scholarly journals The Physiology of Reproduction – Quo vadis?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Ivell ◽  
Ravinder Anand-Ivell
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gonadal Hormone ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Environmental Endocrine Disruptors ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Quo Vadis ◽  
Healthy Functioning ◽  
And Function

The reproductive system in males and females reflects a highly dynamic underlying physiology. Yet our current understanding of this system is still largely based upon relatively simplistic snapshots of individual component cells and tissues. Gamete production as well as gonadal hormone synthesis and its influence are the manifestations of dynamic and redundant informational networks and processes, whose qualitative and quantitative dimensions, especially through development from embryo through puberty and adulthood into ageing, are still largely uncharted. Whilst the recent huge advances in molecular science have helped to describe the components of the reproductive system in ever greater detail, how these interact and function in space and time dimensions is still largely obscure. Recent developments in microfluidics, stem cell biology, and the integration of single-cell transcriptomics with tissue dynamics are offering possible methodological solutions to this issue. Such knowledge is essential if we are to understand not only the normal healthy functioning of this system, but also how and why it is affected in disease or by external impacts such as those from environmental endocrine disruptors, or in ageing. Moreover, operating within a complex network of other physiological systems, its integrational capacity is much more than the generation of male and female gametes and their roles in fertility and infertility; rather, it represents the underpinning support for health and well-being across the lifespan, through pregnancy, puberty, and adulthood, into old age.

scholarly journals The Effects of Ionising and Non-Ionising Electromagnetic Radiation on Extracellular Matrix Proteins

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3041
Author(s):  
Ren Jie Tuieng ◽  
Sarah H. Cartmell ◽  
Cliona C. Kirwan ◽  
Michael J. Sherratt
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ecm Proteins ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cellular Components

Exposure to sub-lethal doses of ionising and non-ionising electromagnetic radiation can impact human health and well-being as a consequence of, for example, the side effects of radiotherapy (therapeutic X-ray exposure) and accelerated skin ageing (chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation: UVR). Whilst attention has focused primarily on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with cells and cellular components, radiation-induced damage to long-lived extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins has the potential to profoundly affect tissue structure, composition and function. This review focuses on the current understanding of the biological effects of ionising and non-ionising radiation on the ECM of breast stroma and skin dermis, respectively. Although there is some experimental evidence for radiation-induced damage to ECM proteins, compared with the well-characterised impact of radiation exposure on cell biology, the structural, functional, and ultimately clinical consequences of ECM irradiation remain poorly defined.

scholarly journals Romancing mitosis and the mitotic apparatus

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 3270-3272
Author(s):  
William (B. R.) Brinkley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Mammalian Cell Culture ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Mitotic Apparatus ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Culture Models ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cell Culture Models

One of the earliest lessons students learn in biology is the process of mitosis and how cells divide to produce daughter cells. Although first described more than a century ago by early investigators such as E. B. Wilson, many aspects of mitosis and cell division remain the subject of considerable research today. My personal investigations and research contributions to the study of mitosis were made possible by recent developments in the field when I began my career, including access to novel mammalian cell culture models and electron and fluorescence microscopy. Building upon those innovations, my laboratory and other contemporary investigators first charted the ultrastructure and molecular organization of mitosis and chromosome movement and the assembly and function of the cytoskeleton. This field of research remains a significant challenge for future investigators in cell biology and medicine.

Chaperonin as the normal controls and pathological anti-stress response in the human reproductive system

2016 ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
M. Makarenko ◽  
◽  
D. Hovsyeyev ◽  
L. Sydoryk ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Stress Proteins ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Intercellular Signaling ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Protein Functions ◽  
And Function

Different kinds of physiological stress cause mass changes in the cells, including the changes in the structure and function of the protein complexes and in separate molecules. The protein functions is determined by its folding (the spatial conclusion), which depends on the functioning of proteins of thermal shock- molecular chaperons (HSPs) or depends on the stress proteins, that are high-conservative; specialized proteins that are responsible for the correct proteinaceous folding. The family of the molecular chaperones/ chaperonins/ Hsp60 has a special place due to the its unique properties of activating the signaling cascades through the system of Toll-like receptors; it also stimulates the cells to produce anti- inflammatory cytokines, defensins, molecules of cell adhesion and the molecules of MHC; it functions as the intercellular signaling molecule. The pathological role of Hsp60 is established in a wide range of illnesses, from diabetes to atherosclerosis, where Hsp60 takes part in the regulation of both apoptosis and the autoimmune processes. The presence of the HSPs was found in different tissues that are related to the reproductive system. Key words: molecular chaperons (HSPs), Toll-like receptors, reproductive function, natural auto antibody.

scholarly journals Membrane-associated phase separation: organization and function emerge from a two-dimensional milieu

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon A Ditlev
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Condensate Formation ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Available Technology ◽  
And Function ◽  
Surrounding Membrane

Abstract Liquid‒liquid phase separation (LLPS) of biomolecules has emerged as an important mechanism that contributes to cellular organization. Phase separated biomolecular condensates, or membrane-less organelles, are compartments composed of specific biomolecules without a surrounding membrane in the nucleus and cytoplasm. LLPS also occurs at membranes, where both lipids and membrane-associated proteins can de-mix to form phase separated compartments. Investigation of these membrane-associated condensates using in vitro biochemical reconstitution and cell biology has provided key insights into the role of phase separation in membrane domain formation and function. However, these studies have generally been limited by available technology to study LLPS on model membranes and the complex cellular environment that regulates condensate formation, composition, and function. Here, I briefly review our current understanding of membrane-associated condensates, establish why LLPS can be advantageous for certain membrane-associated condensates, and offer a perspective for how these condensates may be studied in the future.

Tissue engineering in periodontics- A demystifing review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Shivani Sachdeva ◽  
Harish Saluja ◽  
Amit Mani ◽  
M.B. Phadnaik
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Periodontal Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
And Function

INTRODUCTION: Novel concept known as tissue engineering is for the betterment of human. The use of much advanced molecular science and cell biology in processing the tissues to regenerate even after the loss of inborn tendency of pluripotent cells to multiply is possible by this new therapy. CONTENT: Periodontal tissue regeneration in both height and function is attributed to a complete recovery of the periodontal structures, that is, the formation of alveolar bone, a new connective attachment through collagen fibers as well as functionally oriented on the newly formed cementum is regeneration. Cell based therapies including tissue regeneration is an alternative approach for the regeneration of tissues damaged by disease or trauma. SUMMARY: Though tissue engineering requires the fundamentals of all the three keys namely genomics, proteomics and biometrics to give the solutions to biological problems appearing in dentistry as well as medical sciences.

Mesencephalic GABA neuronal development: no more on the other side of oblivion

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suyan Li ◽  
Sampada Joshee ◽  
Anju Vasudevan
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Developmental Regulation ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Gaba Neurons ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMidbrain GABA neurons, endowed with multiple morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics as well as projection patterns are key players interacting with diverse regions of the brain and capable of modulating several aspects of behavior. The diversity of these GABA neuronal populations based on their location and function in the dorsal, medial or ventral midbrain has challenged efforts to rapidly uncover their developmental regulation. Here we review recent developments that are beginning to illuminate transcriptional control of GABA neurons in the embryonic midbrain (mesencephalon) and discuss its implications for understanding and treatment of neurological and psychiatric illnesses.

DUNCAN'S DISEASES OF METABOLISM: ENDOCRINOLOGY, ed 7. Edited by Philip K. Bondy and Leon E. Rosenberg. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1974, $26; 736 pp

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 794-794
Author(s):  
Lester F. Soyka
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Endocrinology ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Telephone Directory ◽  
The Past ◽  
Big City ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
And Function

The endocrinology section of Duncan's Diseases of Metabolism comprises 736 pages, or about 44% of the total text. The division of this seventh edition of a classic text in the field is perhaps a logical expression of the splitting of endocrinology from metabolism as each field has grown tremendously in the past decade. The endocrinology portion is compact and easy to use because of this division, aided by the employment of thin, though substantial paper and small, but easily readable type. These combine to avoid the feeling of consulting a big-city telephone directory, which is so common with use of many of the standard textbooks of today. The illustrations are generally excellent and the 54-page index, which covers both sections of the book, is unusually thorough. As in all textbooks, many sections are outdated before they appear in print. Although the editors, Philip K. Bondy and Leon E. Rosenberg, propose to avoid this by means of a "last-minute" addendum, only two of the 13 chapters bear such, and one of these lists only three references, all dating to 1972. The other recent-developments section is longer and more helpful. The content is essentially that of general clinical endocrinology, each chapter using the standard approach of considering normal structure and function and then diseases in a gland arrangement, starting with the hypothalamus and traveling downward to the testis and ovary. A small chapter on acid-base balance seems out of place, whereas those on nonendocrine-secreting tumors and serotonin and the carcinoid syndrome are useful extensions of the scope of endocrinology.

THE UNIVERSALITY OF OTITIS MEDIA IN 50 INFANTS WITH CLEFT PALATE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Jack L. Paradise ◽  
Charles D. Bluestone ◽  
Herman Felder
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
Irreparable Damage

Bilateral secretory (serous) or suppurative otitis media was found without exception in 50 infants with cleft palate who were 20 months of age or younger. Middle ear disease probably develops in all cleft palate infants during the first few months of life, and appears to be best managed by myringotomy with insertion of plastic tubes. Unless drainage and aeration of the middle ear are accomplished, irreparable damage to middle ear structures may develop in some patients; and, in all of them, hearing impairment will probably persist throughout infancy or longer, with adverse effects on well-being and function and with serious implications for intellectual, speech, and emotional development. Further studies are required to assess the long-range effectiveness of surgical management.

Concepts of Disease: A Textbook of Human Pathology, edited by Joel C. Brunson, M.D. and Edward A. Gall, M.D. New York/London/Toronto: The Macmillan Company, 1971, 1134 pp., $23.95

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-484
Author(s):  
Gordon W. Vawter
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Human Pathology ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Concepts Of Disease ◽  
Novel Design

This is a lusty 7½ pound newborn book with most organ systems more than adequately mature to assure a long and fruitful life. The two senior obstetricians enlisted the aid and advice of 36 other especially knowledgeable specialists to assure successful delivery. Concepts of Disease is a textbook of pathology with a novel design, emphasizing pathology as process, and incorporates much of the newer information derived from cell biology, and from the recent developments in ultrastructural and immunofluorescent techniques.

The Development of an Interpersonal Stressors Scale: Identifying Self-Imposed and Other-Imposed Interpersonal Stressors

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412110434
Author(s):  
Danni Wang ◽  
Lu Tian ◽  
Zhi-jin Hou ◽  
Jiang-Ping Zhou ◽  
Adam Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Relationship Maintenance ◽  
Chinese College Students ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Initial Item ◽  
Interpersonal Stressors ◽  
And Function ◽  
Anxiety Depression

While there has been research focused on interpersonal relationships and their impact on stress and well-being, no instrument has been developed to comprehensively evaluate interpersonal stressors. This research sought to develop and validate an Interpersonal Stressors Scale (ISS) for Chinese college students through three studies. Focus groups were used to generate the initial item pool (Study 1). Then two large samples ( N1 = 511; N2 = 330) were collected to explore the factor structure of the ISS and subsequently examine its reliability and validity estimates (study 2 and 3). Initial results indicated a model with 27 items and five first-order factors (interaction difficulty, behaving as expected, social criticism, relationship maintenance, and indebtedness avoidance) as well as two second-order factors (self-imposed stressors and other-imposed stressors) with strong psychometric properties. Criterion-related validity estimates indicated these two kinds of stressors were both associated with stress while having different relationships with general anxiety, depression, social anxiety, interpersonal satisfaction, and self-efficacy in social interactions. The nature and function of the structure for the ISS were discussed as well as the practical and research implications.

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