Organ Growth and Intestinal Functions of Preterm Pigs Fed Low and High Protein Formulas With or Without Supplemental Leucine or Hydroxymethylbutyrate as Growth Promoters

The goal of enteral nutritional support for infants born preterm or small for gestational age (SGA) is to achieve normal growth and development. Yet, this is difficult to achieve because of intestinal immaturity. Our objective was to determine if birth weight, protein intake, and the growth promoters leucine (10 g/L) or calcium-ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutryate (HMB; 1.1 g/L) would affect trajectories of intestinal growth and functions and weights of other organs. Preterm pigs were delivered at gestational day 105 (91% of term) and fed for 6 or 7 days isocaloric formulas that differed in protein content (50 g or 100 g protein/L), with and without the growth promoters leucine or HMB. For comparative purposes organ weights were measured within 12 h after delivery for six term pigs of low and six of average birth weights. The responses of intestinal growth and total intestinal brush border membrane carbohydrases to protein level and supplemental leucine were of greater magnitude for preterm pigs of lower birth weight. Forskolin stimulated chloride secretion in the proximal small intestine was lower for pigs fed the low protein milk replacers. Capacities of the entire small intestine to transport glucose (mmol/kg-day) were not responsive to protein level, leucine, or HMB, and did not differ between small and large pigs. Relative organ weights of the small and average weight term pigs were similar, but some differed from those of the preterm pigs suggesting preterm birth and the standards of care used for this study altered the trajectories of development for the intestine and other organs. Although leucine is an effective generalized growth promoter that enhances gut development of small preterm pigs, it does not mitigate compromised neurodevelopment. Our findings using preterm pigs as a relevant preclinical model indicate nutrition support strategies can influence development of some gastrointestinal tract characteristics and the growth of other organs.

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Comparative Efficacy of an Organic Acid Blend and Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate as Growth Promoters in Broiler Chickens: Effects on Performance, Gut Histology, and Small Intestinal Milieu

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.4061/2010/645150 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Saikat Samanta ◽

Sudipto Haldar ◽

Tapan Kumar Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Organic Acid ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Live Weight ◽

Growth Promoter ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽

Dietary Treatments

This study evaluated the efficacy of organic acids as a growth promoter for broiler chickens relative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Broiler chickens were supplemented with graded doses of an organic acid blend (OAB, 1 g and 2 g/kg diet) and bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD, 0.5 g and 1 g/kg diet) for 35 days. Supplementation of OAB improved () feed conversion ratio (FCR) and increased protein accretion (). Dietary acidification caused pH of the gizzard to decline linearly () with the dose of supplemental OAB. In the lower intestine, pH remained unaffected by dietary treatments. Unlike BMD, supplemental OAB selectively promoted growth of lactobacilli in the small intestine. Moreover, compared to BMD, OAB tended to maintain the villi in the small intestine at a greater height. Although benefits of exceeding the dose of supplemental organic acids more than 1 g/kg diet are not always conspicuous, based on the live weight and feed conversion data, supplementation of 2 g organic acid per kg diet may be recommended for total replacement of AGPs in broiler diet.

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Analysis of the risk of shunt failure or infection related to cerebrospinal fluid cell count, protein level, and glucose levels in low-birth-weight premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus

Yearbook of Neurology and Neurosurgery ◽

10.1016/j.yneu.2011.05.015 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 270-271

Author(s):

P. Klimo

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Cell Count ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Protein Level ◽

Shunt Failure ◽

Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Fluid Cell

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Intrauterine Growth Restriction Alters the Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiles in Small Intestine, Liver and Longissimus Dorsi Muscle of Newborn Piglets

Current Protein and Peptide Science ◽

10.2174/1389203720666190124165243 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 713-726 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shiyu Tao ◽

Tianjiao Zhou ◽

Perot Saelao ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Yuhua Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽

Longissimus Dorsi ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽

Newborn Piglets ◽

Dorsi Muscle ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Differentially Methylated Genes

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains a major problem in swine production since the associated low birth weight leads to high rates of pre-weaning morbidity and mortality, and permanent retardation of growth and development. The underlying regulatory mechanisms from the aspects of epigenetic modification has received widespread attention. Studies explore the changes in genome wide methylation in small intestine (SI), liver and longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) between IUGR and normal birth weight (NBW) newborn piglets using a methylated DNA immunoprecipitation-sequencing (MeDIP-Seq) approach. The data demonstrated that methylated peaks were prominently distributed in distal intergenic regions and the quantities of peaks in IUGR piglets were more than that of NBW piglets. IUGR piglets had relatively high methylated level in promoters, introns and coding exons in all the three tissues. Through KEGG pathway analysis of differentially methylated genes found that 33, 54 and 5 differentially methylated genes in small intestine, liver and longissimus dorsi muscle between NBW and IUGR piglets, respectively, which are related to development and differentiation, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein turnover, immune response, detoxification, oxidative stress and apoptosis pathway. The objective of this review is to assess the impact of differentially methylation status on developmental delay, metabolic disorders and immune deficiency of IUGR piglets.

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Performance of some growth promoters on hybrid walking catfish (Clarias batrachus × Clarias gariepinus)

Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ◽

10.3329/ajmbr.v3i1.32044 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 103-108

Author(s):

Md Sirazul Islam ◽

M Mamnur Rashid ◽

Mohammad Shamsul Arefin ◽

Pronab Naha ◽

Md Rokanuddula

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Control Diet ◽

Animal Health ◽

Clarias Gariepinus ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Clarias Batrachus ◽

Daily Weight Gain ◽

Growth Promoter ◽

Average Daily Weight Gain ◽

Growth Promoters

A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of three most commonly used growth promoters from different pharmaceutical companies on growth performance of hybrid walking catfish (Clarias batrachus × Clarias gariepinus). The experiment was done in the wet laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture, BAU, Mymensingh, with a total of 10 aquaria and 160 fish having mean initial weight of 6.3 ± 0.48 g. The three growth promoters, Charger gel from Fishtech (BD) Ltd., Growth gel from Advance Agrotech (BD) Ltd. and Hepaprotect-aqua from Renata Animal health Ltd., were used in separate nine (9) aquaria at recommended, lower dose and higher dose respectively. One aquarium was used as control (diet without any growth promoter). The fish were fed with paragon nursery floating feed at 20% of body weight in each aquarium for 28 days. Doses of Charger gel were given as 80, 60 and 100 mg/20 g feed/day, that of Growth gel, 0.14, 0.12 and 0.16 ml/20 g feed/day and of Hepaprotect-aqua, 30, 15 and 50 mg/20 g feed/day. Re-circulatory system was used throughout the experimental period. By applying recommended, lower and higher dose of Charger gel, mean final weights were found as 23.0, 21.9 and 35.9 g; average daily weight gain as 0.60, 0.56 and 1.06 g and specific growth rate (SGR) as 2.01, 1.93 and 2.70% respectively. For Growth gel, mean final weights were found as 22.8, 17.3 and 31.1 g; average daily weight gain as 0.59, 0.39 and 0.88 g and SGR as 1.99, 1.57 and 2.48 % respectively. For Hepaprotect-aqua, mean final weights were found as 24.2, 17.5 and 28.2 g; average daily weight gain as 0.64, 0.40 and 0.78 g and SGR as 2.09, 1.58 and 2.32% respectively. In all the cases survival rates were 100%. All the three growth promoters showed better results at their higher doses in comparison to their results in lower and recommended doses. However, in average Charger gel showed the best result than the other two growth promoters. This information on the efficacy study of growth promoters needs to be disseminated to the farmers for improved fish production.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2017, 3(1): 103-108

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Effects of butyric acid, mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and avilamycin on performance and small intestine morphology of broiler chickens

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200030726 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2009 ◽

pp. 233-233

Author(s):

S N Mousavi ◽

M Shivazad ◽

N Ghazvini

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Butyric Acid ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Potential Alternative ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽

Public Scrutiny

The subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in animals has been under scientific and public scrutiny as antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have been linked to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which poses a threat to human health (Smith et al., 2003). Short chain fatty acids such as butyrate are considered as potential alternative to AGP, In addition to its bactericidal activity; butyrate appears to play a role in development of the intestinal epithelium (Leeson 2005). Prebiotics (e.g. mannanoligosaccharides, MOS) are nondigestible feed ingredients that can selectively stimulate growth or metabolic activity of a limited number of intestinal microorganisms (Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995). This study was, therefore, conducted to investigate effectiveness of mannanoligosaccharides and butyric acid as potential alternatives to AGP in broilers.

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Effects of nano mineral-supplemented diet on sow productivity

ACADEMIA JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY ◽

10.15625/2615-9023/v41n4.14692 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Hoang Nghia Son

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Reproductive Performance ◽

Metal Content ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Control Group ◽

Average Weight ◽

Group Iii ◽

Newborn Piglets ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nano mineral-supplemented diet on sow productivity. The data were estimated by several parameters consisting of piglet live ratio at newborn stage and weaning stage, piglet weight at newborn stage and weaning stage, metal content in piglet livers. The results showed that live ratio of newborn piglets in group III was highest (93.44 ± 2.83%) comparing with other groups. However, there was no significant difference of live ratio in piglets at weaning stage between nano mineral-supplemented groups with control. The birth weight of piglets in nano mineral-supplemented groups was similar to control group. The birth weight of piglets in nano mineral-supplemented groups was ranged from 1,361.61 ± 47.37 grams (group II) to 1,410.48 ± 44.28 grams (group I). However, the average weight of weaned pigs in groups III and IV was higher than other groups (6,772.92 ± 105.47 grams and 6,818.87 ± 89.59 grams). Moreover, the amount of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn in piglet liver from nano mineral-supplemented groups have been found to be lower than those in control group. These results revealed that the supplement of nano minerals for sows promoted the reproductive performance of sows and reduced mineral content in the liver of piglets.

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Efficacy of four selective Trichoderma isolates as plant growth promoters in two peanut varieties

International Journal of Biological Research ◽

10.14419/ijbr.v4i2.6468 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 152

Author(s):

M. Kamaruzzaman ◽

M. M. Rahman ◽

M. S. Islam ◽

M. U. Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Growth Promoter ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Higher Plant ◽

Potential Growth ◽

Trichoderma Species ◽

Wide Range ◽

Trichoderma Isolates

Trichoderma species are generally used as potential bio control agents against wide range of plant pathogenic fungi and some strains are reported to produce metabolites that enhance plant growth. In the current study we evaluated the four Trichoderma isolates viz. T. harzianum (ST5), T. viride (ST6), T. virens (ST7) and T. atroviride (ST9) including a control were tested as seed treatment against to find out a potential growth-promoter of Peanut. T. harzianum (ST5) gave maximum length and weight of shoot, weight of roots with pods, weight of pods and number of nodules per plant. T. viride (ST6) showed higher plant growth, nodulation and yield compared to T. virens (ST7) and T. atroviride (ST9). Minimum growth, yield and nodulation were observed with control treatment.

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Growth promoters: reassessing the risk

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600019942 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 1991 ◽

pp. 43-43

Author(s):

A.R. Peters

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Growth Promoter ◽

Therapeutic Action ◽

Medicinal Products ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Consumer Concerns ◽

Binding Agents ◽

Veterinary Medicinal Products

Legislation to control veterinary medicinal products is undergoing continual development in the EEC and UK and therefore the risks are continually reassessed. In the present paper current and future legislation together with consumer concerns both real and imaginary are reviewed.Since the EEC ban on hormonal growth promoter implants in 1986 the remaining legal products are all feed additives. Registration of feed additives in the EEC is controlled under Directive 70/524 and its various amending directives. this directive is concerned with all products added to feed and mainly includes substances used to affect the quality of the feedstuff i.e., emulsifiers, stabilisers, antioxidants, colorants and binding agents and also vitamins and micronutrients. The majority of growth promoters exert their affects by antimicrobial activity and these and certain prophylactic medicinal products such as coccidiostats are also included. All products with a therapeutic action are controlled under the Veterinary Medicine Directives 81/851 and 81/852, quite separate legislation and under the responsibility of a different department within the EEC Coimdssion. However, there is provision under Directive 84/587 amending 70/524 to transfer the medicinal feed additives to 81/851 and 81/852.

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MICROBIAL BIOMASS AND ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES IN SANDY SOIL CULTIVATED WITH LETTUCE INOCULATED WITH PLANT GROWTH PROMOTERS

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252018v31n408rc ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 860-870

Author(s):

Marcele de Cássia Henriques dos Santos Moraes ◽

Erika Valente de Medeiros ◽

Dayane da Silva de Andrade ◽

Leandro Dias de Lima ◽

Ivonaldo Carlos da Silva Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Biomass ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Sandy Soil ◽

Crop Production ◽

Enzymatic Activities ◽

Cattle Manure ◽

Growth Promoter ◽

Pseudomonas Sp ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Combined Application

ABSTRACT Plant growth promoter microorganisms have been studied as important tools for increasing crop production. Lettuce is the most consumed hardwood crop in the world. Numerous microorganisms are capable of acting in a beneficial way in the growth of this culture. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas on the microbial biomass, enzymatic activities in sandy soil and lettuce production. The experimental design was completely randomized with ten replicates and treatments: CONT (absolute control); CM (control with cattle manure fertilization); CMB (with fertilization and Pseudomonas sp.); CMF (with fertilization and T. aureoviride) and CMBF (with fertilization and the two microorganisms combined). The fertilizer used was organic with cattle manure in a dose recommended for the culture. This study evaluated the production of lettuce, microbial biomass and the enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and urease. The combined application of CMBF was efficient in increasing lettuce production, because it increased 85% of the cv. Veronica cultivated on sandy soil. The combined use of plant growth promoting microorganisms resulted to an increase in microbial biomass. In lettuce crops, it is recommended to use T. aureoviride URM 5158 and Pseudomonas sp. UAGF 14 in lettuce crops, because improved lettuce production, improves the biochemical quality of soils measured by absolute and specific enzymatic activities per unit of microbial biomass.

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