scholarly journals High Prevalence and Factors Associated With the Distribution of the Integron intI1 and intI2 Genes in Scottish Cattle Herds

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Fernández Rivas ◽  
Thibaud Porphyre ◽  
Margo E. Chase-Topping ◽  
Charles W. Knapp ◽  
Helen Williamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Regional Effect ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
North East ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Cattle Herds

Integrons are genetic elements that capture and express antimicrobial resistance genes within arrays, facilitating horizontal spread of multiple drug resistance in a range of bacterial species. The aim of this study was to estimate prevalence for class 1, 2, and 3 integrons in Scottish cattle and examine whether spatial, seasonal or herd management factors influenced integron herd status. We used fecal samples collected from 108 Scottish cattle herds in a national, cross-sectional survey between 2014 and 2015, and screened fecal DNA extracts by multiplex PCR for the integrase genes intI1, intI2, and intI3. Herd-level prevalence was estimated [95% confidence interval (CI)] for intI1 as 76.9% (67.8–84.0%) and intI2 as 82.4% (73.9–88.6%). We did not detect intI3 in any of the herd samples tested. A regional effect was observed for intI1, highest in the North East (OR 11.5, 95% CI: 1.0–130.9, P = 0.05) and South East (OR 8.7, 95% CI: 1.1–20.9, P = 0.04), lowest in the Highlands. A generalized linear mixed model was used to test for potential associations between herd status and cattle management, soil type and regional livestock density variables. Within the final multivariable model, factors associated with herd positivity for intI1 included spring season of the year (OR 6.3, 95% CI: 1.1–36.4, P = 0.04) and watering cattle from a natural spring source (OR 4.4, 95% CI: 1.3–14.8, P = 0.017), and cattle being housed at the time of sampling for intI2 (OR 75.0, 95% CI: 10.4–540.5, P < 0.001). This study provides baseline estimates for integron prevalence in Scottish cattle and identifies factors that may be associated with carriage that warrant future investigation.

Surgical Site Infections - A Hospital Havoc: Retrospective Study of Surgical Site Infections in Tertiary Health Care Centre in North East India

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
V Singh ◽  
A B Khyriem, W V Lyngdoh ◽  
C J Lyngdoh
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Site Infection ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumanii ◽  
Health Care Centre ◽  
North East

Objectives - Surgical site infections (SSI) has turn out to be a major problem even in hospital with most modern facilities and standard protocols of pre -operative preparation and antibiotic prophylaxis. Objective of this study is to know the prevalence of surgical site infection among the postoperative patients and to identify the relationship between SSI and etiological pathogens along with their antimicrobial susceptibility at North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), Shillong. Methods - A retrospective case study conducted at NEIGRIHMS, among patients admitted to the surgical departments during the period between January 1st and December 31st 2016. Swabs from the surgical sites were collected under sterile conditions and standard bacteriological tests were performed for identification and appropriate statistical methods were employed to look for association between SSI and etiological pathogens. Results - Out of the 1284 samples included in the study, 192 samples showed evidence of SSI yielding an infection rate of 14.9%. The most commonly isolated bacteria were: Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumanii and Staphylococcus aureus, of the gram negative isolates 6.2% were multidrug resistant of which 19% were carbapenem resistant. Conclusion - SSI with multiple drug resistance strains and polymicrobial etiology reflects therapeutic failure. The outcome of the SSI surveillance in our hospital revealed that in order to decrease the incidence of SSI we would have to: a) incorporate a proper antibiotic stewardship  b) conduct periodic surveillance to keep a check on SSI d) educate medical staffs regarding the prevention of surgical site infection.

scholarly journals Factors associated with professional identity formation within psychiatry residency training: A longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Hui Chew ◽  
Yvonne Steinert ◽  
Kang Sim
Keyword(s):  
Professional Identity ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Psychiatry Residency ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Psychiatry Residents ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Introduction Conceptual frameworks for professional identity (PI) formation highlight the importance of developmental stages and socialization as the learner progresses from legitimate peripheral to full participation. Based on extant literature and clinical impressions, the authors aimed to explore factors associated with PI formation in psychiatry residents over time, and hypothesized that time in training, seniority status, and duration of exposure to psychiatry prior to residency would be associated with PI formation. Methods Eighty out of 96 psychiatry residents (response rate, 83.3%) from the National Psychiatry Residency Program in Singapore participated and rated their PI development using the Professional Self Identity Questionnaire (PSIQ) across four timepoints from January 2016–December 2019. The residents were classified as junior (first 3 years) or senior residents (years 4–5). Linear mixed model analyses were conducted, with time in training, seniority status (junior versus senior residents), duration of psychiatry postings prior to residency, and their interaction as associated factors with PI over time. Results Time in training, seniority, and duration of psychiatry postings before residency (all p < 0.01) were significantly associated with higher PSIQ scores at baseline. Over time, although all residents had increases in PSIQ scores, this rate of change did not differ significantly between junior and senior residents. Discussion Exposure to psychiatry postings before residency, time in learning, and seniority are factors which influence PI development in residents. This has implications for psychiatry residency selection and training, adequate clinical exposure during training rotations, and continual support for new and senior residents to foster PI formation over time.

scholarly journals Multiple drug resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from aborted women by using serological and molecular techniques in Diwaniyah city/ Iraq

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firas Srhan Abd Al-Mayahi ◽  
Saja Mahdey Jaber
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Immunological Study ◽  
Bacteriological Diagnosis ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Iraqi Women

Background and Objectives: The study was sought to detect the effect of Listeria monocytogenes on pregnant Iraqi women at Al-Diwaniya hospitals and determination of virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates. Materials and Methods: 360 specimens including blood, urine, vaginal and endocervical were collected from 90 patients with spontaneous abortions. Blood samples were displayed to immunological study and remaining specimens were subjected to bacteriological diagnosis. PCR was used to determine the virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes. Results: Fifteen positive samples (16.6%) of patients and thirteen isolates (14.5%) from patients were recognized based on ELISA and PCR assay respectively. The general isolation of L. monocytogenes strains in cases of abortive women was 13/270 (4.8%). L. monocytogenes strains were highly virulent because of presence of virulence factors associated genes, namely actA, hlyA, plcA and prfA in all strains. Multiple drug resistance (MAR) index values of 15.4% of isolates were >0.2. Conclusion: It is necessary for conducting susceptibility testing and to select the suitable antibiotics and avoid the effects of these bacteria in pregnant women.

scholarly journals Isolation, Molecular Identification and Multidrug Resistance Profiling of Bacteria Causing Clinical Mastitis in Cows

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Vatalia ◽  
B.B. Bhanderi ◽  
V.R. Nimavat ◽  
M.K. Jhala
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Background: Mastitis, the inflammation of parenchyma of mammary gland is frequently considered to be costliest and complex disease prevalent in India. Mastitis is caused by pathogens like Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Mycoplasma bovis, E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp. and Entercoccus. The treatment of mastitis in animals is carried out using antibiotics. Treatment failure in mastitis is due to increased antibiotic resistance of mastitis pathogens and also due to indiscriminate use of antibiotics without testing in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test against causal organisms. In comparison to cultural method, PCR assays takes less time for detection of bacteria from the mastitis milk samples. Present research work was carried out regarding isolation, identification and multiple drug resistance profile of clinical bovine mastitis associated pathogens using conventional as well as molecular approach. Methods: In the present study, 73 mastitis milk samples were collected from Anand and Panchmahal district of Gujarat. The milk samples were subjected for cultural isolation and DNA extraction for identification of bacteria by cultural and PCR method. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of the isolates were carried by disc diffusion method and isolates were categorized in multiple drug resistant. Result: In the present study, Out of 73 mastitis milk samples collected from cows 48 (65.75%) cows were positive for bacterial isolation and S. aureus was the most predominant bacterial species. PCR from the mastitis milk additionally detected bacteria in culturally negative milk samples. Most sensitive drug was gentamicin and most of the isolates (90.19%) showed the multiple drug resistance for the two to nine drugs with 0.1 to 0.6 multiple antibiotic resistance index.

scholarly journals FACTORS INFLUENCING STAFF-RESIDENT INTERACTIONS IN NURSING HOMES

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S503-S503
Author(s):  
Anju Paudel ◽  
Elizabeth Galik ◽  
Barbara Resnick
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Profit Status

Abstract Staff-resident interaction is an integral part of daily life of nursing home residents and has an influence on residents’ well-being. However, less is known about the factors that influence these interactions. The purpose of this study was to describe the quality of interaction between staff and residents with dementia in nursing homes, and explore the factors associated with ‘positive’ and ‘negative/neutral’ interactions. This cross-sectional analysis utilized baseline data from the first two cohorts in a randomized clinical trial, EIT-4-BPSD, including 338 residents from 35 nursing homes. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to explore the factors associated with interactions. It was hypothesized that the resident factors (age, gender, race, marital status, cognition, comorbidities, depressive symptoms, agitation, functional status) and facility factors (facility ownership, facility size, RN hours, LPN hours, CNA hours, and star rating) would be associated with staff-resident interactions. The staff-resident interactions were mostly positive. Overall, the models for ‘positive interactions’ and ‘negative/neutral interactions’ correctly classified 82.8% and 85.3% of the cases respectively. Both ‘positive’ and ‘negative/neutral’ interactions were significantly associated with marital status, and profit status of the facility. Being married and living in a not for profit facility was associated with lower odds of positive interaction and higher odds of negative/neutral interaction. There is some evidence that marital status influences staff-resident interactions and that profit status of facilities are associated with staff resident interactions. Future studies could explore staff factors such as consistent assignment, job satisfaction, staff characteristics, and training.

Occurrence of Multiple-Drug Resistance bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in burn infections from southwest of Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hashemzadeh ◽  
Reza Heydari ◽  
Aram Asareh Zadegan Dezfuli ◽  
Morteza Saki ◽  
Hossein Meghdadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Maximum Resistance ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Abstract Background Burn infection continues to be a major issue of concern globally and causes more harm to developing countries. This study aimed to identify the aerobic bacteriological profiles and antimicrobial resistance patterns of burn infections in three hospitals in Abadan, southwest Iran. Methods The cultures of various clinical samples obtained from 325 burn patients were investigated from January to December 2019. All bacterial isolates were identified based on the standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed according to the CLSI. Results A total of 287 bacterial species were isolated burn patients.P. aeruginosa was the most frequent bacterial isolate in Gram-negative bacteria and S. epidermidis was the most frequent species isolated in Gram-positive bacteria. The maximum resistance was found to ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, while in Gram-negative bacteria, the maximum resistance was found to imipenem, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and amikacin. The occurrence of multidrug resistance phenotype was as follows: P. aeruginosa (30.3 %), Enterobacter spp (11.1 %), Escherichia coli (10.5 %), Citrobacter spp (2.1 %), S. epidermidis (2.8 %), S. aureus, and S. saprophyticus (0.7 %). Conclusion Owing to the diverse range of bacteria that because burn wound infection, regular investigation, and diagnosis of common bacteria and their resistance patterns is recommended to determine the proper antibiotic regimen for appropriate therapy.

Design, synthesis, docking, characterization and biological screening of novel azetidinone derivatives of nicotinic acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Amuthalakshmi Sivaperuman ◽  
N. Ramalakshmi Natarajan ◽  
Arunkumar Subramani ◽  
Prabakaran A
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Derivatives Of

Background: The prevailing multiple drug resistance among the bacterial species is alarmingly raising day to day which has become a global threat. Many infectious diseases have become untreated due to the development of resistance in bacterial species which have a considerable impact on mortality. Methods: In this present study, we aimed to synthesis a series of 12 compounds [S1-S12] which are azetidinone derivatives of nicotinic acid. The invitro antibacterial studies were performed against certain species of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Molecular docking studies were performed to identify the affinity towards the target protein. The antioxidant study was also performed for the synthesized compounds. Results: All the synthesized compounds exhibited moderate to potent antibacterial activity with a MIC range of 9.8-21.6 µgmL-1, compounds were active against all tested micro-organisms. The compounds substituted with electron-donating groups like hydroxyl showed higher antioxidant activity compared to others. Docking studies were performed on the active site of DNA gyrase [PDBID: 5L3J,2XCT, 1W7Q]. Conclusion: The present study reveals the compounds synthesized exhibit very good antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity. So, these compounds may be used as a lead for the anticancer, anti-tubercular, and other chemotherapeutic agents in future studies.

scholarly journals Prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella spp. isolated from commercial chickens and human clinical isolates from South Africa and Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver T. Zishiri ◽  
Nelisiwe Mkhize ◽  
Samson Mukaratirwa
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
South African ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Salmonellosis is a significant public health concern around the world. The injudicious use of antimicrobial agents in poultry production for treatment, growth promotion and prophylaxis has resulted in the emergence of drug resistant strains of Salmonella. The current study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes from Salmonella isolated from South African and Brazilian broiler chickens as well as human clinical isolates. Out of a total of 200 chicken samples that were collected from South Africa 102 (51%) tested positive for Salmonella using the InvA gene. Of the overall 146 Salmonella positive samples that were screened for the iroB gene most of them were confirmed to be Salmonella enterica with the following prevalence rates: 85% of human clinical samples, 68.6% of South African chicken isolates and 70.8% of Brazilian chicken samples. All Salmonella isolates obtained were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing with 10 antibiotics. Salmonella isolates from South African chickens exhibited resistance to almost all antimicrobial agents used, such as tetracycline (93%), trimethoprim-sulfamthoxazole (84%), trimethoprim (78.4%), kanamycin (74%), gentamicin (48%), ampicillin (47%), amoxicillin (31%), chloramphenicol (31%), erythromycin (18%) and streptomycin (12%). All samples were further subjected to PCR in order to screen some common antimicrobial and virulence genes of interest namely spiC, pipD, misL, orfL, pse-1, tet A, tet B, ant (3")-la, sul 1 and sul. All Salmonella positive isolates exhibited resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent; however, antimicrobial resistance patterns demonstrated that multiple drug resistance was prevalent. The findings provide evidence that broiler chickens are colonised by pathogenic Salmonella harbouring antimicrobial resistance genes. Therefore, it is evident that there is a need for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in poultry production systems in order to mitigate the proliferation of multiple drug resistance across species.Keywords: Salmonella; antimicrobial resistance; chicken; human; susceptibility; virulence gene

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from the infected wounds of patients with lymphoedema in East Wollega, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (12) ◽  
pp. 962-973
Author(s):  
Dereje Nigussie ◽  
Eyasu Makonnen ◽  
Belete Adefris Legesse ◽  
Abebaw Fekadu ◽  
Gail Davey
Keyword(s):  
Wound Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Culture Positive

Abstract Background Lymphoedema is caused by dysfunction of the lymphatic system resulting in accumulation of high-protein content fluid in the interstitial space. To date, the bacteria associated with wound infections of patients with lower limb lymphoedema in Ethiopia have not been studied. This study identified pathogenic bacteria involved in wound infection and assessed antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in patients with lymphoedema in Ethiopia. Methods Swab samples were collected from the wounds of patients with lymphoedema and cultured using standard microbiological techniques. Micro-organisms were identified by colony morphology followed by identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the automated VITEK 2 COMPACT Microbial Detection System. Results Swabs were collected from 103 patients and 84 were culture positive: 44 (52.4%) culture-positive samples showed polymicrobial growth and 40 (47.6%) grew single bacterial isolates. In total, 134 isolates were obtained, of which 26 gram-negative and 12 gram-positive bacterial species were identified. A total of 28/63 (44.4%) gram-negative isolates and 3/57 (5.3%) gram-positive isolates were multiple drug resistant. There was no resistance to ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin or gentamycin among gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria. Conclusion In this study, many infections were polymicrobial and showed multiple drug resistance. Fluoroquinolones and gentamycin, however, seemed to be effective against bacterial wound infection in this setting.

scholarly journals Isolation, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Bacteria Found on Thika Level 5 Hospital Surfaces, Kenya

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Nyaruaba ◽  
Caroline Mwaliko ◽  
Caroline Wangari Ngugi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Health Care Associated Infections ◽  
Resistant Microorganism

Multiple studies have shown that hospital settings are poorly cleaned during terminal cleaning. The adequacy of these cleaning methods has been undermined by presence of multi drug resistant bacteria on hospital surfaces. This case is even more serious in developing countries leading to health care- associated infections that pose a great threat to patients, visitors and health care providers in hospital settings.This study used various microbiological techniques to test for antibiotic susceptibility profiles of bacteria present at Thika Level 5 Hospital surfaces, Kenya. A simple random cross sectional study was performed, with a total of 85 samples being collected from five different sites. The sites included male and female wards, health care personnel offices, latrine, and kitchen surfaces. Samples were collected using sterile swabs, dipped in normal saline, and transported to the laboratory within 2Hours for processing.Of the 85 plates cultured, 47 plates showed bacterial growth (55%) on selective media with a significant P value of 0.0357. Seven different species of bacteria were identified biochemically from all sites, Escherichia coli was the most abundant species (28%), and the least was Salmonella typhii (5%). Multiple drug resistance was common in the different bacteria identified. All isolates were resistant to chloramphenical and susceptible to gentamycin. The most resistant microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus (50%), and the least resistant microorganism was Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.5%). The antimicrobial resistant bacterial species identified in this study have been documented to cause serious health care associated infections. These results present a significant public health concern because there is a possibility of patients, staff and visitors contacting nosocomial infections when they come into contact with surfaces at Thika Level 5 Hospital surfaces, Kenya.

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