scholarly journals Computational Network Pharmacology–Based Strategy to Capture Key Functional Components and Decode the Mechanism of Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan-San in Treating Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kexin Wang ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
Yupeng Chen ◽  
Genxia Wei ◽  
Hailang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Diseases ◽  
Effective Intervention ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Core Network ◽  
The Core ◽  
Pathogenic Genes ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Go Terms

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) usually plays therapeutic roles on complex diseases in the form of formulas. However, the multicomponent and multitarget characteristics of formulas bring great challenges to the mechanism analysis and secondary development of TCM in treating complex diseases. Modern bioinformatics provides a new opportunity for the optimization of TCM formulas. In this report, a new bioinformatics analysis of a computational network pharmacology model was designed, which takes Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan-San (CHSGS) treatment of depression as the case. In this model, effective intervention space was constructed to depict the core network of the intervention effect transferred from component targets to pathogenic genes based on a novel node importance calculation method. The intervention-response proteins were selected from the effective intervention space, and the core group of functional components (CGFC) was selected based on these intervention-response proteins. Results show that the enriched pathways and GO terms of intervention-response proteins in effective intervention space could cover 95.3 and 95.7% of the common pathways and GO terms that respond to the major functional therapeutic effects. Additionally, 71 components from 1,012 components were predicted as CGFC, the targets of CGFC enriched in 174 pathways which cover the 86.19% enriched pathways of pathogenic genes. Based on the CGFC, two major mechanism chains were inferred and validated. Finally, the core components in CGFC were evaluated by in vitro experiments. These results indicate that the proposed model with good accuracy in screening the CGFC and inferring potential mechanisms in the formula of TCM, which provides reference for the optimization and mechanism analysis of the formula in TCM.

scholarly journals Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Methods Reveal the Mechanism of Zao-Jiao-Ci in the Treatment of LSCC

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Feng Xiang ◽  
Linman Li ◽  
Jieling Lin ◽  
Shasha Li ◽  
Guiyuan Peng
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Core Network ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
The Core ◽  
Ppi Networks ◽  
Disease Free

Objective. Zao-Jiao-Ci (ZJC), a traditional Chinese medicine, is considered as a promising candidate to treat laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Methods. Gene expression profiles of GSE36668 were available from the GEO database, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of LSCC were obtained by R package; subsequently, enrichment analysis on KEGG and GO of DEGs was performed. The active ingredients of ZJC were screened from the TCMSP database, and the matched candidate targets were obtained by PharmMapper. Furthermore, we constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of DEGs and candidate targets, respectively, and we screened the core network from the merged network through combining the two PPI networks using Cytoscape 3.7.2. The key targets derived from the core network were analyzed to find out the associated KEGG signal enrichment pathway. By the GEPIA online website, Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to complete the overall survival and disease-free survival of the selected genes in the core module. Results. We identified 96 candidate targets of ZJC and 86 DEGs of LSCC, the latter including 50 upregulated genes and 36 downregulated genes. DEGs were obviously enriched in the following biological functions: extracellular structure organization, the extracellular matrix organization, and endodermal cell differentiation. The 60 key targets from the core network were enriched in the signal pathways including transcriptional misregulation cancer, cell cycle, and so on. We found that LSCC patients with high expression of HIST1H3J, HIST1H3F, and ITGA4 had worse overall survival, while higher expression of NTRK1, COPS5, HIST1H3A, and HIST1H3G had significantly worse disease-free survival. Conclusion. It suggested that the interaction between ZJC and LSCC was related to the signal pathways of transcriptional misregulation cancer and cell cycle, revealing that it may be the mechanism of ZJC in the treatment of LSCC.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Fei-Xian Formula in the Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis on the Basis of Network Pharmacology Analysis Combined with Molecular Docking Validation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Xiao-Li Chen ◽  
Cheng Tang ◽  
Qing-Ling Xiao ◽  
Zhong-Hua Pang ◽  
Dan-Dan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Core Network ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Molecular Docking Study ◽  
The Core ◽  
Target Network

Objective. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism of Fei-Xian formula (FXF) in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis based on network pharmacology analysis combined with molecular docking validation. Methods. Firstly, ingredients in FXF with pharmacological activities, together with specific targets, were identified based on the BATMA-TCM and TCMSP databases. Then, targets associated with pulmonary fibrosis, which included pathogenic targets as well as those known therapeutic targets, were screened against the CTD, TTD, GeneCards, and DisGeNet databases. Later, Cytoscape was employed to construct a candidate component-target network of FXF for treating pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, for nodes within the as-constructed network, topological parameters were calculated using CytoHubba plug-in, and the degree value (twice as high as the median degree value for all the nodes) was adopted to select core components as well as core targets of FXF for treating pulmonary fibrosis, which were subsequently utilized for constructing the core network. Furthermore, molecular docking study was carried out on those core active ingredients together with the core targets using AutoDock Vina for verifying results of network pharmacology analysis. At last, OmicShare was employed for enrichment analysis of the core targets. Results. Altogether 12 active ingredients along with 13 core targets were identified from our constructed core component-target network of FXF for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. As revealed by enrichment analysis, the 13 core targets mostly concentrated in regulating biological functions, like response to external stimulus (from oxidative stress, radiation, UV, chemical substances, and virus infection), apoptosis, cell cycle, aging, immune process, and protein metabolism. In addition, several pathways, like IL-17, AGE-RAGE, TNF, HIF-1, PI3K-AKT, NOD-like receptor, T/B cell receptor, and virus infection-related pathways, exerted vital parts in FXF in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Conclusions. FXF can treat pulmonary fibrosis through a “multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway” mean. Findings in this work lay foundation for further exploration of the FXF mechanism in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

Study on the Anti-Tumor Mechanism and Target of Triptolide based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Zou ◽  
Yuanqiong Huang ◽  
Yifan Hu ◽  
Mingyu Wu ◽  
Yueshui Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Specific Target ◽  
Pharmacological Mechanism ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Genes

Background: According to the special physiological and pharmacological activities of natural compounds, many drugs with special therapeutic effects have been developed. The triptolide (TP) is a kind of natural anti-tumor drug with a world patent, but its target and mechanism are yet not known. Objective: The study aims to explore and predict the target and mechanism of TP on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer (PC) and colorectal cancer (CC) through network pharmacology technology. Methods: We screened the core targets of TP with NSCLC, PC and CC, respectively, and carried out network analysis, enrichment analysis and ligand-receptor docking to clarify its potential pharmacological mechanism. Results: By screening the core genes between TP with NSCLC, PC and CC, respectively, it was found that PTGS2 was the common target gene in the three cancers. NSCLC, CCL2, IL6, HMOX1 and COL1A1 are the specific target genes, while MMP2, JUN, and CXCL8 are the specific target genes in PC. In CC, the specific target genes includeERBB2, VEGFA, STAT1 andMAPK8. In enrichment analysis, it was found that the NF- κB, toll-like receptors and IL-17 signaling pathway were mainly involved in TP for these cancers. The binding energy of TP to the core target is less than that of cyclophosphamide. Conclusions: This study preliminarily revealed that TP may prevent and treat cancers\ through multiple targets and pathways. The possible mechanisms of TP include regulating immune and inflammatory responses, promoting apoptosis and inhibiting tumor development. It shows that TP may have a potential in treating kinds of tumors.

scholarly journals Ruanjian Sanjie Decoction Induces Apoptosis in Triple-negative Breast Cancer Cells by Downregulating cIAP1/2 and XIAP

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiumei Zhao ◽  
Tongxing Wang ◽  
Qiang Jia ◽  
Luyao Wang ◽  
Cheng Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Active Components ◽  
The Core

Abstract Background: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) comprises a unique theoretical system developed over thousands of years. The previous study reported that Ruanjian Sanjie (RJSJ) exerts anti-tumor effects by inducing cell apoptosis. However, the mechanism is not clear. Methods: In this study, we investigated the possible mechanism by the strategy of combining network pharmacology analysis with experiment (in vitro and in vivo). First, four kinds of breast cancer cell lines were used to conduct proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle analysis. Secondly, to study pathophysiological processes of breast cancer at the molecular network level, we for the first time constructed an “integrated apoptosis module network of breast cancer” by assembling the regulatory relationships of canonical apoptosis signaling pathways. Through the strategy of combining network analysis and experiments, we analyzed the main mechanism of RJSJ in breast cancer and screened out the core genes. We further studied the inhibitory effect of RJSJ combined with carboplatin (CBP) in vivo. Finally, the synergistic effect of RJSJ and CBP were analyzed and the potential active components in RJSJ were predicted.Results: This study demonstrated that RJSJ could significantly inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. The primary mechanism of RJSJ in the treatment of breast cancer was pro-apoptotic. The core apoptosis genes regulated by RJSJ were cIAP1/2 and XIAP. We also found that RJSJ in combination with CBP tended to synergistically induce apoptosis, which might mainly be achieved through the regulation of multiple targets and pathways. Alexandrin (BX05, XKC02, SCG01), baicalin (BX22), guanosine (BX32), arjunglucoside I (XKC10) etc. were predicted as potential active components.Conclusions: These findings provide the rationale for exploring the therapeutic effects of RJSJ against breast cancer and providing a bridge for the combined use of Chinese and Western medicine.

scholarly journals Analysis of Molecular Mechanism of Erxian Decoction in Treating Osteoporosis Based on Formula Optimization Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Lang Yang ◽  
Liuyi Fan ◽  
Kexin Wang ◽  
Yupeng Chen ◽  
Lan Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Estrogen Signaling ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Pathway Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Erxian Decoction

Osteoporosis (OP) is a highly prevalent orthopedic condition in postmenopausal women and the elderly. Currently, OP treatments mainly include bisphosphonates, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) antibody therapy, selective estrogen receptor modulators, teriparatide (PTH1-34), and menopausal hormone therapy. However, increasing evidence has indicated these treatments may exert serious side effects. In recent years, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has become popular for treating orthopedic disorders. Erxian Decoction (EXD) is widely used for the clinical treatment of OP, but its underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear thanks to its multiple components and multiple target features. In this research, we designed a network pharmacology method, which used a novel node importance calculation model to identify critical response networks (CRNs) and effective proteins. Based on these proteins, a target coverage contribution (TCC) model was designed to infer a core active component group (CACG). This approach decoded the mechanisms underpinning EXD’s role in OP therapy. Our data indicated that the drug response network mediated by the CACG effectively retained information of the component-target (C-T) network of pathogenic genes. Functional pathway enrichment analysis showed that EXD exerted therapeutic effects toward OP by targeting PI3K-Akt signaling (hsa04151), calcium signaling (hsa04020), apoptosis (hsa04210), estrogen signaling (hsa04915), and osteoclast differentiation (hsa04380) via JNK, AKT, and ERK. Our method furnishes a feasible methodological strategy for formula optimization and mechanism analysis and also supplies a reference scheme for the secondary development of the TCM formula.

scholarly journals Study and Experimental Validation of the Functional Components and Mechanisms of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni in the Treatment of Lactation Deficiency

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1863
Author(s):  
Jing Zhong ◽  
Yuxuan Liang ◽  
Yongchun Chen ◽  
Jiawei Zhang ◽  
Xiaoying Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
The Core ◽  
Material Basis ◽  
Prolactin Signaling ◽  
Hemerocallis Citrina ◽  
Functional Components

The function of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (daylily) on promoting lactation is reported in several ancient Chinese medicine books. However, nowadays, there is no conclusive data to support this statement. In this study, we investigated the effect of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni extract (HCE) on lactation insufficiency in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) dams and further explored the mechanism and functional components through network pharmacology. The results showed that HCE could increase the offspring’s weight, serum prolactin (PRL), and oxytocin (OT) level of CUMS dams. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that the facilitation of HCE on lactation is the result of the comprehensive action of 62 components on 209 targets and 260 pathways, among this network, quercetin, kaempferol, thymidine, etc., were the vital material basis, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), mitogen activity protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), tumor protein P53 (TP53), etc., were the core targets, and the prolactin signaling pathway was the core pathway. In addition, verification test results showed that HCE regulated the abnormal expression of the prolactin signaling pathway, including STAT3, cyclin D1 (CCND1), MAPK1, MAPK8, nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit (NFKB1), and tyrosine-protein kinase (JAK2). In conclusion, HCE exhibited a facilitation of lactation insufficiency, in which quercetin, kaempferol, thymidine, etc., were the most important material basis. The mechanism of this promotional effect is mediated by the prolactin signaling pathway in mammary gland.

scholarly journals Exploration of the Potential Mechanism of Tao Hong Si Wu Decoction for the Treatment of Breast Cancer Based on Network Pharmacology and In Vitro Experimental Verification

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Huang ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Lingyu Pan ◽  
Changyi Fei ◽  
Ni Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
The Core

BackgroundTao Hong Si Wu Decoction (THSWD) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used clinically alone or combined with drugs to treat breast cancer. However, there has been no study to date on the underlying mechanisms of its therapeutic effects.ObjectivesTo explore the potential mechanism of THSWD for the treatment of breast cancer using network pharmacology and experimental research.MethodsThe active ingredients of THSWD were screened according to Lipinski’s rule of five based on the 107 ingredients of THSWD identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE. The targets of THSWD and breast cancer from multiple databases were collected, and a Compound-Target-Pathway network based on protein-protein interaction (PPI) was constructed. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and KEGG pathway analysis were performed via the DAVID server. Molecular docking studies verified the selected key ingredients and key targets. The results of network pharmacology were verified by in vitro experiments. Including the effects of THSWD drug-containing rat serum (THSWD serum) on cell proliferation, and on the targets HRAS, MAPK1, AKT1, GRB2, and MAPK14 were assayed by RT-qPCR and Western blot assays.ResultsIn total, 27 active ingredients including 8 core components, were obtained from 107 ingredients and 218 THSWD target genes for the treatment of breast cancer were identified. THSWD is active in the treatment of breast cancer by targeting Ras, FoxO, PI3K-Akt and other signaling pathways. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation was inhibited by THSWD serum in a time and concentration dependent manner. THSWD could regulated the RNA and protein expression of core targets HRAS, MAPK1, AKT1, GRB2, and MAPK14 for treatment of breast cancer.ConclusionThe results of network pharmacology study showed that THSWD is active against breast cancer by intervening with multiple targets and pathways. Luteolin, kaempferol, senkyunolide E, and other 8 compounds may be the core active ingredients of THSWD in the treatment of breast cancer. THSWD treatment of breast cancer may be related to targeting Ras, FoxO, PI3K-Akt, and other signal pathways associated with the core targets HRAS, MAPK1, AKT1, GRB2, and MAPK14.

scholarly journals A network pharmacology perspective for deciphering potential mechanisms of action of Solanum nigrum L. in bladder cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Dong ◽  
Lin Hao ◽  
Kun Fang ◽  
Xiao-xiao Han ◽  
Hui Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mendelian Inheritance ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Ppi Networks ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Go Terms

Abstract Background Solanum nigrum L. decoction has been used as a folklore medicine in China to prevent the postoperative recurrence of bladder cancer (BC). However, there are no previous pharmacological studies on the protective mechanisms of this activity of the plant. Thus, this study aimed to perform a systematic analysis and to predict the potential action mechanisms underlying S. nigrum activity in BC based on network pharmacology. Methods Based on network pharmacology, the active ingredients of S. nigrum and the corresponding targets were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicines for Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform database, and BC-related genes were screened using GeneCards and the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database. In addition, ingredient-target (I–T) and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using STRING and Cytoscape, Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted, and then the pathways directly related to BC were integrated manually to reveal the pharmacological mechanism underlying S. nigrum-medicated therapeutic effects in BC. Results Seven active herbal ingredients from 39 components of S. nigrum were identified, which shared 77 common target genes related to BC. I-T network analysis revealed that quercetin was associated with all targets and that NCOA2 was targeted by four ingredients. Besides, interleukin 6 had the highest degree value in the PPI network, indicating a hub role. A subsequent gene enrichment analysis yielded 86 significant GO terms and 89 significant pathways, implying that S. nigrum had therapeutic benefits in BC through multi-pathway effects, including the HIF-1, TNF, P53, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, apoptosis and bladder cancer pathway. Conclusions S. nigrum may mediate pharmacological effects in BC through multi-target and various signaling pathways. Further validation is required experimentally. Network pharmacology approach provides a predicative novel strategy to reveal the holistic mechanism of action of herbs.

scholarly journals The Potential Effect of Rhizoma coptidis on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Liyun Duan ◽  
De Jin ◽  
Xuedong An ◽  
Yuehong Zhang ◽  
Shenghui Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Core Network ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Rhizoma Coptidis ◽  
The Core

Background. Rhizoma coptidis (RC) showed a significant effect on PCOS, but its mechanism in PCOS remains unclear. Methods. The components of RC were searched by TCMSP. The Smiles number of the active ingredients was queried through PubChem, and the predicted targets were obtained from the SwissTargetPrediction database. The DrugBank, GeneCards, and DisGeNET databases were retrieved to acquire the related targets of PCOS. Then, the network of compound-target was constructed. The core targets were analyzed using protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, and the binding activities were verified by molecular docking. The enriched pathways of key targets were examined by GO and KEGG. Results. 13 components and 250 targets of RC on PCOS were screened. The core network was filtered based on topological parameters, and the key components were palmatine, berberine, berberrubine, quercetin, and epiberberine. The key targets included DRD2, SLC6A4, CDK2, DPP4, ESR1, AKT2, PGR, and AKT1. Molecular docking displayed that the active ingredients of RC had good binding activities with potential targets of PCOS. After enrichment analysis, 30 functional pathways were obtained, including neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, dopaminergic synapse, and cAMP signaling pathway. Conclusion. In summary, this study clarified the potential effect of RC on PCOS, which is helpful to provide references for clinical practice. It is also conducive to the secondary development of RC and its monomer components.

scholarly journals A Novel Strategy for Decoding and Validating the Combination Principles of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction From Multi-Scale Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke-Xin Wang ◽  
Yao Gao ◽  
Wen-Xia Gong ◽  
Xiao-Feng Ye ◽  
Liu-Yi Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Complex Diseases ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Functional Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Pathogenic Genes ◽  
Level Data

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas treat complex diseases through combined botanical drugs which follow specific compatibility rules to reduce toxicity and increase efficiency. “Jun, Chen, Zuo and Shi” is one of most used compatibility rules in the combination of botanical drugs. However, due to the deficiency of traditional research methods, the quantified theoretical basis of herbal compatibility including principles of “Jun, Chen, Zuo and Shi” are still unclear. Network pharmacology is a new strategy based on system biology and multi-disciplines, which can systematically and comprehensively observe the intervention of drugs on disease networks, and is especially suitable for the research of TCM in the treatment of complex diseases. In this study, we systematically decoded the “Jun, Chen, Zuo and Shi” rules of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HJD) in the treatment of diseases for the first time. This interpretation method considered three levels of data. The data in the first level mainly depicts the characteristics of each component in single botanical drug of HJD, include the physical and chemical properties of component, ADME properties and functional enrichment analysis of component targets. The second level data is the characterization of component-target-protein (C-T-P) network in the whole protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, mainly include the characterization of degree and key communities in C-T-P network. The third level data is the characterization of intervention propagation properties of HJD in the treatment of different complex diseases, mainly include target coverage of pathogenic genes and propagation coefficient of intervention effect between target proteins and pathogenic genes. Finally, our method was validated by metabolic data, which could be used to detect the components absorbed into blood. This research shows the scientific basis of “Jun-Chen-Zuo-Shi” from a multi-dimensional perspective, and provides a good methodological reference for the subsequent interpretation of key components and speculation mechanism of the formula.

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