β-Lactam-β-lactamase-inhibitor-combinations, tetracyclines, cephalosporins, macrolides, and quinolones. Using PCR, the retrieved strains harbored atpD, ureC, rsbA, and zapA virulence genes with a prevalence of 100%, 100%, 94.3%, and 91.4%, respectively. Moreover, 31.4% (11/35) of the recovered strains were XDR to 8 antimicrobial classes that harbored blaTEM, blaOXA-1, blaCTX-M, tetA, and sul1 genes. Besides, 22.8% (8/35) of the tested strains were MDR to 3 antimicrobial classes and possessed blaTEM, tetA, and sul1genes. Furthermore, 17.1% (6/35) of the tested strains were MDR to 7 antimicrobial classes and harbored blaTEM, blaOXA-1, blaCTX-M, tetA, and sul1 genes. Alarmingly, three strains were carbapenem-resistant that exhibited PDR to all the tested 10 antimicrobial classes and shared blaTEM, blaOXA-1, blaCTX-M, tetA, and sul1 genes. Of them, two strains harbored the blaNDM-1 gene, and one strain carried the blaKPC gene. In brief, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the emergence of XDR and MDR-P.mirabilis in ducks. Norfloxacin exhibited promising antibacterial activity against the recovered XDR and MDR-P. mirabilis. The emergence of PDR, XDR, and MDR-strains constitutes a threat alarm that indicates the complicated treatment of the infections caused by these superbugs.

Download Full-text

An Evaluation of the Pathogenic Potential, and the Antimicrobial Resistance, of Salmonella Strains Isolated from Mussels

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms10010126 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 126

Author(s):

Antonio Lozano-León ◽

Carlos García-Omil ◽

Rafael R. Rodríguez-Souto ◽

Alexandre Lamas ◽

Alejandro Garrido-Maestu

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Health Issues ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Pathogenic Potential ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Important Health ◽

Main Production ◽

Production Areas

Salmonella spp. and antimicrobial resistant microorganisms are two of the most important health issues worldwide. In the present study, strains naturally isolated from mussels harvested in Galicia (one of the main production areas in the world), were genetically characterized attending to the presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Additionally, the antimicrobial profile was also determined phenotypically. Strains presenting several virulence genes were isolated but lacked all the antimicrobial resistance genes analyzed. The fact that some of these strains presented multidrug resistance, highlighted the possibility of bearing different genes than those analyzed, or resistance based on completely different mechanisms. The current study highlights the importance of constant surveillance in order to improve the safety of foods.

Download Full-text

Virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes associated with the in-vivo pathogenicity of avian pathogenic E. coli isolates

GMPC Thesis and Opinions Platform ◽

10.51585/gtop.2021.0005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 17-20

Author(s):

Ahmed Abd El-Mawgoud ◽

Azza El-Sawah ◽

Soad Nasef ◽

Al-Hussien Dahshan ◽

Ahmed Ali

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

Health Concern ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

In the current study, ten avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) isolates of the most predominant APEC serogroups isolated from broiler chickens in Egypt were screened for their virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes pattern using PCR. Five selected virulence gene patterns were further investigated for their in-vivo pathogenicity test. Results showed a 100% prevalence of the β-lactams and tetracyclines resistance genes. However, aminoglycoside and quinolone resistance genes were not detected. Also, 80% of the tested isolates harbored mcr-1 gene, colistin resistance gene. In-vivo pathogenic strains consistently harbored the virulence gene pattern of fimH, fimA, papC, iutA, and tsh. Additionally, the tsh gene was consistently detected with lethal APEC isolates in day-old chicks. These results highlighted the high prevalence of antimicrobial and virulence genes in APEC that potentially represent a public health concern. In this study, the virulence genes fimH, fimA, papC, iutA, and tsh were the most common virulence gene patterns associated with pathogenicity in day-old chicks.

Download Full-text

Presence and Characterization of a Novel cfr-Carrying Tn558 Transposon Derivative in Staphylococcus delphini Isolated From Retail Food

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2020.598990 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Feng Zhang ◽

Shi Wu ◽

Jiahui Huang ◽

Runshi Yang ◽

Jumei Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Gene ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Chloramphenicol Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Retail Food

Antimicrobial resistance has become a major public health threat. Food-related Staphylococcus species have received much attention due to their multidrug resistance. The cfr gene associated with multidrug resistance has been consistently detected in food-derived Staphylococcus species. In this retrospective study, we examined the prevalence of cfr-positive Staphylococcus strains isolated from poultry meat in different geographical areas of China from 2011 to 2016. Two cfr-positive Staphylococcus delphini strains were identified from poultry meat in China. Comparative and whole-genome analyses were performed to characterize the genetic features and overall antimicrobial resistance genes in the two S. delphini isolates 245-1 and 2794-1. Whole-genome sequencing showed that they both harbored a novel 20,258-bp cfr-carrying Tn558 transposon derivative on their chromosomes. The Tn558 derivative harbors multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including the transferable multiresistance gene cfr, chloramphenicol resistance gene fexA, aminoglycoside resistance genes aacA-aphD and aadD, and bleomycin resistance gene ble. Surprisingly, within the Tn558 derivative, an active unconventional circularizable structure containing various resistance genes and a copy of a direct repeat sequence was identified by two-step PCR. Furthermore, core genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that the cfr-positive S. delphini strains were most closely related to S. delphini 14S03313-1 isolated from Japan in 2017 and 14S03319-1 isolated from Switzerland in 2017. This study is the first report of S. delphini harboring a novel cfr-carrying Tn558 derivative isolated from retail food. This finding raises further concerns regarding the potential threat to food safety and public health safety. The occurrence and dissemination of similar cfr-carrying transposons from diverse Staphylococcus species need further surveillance.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Determination of Enterococcus spp. Obtained from Hospital Environment in Iran

10.21203/rs.3.rs-123398/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Saba Asgharzadeh Marghmalek ◽

Reza Valadan ◽

Mehrdad Gholami ◽

Mohtaram Nasrolahei ◽

Hamid Reza Goli

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Hospital Environment ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Virulence Determinants ◽

Environmental Isolates ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Abstract Background: The role of the hospital environment as a source of pathogenic bacteria in recent studies has been poorly investigated. This study investigated the distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence determinants in Enterococcus species isolated from hospital environment in Sari, Iran. Method: Overall, 90 enterococci strains were obtained from high touch surfaces of four hospitals in Sari, Iran. These environmental samples were obtained from bathroom, beds, tables, doorknobs, room keys, wheelchair and walls in the patient and staff’s rooms. The resistance profile of the isolates was determined by disk diffusion method. Seven resistance genes and two virulence associated genes were evaluated molecularly by multiplex PCR. Results: According to the PCR, 42 (46.66%) of them were E. faecalis and 48 (53.33%) others were detected as E. faecium. Also, 28 (66.6%) E. faecalis and 18 (37.5%) E. faecium isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Among all 90 environmental isolates 54 (60%), 54 (60%), 8 (8.8%), 8 (8.8%), 60 (66.6%), 26 (28.8%), and 24 (26.6%) isolates contained tetM, tetL, vanA, vanB, ermB, aac(6´)-Ie-aph(2´´)-Ia, and aph (3´)-IIIa, respectively. Moreover, all isolates were investigated for the presence of virulence genes and 88 (97.7%) of isolates had esp gene, and 16 (17.7%) had ace.Conclusions: This report showed that the environmental isolates of Enterococcus are the major sources of antibiotic resistance genes that can transfer them to the clinical isolates of bacteria in hospital settings. An effective following strategy should be organized to clearance and stop emergence of these pathogenic bacteria.

Download Full-text

A Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance DNA Microarray Detects a High Frequency of Virulence Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates from Great Lakes Recreational Waters

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00137-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (6) ◽

pp. 4200-4206 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Katia Hamelin ◽

Guillaume Bruant ◽

Abdel El-Shaarawi ◽

Stephen Hill ◽

Thomas A. Edge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Great Lakes ◽

Dna Microarray ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Recreational Waters ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli is generally described as a commensal species with occasional pathogenic strains. Due to technological limitations, there is currently little information concerning the prevalence of pathogenic E. coli strains in the environment. For the first time, using a DNA microarray capable of detecting all currently described virulence genes and commonly found antimicrobial resistance genes, a survey of environmental E. coli isolates from recreational waters was carried out. A high proportion (29%) of 308 isolates from a beach site in the Great Lakes carried a pathotype set of virulence-related genes, and 14% carried antimicrobial resistance genes, findings consistent with a potential risk for public health. The results also showed that another 8% of the isolates had unusual virulence gene combinations that would be missed by conventional screening. This new application of a DNA microarray to environmental waters will likely have an important impact on public health, epidemiology, and microbial ecology in the future.

Download Full-text

Genomic Characterization of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Thermophilic Campylobacter Strains Isolated from Layer Chicken Feces in Gangneung, South Korea by Whole-Genome Sequencing

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12081131 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1131

Author(s):

Noel Gahamanyi ◽

Dae-Geun Song ◽

Kye-Yoon Yoon ◽

Leonard E. G. Mboera ◽

Mecky I. Matee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Whole Genome Sequencing ◽

Genome Sequencing ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Coli Strain ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Thermophilic Campylobacter ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Campylobacter Species

Thermophilic Campylobacter species of poultry origin have been associated with up to 80% of human campylobacteriosis cases. Layer chickens have received less attention as possible reservoirs of Campylobacter species. Initially, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of two archived Campylobacter isolates (Campylobacter jejuni strain 200605 and Campylobacter coli strain 200606) from layer chickens to five antimicrobials (ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin) were determined using broth microdilution while the presence of selected antimicrobial resistance genes was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed by the Illumina HiSeq X platform. The analysis involved antimicrobial resistance genes, virulome, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and phylogeny. Both isolates were phenotypically resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC: 32 vs. 32 µg/mL), nalidixic acid (MIC: 128 vs. 64 µg/mL), and tetracycline (MIC: 64 vs. 64 µg/mL), but sensitive to erythromycin (MIC: 1 vs. 2 µg/mL) and gentamicin (MIC: 0.25 vs. 1 µg/mL) for C. jejuni strain 200605 and C. coli strain 200606, respectively. WGS confirmed C257T mutation in the gyrA gene and the presence of cmeABC complex conferring resistance to FQs in both strains. Both strains also exhibited tet(O) genes associated with tetracycline resistance. Various virulence genes associated with motility, chemotaxis, and capsule formation were found in both isolates. However, the analysis of virulence genes showed that C. jejuni strain 200605 is more virulent than C. coli strain 200606. The MLST showed that C. jejuni strain 200605 belongs to sequence type ST-5229 while C. coli strain 200606 belongs to ST-5935, and both STs are less common. The phylogenetic analysis clustered C. jejuni strain 200605 along with other strains reported in Korea (CP028933 from chicken and CP014344 from human) while C. coli strain 200606 formed a separate cluster with C. coli (CP007181) from turkey. The WGS confirmed FQ-resistance in both strains and showed potential virulence of both strains. Further studies are recommended to understand the reasons behind the regional distribution (Korea, China, and Vietnam) of such rare STs.

Download Full-text