scholarly journals Quality of Life and a Surveillant Endocannabinoid System

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis ◽  
Alinny Rosendo Isaac ◽  
Hércules Rezende Freitas ◽  
Mariana Macedo de Almeida ◽  
Patricia Fernanda Schuck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Major Player

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an important brain modulatory network. ECS regulates brain homeostasis throughout development, from progenitor fate decision to neuro- and gliogenesis, synaptogenesis, brain plasticity and circuit repair, up to learning, memory, fear, protection, and death. It is a major player in the hypothalamic-peripheral system-adipose tissue in the regulation of food intake, energy storage, nutritional status, and adipose tissue mass, consequently affecting obesity. Loss of ECS control might affect mood disorders (anxiety, hyperactivity, psychosis, and depression), lead to drug abuse, and impact neurodegenerative (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson, Huntington, Multiple, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) and neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum) disorders. Practice of regular physical and/or mind-body mindfulness and meditative activities have been shown to modulate endocannabinoid (eCB) levels, in addition to other players as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). ECS is involved in pain, inflammation, metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunctions, general immune responses (asthma, allergy, and arthritis) and tumor expansion, both/either in the brain and/or in the periphery. The reason for such a vast impact is the fact that arachidonic acid, a precursor of eCBs, is present in every membrane cell of the body and on demand eCBs synthesis is regulated by electrical activity and calcium shifts. Novel lipid (lipoxins and resolvins) or peptide (hemopressin) players of the ECS also operate as regulators of physiological allostasis. Indeed, the presence of cannabinoid receptors in intracellular organelles as mitochondria or lysosomes, or in nuclear targets as PPARγ might impact energy consumption, metabolism and cell death. To live a better life implies in a vigilant ECS, through healthy diet selection (based on a balanced omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids), weekly exercises and meditation therapy, all of which regulating eCBs levels, surrounded by a constructive social network. Cannabidiol, a diet supplement has been a major player with anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antioxidant activities. Cognitive challenges and emotional intelligence might strengthen the ECS, which is built on a variety of synapses that modify human behavior. As therapeutically concerned, the ECS is essential for maintaining homeostasis and cannabinoids are promising tools to control innumerous targets.

scholarly journals Endocannabinoid System Dysregulation from Acetaminophen Use May Lead to Autism Spectrum Disorder: Could Cannabinoid Treatment Be Efficacious?

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1845
Author(s):  
Stephen Schultz ◽  
Georgianna G. Gould ◽  
Nicola Antonucci ◽  
Anna Lisa Brigida ◽  
Dario Siniscalco
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Arachidonoyl Glycerol

Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities, are the core items characterizing autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Strong inflammation states have been reported to be associated with ASD. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) may be involved in ASD pathophysiology. This complex network of lipid signaling pathways comprises arachidonic acid and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol-derived compounds, their G-protein-coupled receptors (cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2) and the associated enzymes. Alterations of the ECS have been reported in both the brain and the immune system of ASD subjects. ASD children show low EC tone as indicated by low blood levels of endocannabinoids. Acetaminophen use has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of ASD. This drug can act through the ECS to produce analgesia. It may be that acetaminophen use in children increases the risk for ASD by interfering with the ECS.This mini-review article summarizes the current knowledge on this topic.

scholarly journals Anthropometric indicators of mass and distribution of adipose tissue in the assessment of cardiovascular and diabetes risk in women

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Rastovic ◽  
Biljana Srdic-Galic ◽  
Edita Stokic ◽  
Dejan Sakac ◽  
Milena Mikalacki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Diabetes Risk ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Anthropometric Indicators ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
Diagnostic Values

Introduction. From the clinical and epidemiological point of view it is very important to define easily measurable and simple anthropometric parameters of mass and distribution of adipose tissue that will also be good predictors of future complications of obesity. The aim of our study was to correlate anthropometric indicators of mass and distribution of adipose tissue with the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Material and Methods. The study group consisted of 155 women aged 45.4?13.04y. The anthropometric measurements were performed in order to assess adipose tissue mass and its specific distribution. The 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular diseases was assessed by using two score-systems: Framingham and Prospective Cardiovascular Munster Study, while the 10-year risk of development of diabetes was assessed by QDScore system. Results. According to our results, the waist-to-stature ratio was the best predictor of cardiovascular and diabetes risk (r=0.617-0.780; AUC=0.872). The estimated cut-off value for the waist-to-stature ratio in cardiovascular and diabetes risk prediction was 0.486. Apart from the waist-to-stature ratio, the body mass index, body fat mass, waist circumference and indicators of upper extremity adiposity also correlated strongly with the assessed risk. The anthropometric indicators of lower body adiposity had no significant diagnostic values. Conclusion. The waistto-stature ratio is the best anthropometric indicator of cardiovascular and diabetes risk.

Effect of lateral hypothalamic lesions on regulation of body weight and adiposity in rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (3) ◽  
pp. R337-R343 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Milam ◽  
J. S. Stern ◽  
L. H. Storlien ◽  
R. E. Keesey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Obese Zucker Rats ◽  
Body Compartments

Obese and lean Zucker rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) at 10 wk of age; control obese and lean rats were sham lesioned. After lesioning the body weights of both obese and lean animals were first reduced and then maintained until being killed (32 wk) at a stable percentage of the nonlesioned control levels (74.5 and 78.3%, respectively). Carcass analysis revealed that the adipose tissue mass was significantly lowered by LH lesions in both the obese and lean animals. Percent carcass fat of lesioned lean rats was less than that of controls (15.0 vs. 23.5%) due to the presence of slightly, but not significantly, smaller and fewer adipocytes. Though absolute levels of fat were likewise lowered in obese rats, their percent carcass fat remained at control levels (52.0 vs. 53.0%) due to equivalent decreases in other body compartments. In the lesioned rats the reduced levels of adipose tissue were associated with a significant reduction in adipocyte number; adipocyte size was unchanged. It is concluded that the lateral hypothalamus of obese Zucker rats participates in the regulation of body weight in the same manner as in lean rats. The differences noted in percent carcass fat between LH lesioned lean and obese Zucker rats are apparently related to the obese animal's known propensity to sequester energy in the form of lipid.

scholarly journals Medical Cannabis for Autism Spectrum Disorder, is it an option?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Adjunctive Treatment ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Medical Test

Objective: A literature review was conducted to evaluate the validity of medical cannabis as an adjunctive treatment in the management of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges. The learning, thinking, and problem-solving abilities of people with ASD can range from gifted to severely challenged. Since there is no medical test to diagnose the disorders, the provider must listen to the parent/ caretaker and look at the child’s behavior and development to make a diagnosis. Unfortunately, many children do not receive a final diagnosis until much older. A deficiency in the endocannabinoid system in the body is considered as the reason for many disorders and recent researchers’ state that it might help in the treatment of autism. The chronic neuroinflammation can be eased with the help of the antioxidants which are present in the cannabis plant. The theory of Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency (CED) was based on the concept that many brain disorders are associated with neurotransmitter deficiencies, affecting acetylcholine in Alzheimer's disease, dopamine in Parkinsonian Syndromes, serotonin and norepinephrine in depression, and that a comparable deficiency in endocannabinoid levels might be manifest similarly in certain disorders that display predictable clinical features as sequelae of this deficiency. Design/Methods: A literature review was conducted of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine PubMed from 2012-2018 specific to the topic of medical cannabis and autism spectrum disorder. Conclusion: This literature review supports the feasibility of cannabis based medicine as a promising treatment option in children with ASD. Based on the promising results, it is recommended that large, double blind, placebo controlled cross-over trials be launched in jurisdictions where medical cannabis can be studied without limitations from the federal government.

scholarly journals Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like molecules are present in foods, blood and ileal fluids from ileostomy subjects: insight into possible metabolic implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Tagliamonte ◽  
Chris I R. Gill ◽  
Laura Kirsty Pourshahidi ◽  
Mary Slevin ◽  
Roger Lawther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

AbstractThe endocannabinoid system is a lipid signalling system with several regulatory functions throughout the body including regulation of appetite, food intake, macronutrient metabolism, pain sensation, blood pressure, mood, cognition and immunity. It consists of endocannabinoids (ECs), their receptors and enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation. The two best-characterized endocannabinoids are N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). They are ligands of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 which are located in the central nervous system (CNS) but also in in the enteric nervous system, in the liver and in the adipose tissue.Several structural congeners of ECs including N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) such as oleoylethanolamine (OEA), linoleyethanolamine (LEA), and palmitoyletahanolamine (PEA), show similar mechanisms of action, tissue distribution as well as pathways of formation and breakdown. They are considered “endocannabinoid-like” molecules acting through receptors that are located both in CNS and in the gastro-intestinal tract mucosa such as the G-protein coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). NAEs display EC50 values for human GPR119 and PPAR-α between 65 ng/mL and 1000 ng/mL. Some evidence indicated that NAEs, their phosphorylated precursors N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) and ECs are also present in food. Thus, we developed a food database of these molecules and we calculated the daily dietary intake in a healthy population.This study aimed to evaluate whether the concentrations of NAPEs, NAEs and ECs in the human intestinal lumen may support their activity through the receptors lining in the gastro-intestinal tract and if they correlated with those in plasma.The observational study (16/NI/0267, Ulster University) involved 35 ileostomists (18F/17M, aged 18–70 y, BMI 17–40 kg/m2) who collected overnight fasting samples of ileal fluid and plasma. The concentrations of NAEs, NAPEs and ECs in biological samples were determined by LC-HRMS.Data showed that NAEs and NAPEs were present in ileal fluids and plasma from all subjects ranging between 46851.0–104742.8 ng/mL and 0.3–59.6 ng/mL in ileal samples and 1159.4–3985.7 ng/mL and 0.19–1.24 ng/mL in plasma, respectively. Contrarily, no ECs in ileal fluids were found except 2-AG in two ileal samples whereas they ranged between 1.6–22.3 ng/mL in plasma. Differences between genders and associations of plasma levels with individual energy intakes were found.Altogether, the data demonstrated that NAEs in the intestinal lumen are sufficient to elicit metabolic responses through the gastro-intestinal receptors.

scholarly journals A Brief Background on Cannabis: From Plant to Medical Indications

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda E Klumpers ◽  
David L Thacker
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Medical Indications ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Cannabis has been used as a medicinal plant for thousands of years. As a result of centuries of breeding and selection, there are now over 700 varieties of cannabis that contain hundreds of compounds, including cannabinoids and terpenes. Cannabinoids are fatty compounds that are the main biological active constituents of cannabis. Terpenes are volatilecompounds that occur in many plants and have distinct odors. Cannabinoids exert their effect on the body by binding to receptors, specifically cannabinoid receptors types 1 and 2. These receptors, together with endogenous cannabinoids and the systems forsynthesis, transport, and degradation, are called the Endocannabinoid System. The two most prevalent and commonly known cannabinoids in the cannabis plantare delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol. The speed, strength, and type of effects of cannabis vary based on the route of administration. THC is rapidly distributed through the body to fattytissues like the brain and is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system to 11-hydroxy-THC, which is also psychoactive. Cannabis and cannabinoids have been indicated for several medical conditions. There is evidence of efficacy in the symptomatic treatmentof nausea and vomiting, pain, insomnia, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, loss of appetite, Tourette’s syndrome, and epilepsy. Cannabis hasalso been associated with treatment for glaucoma, Huntington’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and dystonia, but thereis not good evidence tosupport its efficacy. Side effects of cannabis include psychosis and anxiety, which can be severe. Here, we provided a summary ofthe history of cannabis,its pharmacology, and its medical uses.

scholarly journals Is the Use of Cannabis during Pregnancy a Risk Factor for Autism?

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Behavioral Impairments

The use of marijuana by healthy adults is commonly viewed as having limited adverse health effects; however, its potential risks for fetal developmental abnormalities when used during pregnancy have not been thoroughly evaluated. Marijuana is known to bind to endogenous cannabinoid receptors and exert physiological effects similar to endogenous cannabinoids. The endocannabinoid system is involved in cognition, behavioral, and emotional regulation. Autism Spectrum Disorder is associated with mild to severe cognitive, social and behavioral impairments; moreover, impairments in the endocannabinoid system have been identified in individuals with this disorder. It is, therefore, possible that marijuana use during pregnancy may cause the overexcitation of the endocannabinoid system during early brain development to make the fetus at risk for autism spectrum disorder. The present study aims to explore the effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on the endocannabinoid system, and to present a model of how this interaction may increase risk of developing autism spectrum disorder.

scholarly journals Role of Cannabinoid Receptors in Psychological Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-208
Author(s):  
Ambika Nand Jha ◽  
Dhaval M Patel
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychological Disorder ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Neurochemical Changes ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Cannabinoid receptors, located throughout the body, are part of the endocannabinoid system. Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors are G protein-coupled receptors present from the early stages of gestation, which is involved in various physiological processes, including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory. Due to the lipophilic nature of cannabinoids, it was initially thought that these compounds exert several biological effects by disrupting the cell membrane nonspecifically. Recent biochemical and behavioral findings have demonstrated that blockade of CB1 receptors engenders antidepressant-like neurochemical changes (increases in extracellular levels of monoamines in cortical but not subcortical brain regions) and behavioral effects consistent with antidepressant/antistress activity. We aim to define various roles of cannabinoid receptors in modulating signaling pathways and association with several pathophysiological conditions.

scholarly journals Dysregulation of endocannabinoid concentrations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue in obesity and modulation by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena L. Fisk ◽  
Caroline E Childs ◽  
Elizabeth A Miles ◽  
Robert Ayres ◽  
Paul S Noakes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Metabolically Healthy Obesity ◽  
Metabolically Healthy

Obesity is believed to be associated with a dysregulated endocannabinoid system which may reflect enhanced inflammation. However, reports of this in human white adipose tissue (WAT) are limited and inconclusive. Marine long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) have anti-inflammatory actions and therefore may improve obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation. Therefore, fatty acid concentrations, endocannabinoid concentrations, and gene expression were assessed in subcutaneous WAT biopsies from healthy normal weight individuals (BMI 18.5 to 25 kg/m2) and individuals living with metabolically healthy obesity (BMI 30 to 40 kg/m2) prior to and following a 12-week intervention with 3 g fish oil/day (1.1 g EPA + 0.8 g DHA) or 3 g corn oil/day (placebo). WAT from individuals living with metabolically healthy obesity had higher n-6 PUFAs and EPA, higher concentrations of two endocannabinoids (anandamide and eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide), higher expression of PLA2G2D and PLA2G4A, and lower expression of CNR1. In response to fish oil intervention, WAT EPA increased to a similar extent in both BMI groups, and WAT DHA increased by a greater extent in normal weight individuals. WAT eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide and docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide increased in normal weight individuals only and WAT 2-arachidonyl glycerol decreased in individuals living with metabolically healthy obesity only. Altered WAT fatty acid, endocannabinoid, and gene expression profiles in metabolically healthy obesity at baseline may be linked. WAT incorporates n-3 PUFAs when their intake is increased which affects the endocannabinoid system; however, effects appear greater in normal weight individuals than in those living with metabolically healthy obesity.

scholarly journals Understanding cannabinoid receptors: structure and function

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Angelika Andrzejewska ◽  
Klaudia Staszak ◽  
Marta Kaczmarek-Ryś ◽  
Ryszard Słomski ◽  
Szymon Hryhorowicz
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Channels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Transient Receptor

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of the endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors and the enzymes that synthesize and degrade endocannabinoids. The whole EC system plays an important role in the proper functioning of the central and autonomic nervous system. ECS is involved in the regulation of the body energy and in the functioning of the endocrine system. It can affect on the regulation of emotional states, motoric movement, operations of the endocrine, immune and digestive system. Many of the effects of cannabinoids are mediated by G coupled –protein receptors: CB1, CB2 and GPR55 but also of transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) which not only induce the sensation of pain but also support inflammation via secretion of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides. In this review work we briefly summarize the role and action of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1).

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