Vitamin C Acutely Affects Brain Perfusion and Mastication-Induced Perfusion Asymmetry in the Principal Trigeminal Nucleus

Prolonged mastication may induce an asymmetric modification of the local perfusion of the trigeminal principal nucleus. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible influence of vitamin C (vit. C) on such effect. Four groups of healthy volunteers underwent arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (ASL-MRI) to evaluate the local perfusion of the trigeminal nuclei after a vit. C-enriched lunch or a control lunch. Two ASL-MRI scans were acquired, respectively, before and after a 1 h-long masticating exercise or a 1 h long resting period. The results showed (i) an increased global perfusion of the brain in the vit. C-enriched lunch groups, (ii) an increased local perfusion of the right principal trigeminal nucleus (Vp) due to mastication, and (iii) a reduction of the rightward asymmetry of the Vp perfusion, due to mastication, after the vit C-enriched meal compared to the control meal. These results confirmed a long-lasting effect of prolonged mastication on Vp perfusion and also suggest a possible effect of vit. C on cerebral vascular tone regulation. Moreover, the data strongly draw attention on the side-to-side relation in Vp perfusion as a possible physiological parameter to be considered to understand the origin of pathological conditions like migraine.

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Temporoparietal Connectivity Within Default Mode Network Associates With Clinical Improvements in Schizophrenia Following Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.768279 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Qiang Hu ◽

Huan Huang ◽

Yuchao Jiang ◽

Xiong Jiao ◽

Jie Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽

Default Mode Network ◽

Angular Gyrus ◽

Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽

Default Mode ◽

Before And After ◽

Mental Symptoms ◽

Mri Scans ◽

Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽

The Right

Although modified electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been reported to be effective for the treatment of schizophrenia (SCZ), its action mechanism is unclear. To elucidate the underlying ECT mechanisms of SCZ, this study used a longitudinal cohort including 21 SCZ patients receiving only antipsychotics (DSZ group) and 21 SCZ patients receiving a regular course of ECT combining with antipsychotics (MSZ group) for 4 weeks. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at baseline (t1) and follow-up (t2) time points. A matched healthy control (HC) group included 23 individuals who were only scanned at baseline. Functional connectivity (FC) within the default mode network (DMN) was evaluated before and after ECT. Significant interaction of the group over time was found in FC between angular gyrus (AG) and middle temporal gyrus (MTG). Post-hoc analysis showed a significantly enhanced FC of left AG(AG.L) and right MTG (MTG.R) in the MSZ group relative to the DSZ group. In addition, the right AG (AG.R) showed significantly enhanced FC between MTG.R and left MTG (MTG.L) after ECT in the MSZ group, but no in the DSZ group. In particular, the FCs change in AG.L-MTG.R and AG.R-MTG.R were positively correlated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative score reduction. Furthermore, the FC change in AG.L-MTG.R was also positively correlated with the PANSS general psychopathology score reduction. These findings confirmed a potential relationship between ECT inducing hyperconnectivity within DMN and improvements in symptomatology of SCZ, suggesting that ECT controls mental symptoms by regulating the temporoparietal connectivity within DMN.

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Functional connectivity of hypothalamus in chronic migraine with medication overuse

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1177/0333102419833087 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (7) ◽

pp. 892-899 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Fleur Lerebours ◽

Kader Boulanouar ◽

Michèle Barège ◽

Marie Denuelle ◽

Fabrice Bonneville ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Connectivity ◽

Chronic Migraine ◽

Medication Overuse ◽

Episodic Migraine ◽

Anterior Hypothalamus ◽

Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus ◽

Trigeminal Nucleus ◽

Chronic Group ◽

Trigeminal Nuclei ◽

The Right

Objective To investigate the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus in chronic migraine compared to interictal episodic migraine in order to improve our understanding of migraine chronification. Methods Using task-free fMRI and ROI-to-ROI analysis, we compared anterior hypothalamus intrinsic connectivity with the spinal trigeminal nucleus in patients with chronic migraine (n = 25) to age- and sex-matched patients with episodic migraine in the interictal phase (n = 22). We also conducted a seed-to-voxel analysis with anterior hypothalamus as a seed. Results All patients with chronic migraine had medication overuse. We found a significant connectivity (T = 2.08, p = 0.024) between anterior hypothalamus and spinal trigeminal nucleus in the chronic group, whereas these two regions were not connected in the episodic group. The strength of connectivity was not correlated with pain intensity (rho: 0.09, p = 0.655). In the seed-to-voxel analysis, three regions were more connected with the anterior hypothalamus in the chronic group: The spinal trigeminal nuclei (MNI coordinate x = 2, y = −44, z = −62), the right dorsal anterior insula (MNI coordinate x = 10, y = 10, z = 18), and the right caudate (MNI coordinate x = 12, y = 28, z = 6). However, these correlations were no longer significant after whole brain FWE correction. Conclusion An increased functional connectivity between the anterior hypothalamus and the spinal trigeminal nucleus, as previously reported in preictal episodic migraine, was demonstrated in chronic migraine with medication overuse. This finding confirms a major role of the anterior hypothalamus in migraine and suggests that chronic migraineurs are locked in the preictal phase.

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Capturing Neuroplastic Changes after iTBS in Patients with Post-Stroke Aphasia: A Pilot fMRI Study

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11111451 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1451

Author(s):

Shuo Xu ◽

Qing Yang ◽

Mengye Chen ◽

Panmo Deng ◽

Ren Zhuang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Connectivity ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Parietal Lobe ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Post Stroke ◽

Before And After ◽

Mri Scans ◽

The Right

Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is a high-efficiency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigm that has been applied to post-stroke aphasia (PSA). However, its efficacy mechanisms have not been clarified. This study aimed to explore the immediate effects of iTBS of the primary motor cortex (M1) of the affected hemisphere, on the functional activities and connectivity of the brains of PSA patients. A total of 16 patients with aphasia after stroke received iTBS with 800 pulses for 300 s. All patients underwent motor, language, and cognitive assessments and resting-state functional MRI scans immediately before and after the iTBS intervention. Regional, seed-based connectivity, and graph-based measures were used to test the immediate functional effects of the iTBS intervention, including the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF), degree centrality (DC), and functional connectivity (FC) of the left M1 area throughout the whole brain. The results showed that after one session of iTBS intervention, the fALFF, DC, and FC values changed significantly in the patients’ brains. Specifically, the DC values were significantly higher in the right middle frontal gyrus and parts of the left parietal lobe (p < 0.05), while fALFF values were significantly lower in the right medial frontal lobe and parts of the left intracalcarine cortex (p < 0.05), and the strength of the functional connectivity between the left M1 area and the left superior frontal gyrus was reduced (p < 0.05). Our findings provided preliminary evidences that the iTBS on the ipsilesional M1 could induce neural activity and functional connectivity changes in the motor, language, and other brain regions in patients with PSA, which may promote neuroplasticity and functional recovery.

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Selenium dan Vitamin C Sebagai Pengobatan Pencegahan Pada Keracunan Pestisida (Studi Eksperimen Pada Petani Penyemprot di Temanggung Jawa Tengah)

MEDIA KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA ◽

10.14710/mkmi.19.1.5-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 5-9

Author(s):

Ari Suwondo

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Control Group ◽

Exclusion Criteria ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Central Java ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

People First ◽

Vit C

Latar belakang: Gejala keracunan organofosfat adalah hasil dari menghalangi aktivitas enzim cholinesterase darah (ChEA). Kemampuan hati untuk melakukan de toxin menggunakan jalur O-Dealchylation pada organofosfat dan cholinesterase yang diikat dan dibantu oleh enzim Glutathione peroxides (GPX) memiliki peran penting dalam mengembalikan level ChEA ke level normal. GPX tergantung pada keberadaan selenium. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan manfaat yang lebih dimengerti dari penambahan selenium dan vitamin C terhadap tingkat ChEA, GPX dan hemoglobin dari para petani yang bekerja sebagai penyemprot pestisida.Metode: Merupakan penelitian eksperimental menggunakan Desain Kelompok Kontrol pretest-posttest. Sembilan puluh sembilan responden di desa Pasuruan, Kecamatan Bulu, Temanggung yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi dipilih sebagai sampel penelitian. Sampel dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok yang terdiri dari 33 orang. Kelompok pertama hanya menerima Selenium, kelompok kedua menerima Selenium dan Vitamin C dan kelompok ketiga adalah kelompok kontrol (tidak diberikan suplemen). Sampel darah dari semua sampel penelitian diambil untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat ChEA, GPX dan hemoglobin sebelum dan sesudah percobaan Hasil: Tingkat ChEA pada kelompok pertama dibandingkan dengan kelompok ketiga berbeda nyata (p = 0,05). Temuan serupa juga ditemukan untuk tingkat ChEA pada kelompok kedua dibandingkan dengan kelompok ketiga (p = 0,014). Suplementasi Selenium 200 μg selama 7 hari di antara petani penyemprot pestisida meningkatkan kadar ChEA 1,85% dan kadar hemoglobin 2,66%.Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan yang significant antara tingkat ChEA pada kelompok pertama dibandingkan dengan kelompok lainnya. Kata kunci: Selenium, Vit C, tingkat GPX, ChEA dan HemoglobinABSTRACT Title: Selenium and Vitamin C As a Preventive Medicine for Pesticide Poisoning (Experimental Study on Spraying Farmers in Temanggung, Central Java) Background: Symptoms of organophosphate intoxication are a result of blocking the activity of blood cholinesterase enzyme (ChEA). The ability of liver to do de toxification using pathway of O-Dealchylation on organophosphate and cholinesterase bound and helped out by Glutathione peroxides enzyme (GPX) has important role in returning the level of ChEA to the normal level. GPX is dependent on the presence of selenium. The objective of this study is to obtain more understandable benefit of adding selenium and vitamin C towards the ChEA, GPX and hemoglobin level of farmers worked as pesticide sprayers.Method: This is an experimental study using Pretest-posttest Control Group Design. Ninety nine respondents in Pasuruan village, sub district of Bulu, Temanggung who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected as study samples. Samples were divided into 3 groups of 33 people. First group received only Selenium, second group received Selenium and Vitamin C and third group is a control group (no supplementation given). Blood samples of all study samples were taken to identify the level of ChEA, GPX and hemoglobin before and after experimentResult: Level of ChEA in the first group compared with the third group was significantly different (p=0.05). Similar finding was also found for the level of ChEA in second group compared with third group (p= 0.014). Supplementation of Selenium 200 µg for 7 days among pesticides sprayers farmers increase 1.85% level of ChEA and 2.66% level of hemoglobin.Conclusion: There is a significant difference between ChEA levels in the first group compared to other groups Keywords: Selenium, vit C, level of GPX, ChEA and Hemoglobin.

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An Hospital Application Involving Deep Learning Methodology for Detecting Nutrients Intake

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology ◽

10.48175/ijarsct-961 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 723-732

Author(s):

S. Karthika Devi ◽

J. Ashley Berin ◽

Dr. D. Sungeetha

Keyword(s):

Deep Learning ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Learning System ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Before And After ◽

The Right ◽

Sufficient Food

This paper presents a prospective view of how much calories is consumed by a person before and after a meal. From the calorie intake project, the management gets to know whether the person consumed the necessary amount of calorie. Although the hospital diet can provide adequate energy and nutrients, many patients may not consume sufficient food to meet their needs. The estimated energy intake of about one-third of patients was very low, and vitamin C, calcium and zinc intakes were also of concern. At least one-third of patients arriving at the hospital are malnourished. This can mean a patient’s diet does not provide the right amount or appropriate ratio of calories, macronutrients, or micronutrients to promote adequate healing. If this continuous then it may be a risk to the patient’s health and may not be a good sign. In this project, we proposed a deep learning system to monitor the nutrient intake for hospitalized patients. A Camera will scan the amount of food given to the patient, when the patient finishes the meal again the camera will again scan the amount of food the patient has taken. It will also note down the number of calories the patient has intake and the amount of calories the patient has left. This will help hospitalized patient to be healthy and will also help hospital staffs to monitor with ease.

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Liver Histological Improvement After Administration of High-Dose Vitamin C in Guinea Pig with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000515 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 88 (5-6) ◽

pp. 263-269

Author(s):

Seong-Hoon Park ◽

A Lum Han ◽

Na-Hyung Kim ◽

Sae-Ron Shin

Keyword(s):

Liver Biopsy ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Normal Diet ◽

High Dose ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Deficient Diet ◽

Histological Improvement ◽

Vit C

Abstract. Background: Vitamin C is a strong antioxidant, and the health effects of vitamin C megadoses have not been validated despite the apparent health benefits. Therefore, the present study sought to confirm the effects of vitamin C megadoses. Materials and Methods : Four groups of six guinea pigs were used. Each group was fed one of the following diets for three weeks: normal diet, methionine choline-deficient diet, methionine choline-deficient diet + vitamin C megadose (MCD + vit C 2.5 g/kg/day), and methionine-choline deficient diet + ursodeoxycholic acid (MCD + UDCA 30 mg/kg/day). The MCD diet was given to induce nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and UDCA was used to treat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Three weeks after initial diet administration, the results of biochemical tests and liver biopsy were compared between the groups. Results: The cytoplasm state was similar in the MCD + vit C and MCD + UDCA groups, exhibiting clearing of the cytoplasm and ballooning degeneration. However, macrovesicular steatosis was not observed in the MCD + vit C group. Aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were elevated significantly following vitamin C administration. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that alone vitamin C megadoses are potential remedies for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, based on the liver biopsy results of guinea pigs that were unable to synthesize vitamin C.

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Comparative Arterial Antithrombotic Activity of Clopidogrel and Acetyl Salicylic Acid in the Pig

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1646307 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 68 (05) ◽

pp. 500-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Ch M Samama ◽

Ph Bonnin ◽

M Bonneau ◽

G Pignaud ◽

E Mazoyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Femoral Artery ◽

Bleeding Time ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Flow Reduction ◽

Cyclic Flow ◽

Left Femoral Artery ◽

Before And After ◽

The Right ◽

Induced Aggregation

SummaryWe investigated the comparative antithrombotic properties of clopidogrel, an analogue of ticlopidine, and aspirin, using the Folts' model on femoral arteries in 22 pigs. On each animal, clopidogrel or aspirin were used to treat the thrombotic process on the left femoral artery and to prevent this process on the right femoral artery. Sequentially: an injury and stenosis were carried out on the left femoral artery; the thrombotic process was monitored with a Doppler during a 30-min observation period for cyclic flow reductions or permanent cessation of flow; after the first cyclic flow reduction occurred, clopidogrel (5 mg kg-1) or aspirin (2.5, 5, 100 mg kg-1) were injected intravenously; if cyclic flow reductions were abolished, epinephrine (0.4 µg kg-1 min-1) was injected to try to restore cyclic flow reductions and/or permanent cessation of flow; then injury and stenosis were applied on the right femoral artery. Before and after injection of clopidogrel or aspirin, ear immersion bleeding times and ex-vivo platelet aggregation were performed. Clopidogrel (n = 7) abolished cyclic flow reductions in all animals and epinephrine did not restore any cyclic flow reduction. On the right femoral artery, cyclic flow reductions were efficiently prevented, even for two injuries. Basal bleeding time (5 min 28) was lengthened (>15 min, 30 min after clopidogrel and remained prolonged even after 24 h). ADP-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited (more than 78%). Comparatively, aspirin had a moderate and no dose-dependent effect. Aspirin 2.5 mg kg-1 (n = 6) abolished cyclic flow reductions in 2 animals, CFR reoccurred spontaneously in one animal and epinephrine restored it in a second animal. Aspirin 5 mg kg-1 (n = 6) abolished cyclic flow reductions in only 3 animals and epinephrine always restored it. Aspirin 100 mg kg-1 (n = 3) was unable to abolish cyclic flow reductions. On the right femoral artery, aspirin did not significantly prevent cyclic flow reductions which occurred in all animals after one (n = 14) or two injuries (n = 1), except for one animal. Basal bleeding time was lengthened but it shortened rapidly, reaching its basal value after 24 h. ADP-induced aggregation was not significantly inhibited, whereas arachidonic acid induced aggregation was always inhibited. Clopidogrel appears as a more potent antithrombotic drug than aspirin in this model, in treating and preventing spontaneous or epinephrine-induced cyclic flow reductions and lengthening bleeding time.

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EFEKTIVITAS METODE DEMONSTRASI DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN PADA PENGAJARAN SISTEM KOLOID

JURNAL PENELITIAN BIDANG PENDIDIKAN ◽

10.24114/jpp.v19i1.3044 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Hamda Situmorang ◽

Manihar Situmorang

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Abstract Concept ◽

Vocational High School ◽

School Students ◽

Lecture Method ◽

Colloid System ◽

Before And After ◽

The Right ◽

And Control

Abstract Implementation of demonstration method in the teaching of chemistry is assigned as the right strategy to improve students’ achievement as it is proved that the method can bring an abstract concept to reality in the class. The study is conducted to vocational high school students in SMKN1 Pargetteng getteng Sengkut Pakfak Barat at accademic year 2013. The teaching has been carried out three cycles on the teaching of chemistry topic of colloid system. In the study, the class is divided into two class, experiment class and control class. The demontration method is used to teach students in experimental class while the teaching in control class is conducted with lecture method. Both are evaluated by using multiple choise tests before and after the teaching procedures, and the ability of students to answer the problems are assigned as students’ achievements. The results showed that demonstration method improved students’ achievement in chemistry. The students in experimental class who are taughed with demonstration method (M=19.08±0.74) have higher achievements compare with control class (M=12.91±2.52), and both are significantly different (tcalculation 22.85 > ttable 1.66). The effectivity of demostration method in experimental class (97%) is found higer compare to conventional method in control class (91%).

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EDUKASI TERHADAP REMAJA DALAM PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN TENTANG PENGGUNAAN GAME DENGAN BIJAK

Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia ◽

10.36722/jpm.v2i1.361 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Ikhsan Fuady ◽

Rangga Saptya MP

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Violent Behavior ◽

Daily Lives ◽

Before And After ◽

Improper Use ◽

Effective Role ◽

Education And Outreach ◽

The Right ◽

Dedicated Team ◽

User Ratings

AbstrakPemanfaatan game dikalangan remaja memiliki peran yang efektif sebagai wadah untuk hiburan. Tetapi pemanfaatan game tidak tepat memiliki efek samping game terhadap kehidupan sehari hari remaja, mulai dari kurang bersosialIsasi hingga perilaku kekerasan dikalangan remaja. Penyuluhan terhadap remaja bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman kepada remaja tentang variasi game berdasarkan rating pengguna, maupun cerdas dalam manajemen penggunaan game dalam kehidupan remaja sehari hari. Pengetahuan remaja tentang varian/ragam game berdasarkan rating relatif rendah sebagaian besar pemengetahuannya tersebar pada kategori sangat rendah dan rendah yaitu sebesar 65 persen. Metode edukasi dan sosialisasi ini adalah dengan beberapa tahapan. Tahap pertaman tim pengabdian memberikan edukasi dan diskusi tentang beragam bentuk game, karakteristik, serta karakteristik pengguna game yang tepat. Selanjutnya beberapa permainan dan kuis untuk meingkatkan literasi remaja tentang pemanfaatan game secara bijak. Kegiatan penyuluhan ini mampu meningkatkan pemahaman para remaja dalam mengenali game yang baik digunakan, hal ini dapat dilihat dari peningkatan pengetahuan remaja relatif signifikan sebelum dan sesudah penyuluhan.Kata kunci: Edukasi, Game, Penyuluhan Abstract The use of games among teenagers has an effective role as a forum for entertainment. But the improper use of games has the side effects of games on the daily lives of adolescents, ranging from lack of socialization to violent behavior in adolescents. Counseling against adolescents aims to provide understanding to adolescents about the variety/variance of games based on user ratings, as well as being smart in managing game use in daily teenage life. Teenagers' knowledge about game variants/based on the rating is relatively low, most of the knowledge is spread in the very low and low categories, which is 65 percent. The method of education and outreach is by several stages. The first stage of the dedicated team provided education and discussion about various forms of games, characteristics, and characteristics of the right game user. Furthermore, some games and quizzes to improve teen literacy about game use wisely. This counseling activity can increase the understanding of teenagers in recognizing games that are well used, this can be seen from the relatively significant increase in adolescent knowledge before and after counseling.Keywords: Education, Games, Counseling

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A Comparative Study of Amalaki Choorna along with Madhu and Vata Twak Kashaya Yoni Pichu Dharana in the Management of Shweta Pradara

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) ◽

10.21760/jaims.v2i4.9322 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Renuka M. Tenahalli

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Early Stage ◽

Pathological Condition ◽

Before And After ◽

Group A ◽

Phosphorus Iron ◽

Group B ◽

Busy Schedule ◽

Iron And Calcium

Shweta Pradara (Leucorrhoea) is the disease which is characterized by vaginal white discharge. Vaginal white discharge this symptom is present in both physiological and pathological condition, when it becomes pathological it disturbs routine life style of the woman. Most of the women in the early stage will not express the symptoms because of hesitation and their busy schedule. If it is not treated it may leads to chronic diseases like PID (Garbhashaya Shotha etc.) Charaka mentioned Amalaki Choorna along with Madhu and Vata Twak Kashaya Yoni Pichu Dharana. This treatment is used in Shweta Pradara shown positive results, hence a study was under taken to assess its clinical efficacy. 30 diagnosed patients of Shweta Pradara were randomly selected, allocated in three groups. Group A and Group B received Amalaki Choorna with Madhu and Vata Twak Kashaya Yoni Pichu Dharana respectively and Group C received Amalaki Choorna with Madhu followed by Vata Twak Kashaya Yoni Pichu Dharana for 15 days. The patients were assessed for the severity of the symptoms subjectively and objectively before and after the treatment and at the end of the follow up. Data from each group were statistically analyzed and were compared. No side effects were noted and it may be considered as an effective alternative medicine in Shweta Pradara (leucorrhea). Amalaki is rich in natural source of vitamin C and contains phosphorus, iron and calcium. Honey contains carbohydrate, vitamin C, phosphorus iron and calcium. All together these help to increase Hb% and immunity. Vata Twak Kashaya contains tannin which helps to maintain normal pH of the vagina.

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