scholarly journals Yield and Profitability of Crop Production in Mountain Less Favoured Areas

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Klima ◽  
Angelika Kliszcz ◽  
Joanna Puła ◽  
Andrzej Lepiarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Field Bean ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Crucial Part

Agricultural production is a crucial part of policy issue in preventing depopulation of mountainous areas across Europe. However, soil and climate conditions are limiting yields and profitability of crop production in these regions. The European Union (EU) subsidizes agriculture in mountains by special payments (Less Favoured Area (LFA) subsidy) when areas match law-specified natural handicaps. This study aims to assess whether LFA subsidy in Poland is sufficient to cover losses caused by lower yields of crops cultivated in a mountainous region of Poland (Low Beskid Mountains in Carpathians) compared to lowland regions (non-LFA areas). The results indicated that LFA subsidy was adequate for crops (facultative wheat, winter wheat, field bean and spring barley) grown in the years 2015–2018.

scholarly journals Agricultural production of genetically modified products as a means of ensuring food security: European experience in legal regulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Tatiana Vladimirovna Rednikova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
European Experience

The article deals with the issues of legal regulation of the use of genetically modified organisms in the process of agricultural production in the European Union.The solution to the problems of agricultural production intensification is primarily possible through the use of new modern intensive technologies of crop production, animal husbandry and fisheries, which are also developed on the basis of the latest achievements of the biotechnological industry. One of the directions of intensification of agricultural production is the use of genetically modified crops, which allows increasing the profitability of growing plants, ensuring their increased resistance to negative climatic conditions, pathogens of infectious diseases, etc. The possibility of using such technologies is related to the need to assess their potential risk to the environment and human health.For almost 20 years, the European Union has had a fairly developed system of regulations governing various aspects of the use of genetically modified organisms in agriculture. However, their commercial use in the European Union for various reasons (complexity of administration, negative attitude in society, etc.) has not become widespread over time, and in most member States has now been banned. Taking into account the European experience, the author concludes that it is necessary to use other methods to intensify agricultural production, and the ban on the commercial use of genetically modified organisms in food production is justified due to insufficient scientific data on their safety for human health and the environment

The Agricultural Sector

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos José Caetano Bacha
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Strong Force ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Balance Of Trade

This chapter analyzes the evolution of agriculture in Brazil from the early sixteenth century until the second decade of the twenty-first century. It focuses on seven domestic and external conditioning factors that have stimulated and supported the sector’s expansion in Brazil. These factors and the way that they have impacted agricultural expansion and will continue to drive Brazil’s agricultural sector for at least the next two decades. Given the availability of fallow arable land, at current productivity levels, this idle area could be used to double crop production. The transference of road operation to the regulated private sector will lead to improved road surfaces and maintenance, thereby facilitating the transportation of agricultural production to exporting ports. The reduction of agricultural sector subsidies and the increased forest conservation efforts by the European Union should improve Brazilian agriculture’s competitive position in many foreign markets currently served by EU farmers. The increasing share of Brazil’s agricultural production sold in world markets makes the country’s agricultural sector more vulnerable than ever to uncontrollable outside forces. World economic growth, especially that of China and the European countries, is a necessity if the Brazilian agricultural sector is to continue expanding and improving efficiencies. Most Brazilian agricultural inputs continue to be produced by foreign companies or their Brazilian subsidiaries. These overseas entities are a very strong force in the domestic inputs market and represent another uncontrollable factor that affects local farmers’ earnings and Brazil’s balance of trade.

scholarly journals Effects of Bias-Corrected Regional Climate Projections and Their Spatial Resolutions on Crop Model Results under Different Climatic and Soil Conditions in Austria

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1029
Author(s):  
Sabina Thaler ◽  
Herbert Formayer ◽  
Gerhard Kubu ◽  
Miroslav Trnka ◽  
Josef Eitzinger
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Model ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Climate Conditions

The quality, reliability, and uncertainty of Austrian climate projections (ÖKS15) and their impacts on the results of the crop model DSSAT for three different orographic and climatic agricultural regions in Austria were analyzed. Cultivar-specific grain yields of winter wheat, spring barley, and maize were simulated for different soil classes to address three main objectives. First, the uncertainties of simulated crop yields related to the ÖKS15 projections were analyzed under current climate conditions. The climate projections revealed that the case study regions with higher humidity levels generally had lower yield deviations than the drier regions (yield deviations from −19% to +15%). Regarding the simulated crop types, spring barley was found to be less sensitive to the climate projections than rainfed maize, and the response was greater in regions with a low soil water storage capacity. The second objective was to simulate crop yields for the same cultivars using future climate projections. Winter wheat and spring barley tended to show increased yields by the end of the century due to an assumed CO2-fertilization effect in the range of 3–23%, especially under RCP 8.5. However, rainfed and irrigated maize were associated with up to 17% yield reductions in all three study regions due to a shortened growth period caused by warming. The third objective addressed the effects of crop model weather input data with different spatial resolutions (1 vs. 5, 11, and 21 km) on simulated crop yields using the climate projections. Irrigated grain maize and rainfed spring barley had the lowest simulated yield deviations between the spatial scales applied due to their better water supply conditions. The ranges of uncertainty revealed by the different analyses suggest that impact models should be tested with site representative conditions before being applied to develop site-specific adaptation options for Austrian crop production.

scholarly journals THE DETERMINANTS OF PROFITABILITY OF ORGANIC PRODUCTION IN THE OPINIONS OF FARMERS IN THE PODLASKIE VOIVODESHIP

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91
Author(s):  
Renata Przygodzka ◽  
Mirosława Kozłowska-Burdziak ◽  
Marcin Bąk
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Conventional Farms

The aim of the research paper was to present a character description of organic agricultural holdings and identify factors affecting profitability of these holdings basing on the opinions of farmers specializing in such production. The area analyzed in this research was the Podlaskie Voivodeship. In order to achieve the aim, various research methods were employed, such as the study of relevant literature opinion surveys conducted using a questionnaire directed to 101 organic farms (selected randomly ensuring representativeness of results) as well as means of descriptive statistics. The conducted research indicates that a typical organic farmer in the Podlaskie Voivodeship is 48 years old and has 16 years of experience in agricultural holding management. He is also well educated (44% have higher education) and possesses good knowledge about organic agriculture. Almost 80% of analyzed agricultural holdings have certificates, usually for several products. 51% produce mostly for their own needs, while production of only every third is for the most part dedicated to market purposes. In 55% of these holdings, production is oriented mostly towards plant production, whereas 35% is multidirectional. In the majority of farmers’ opinions, the economic situation of their holdings is comparable to that of conventional farms. Only every fifth farmer considers their situation to better. According to the respondents, subsidies from the European Union are among the most important factors determining profitability of organic agricultural production. The factors that affect profitability negatively, according to interviewed farmers, are: low sale prices, unfavorable climate conditions, high costs of obtaining certificates and overly extensive bureaucracy

scholarly journals Spatial polarization of agriculture of Czechia during the integration into the European Union

Geografie ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ondřej Konečný
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Rural Space ◽  
Regional Impacts ◽  
The Common ◽  
Primary Focus

The primary focus of Czech agricultural and rural geographers in the past decade was put on the regional impacts triggered by the transformation of agriculture and the influences of the Common Agricultural Policy on agriculture. Multifunctionality or spatial polarization of agriculture of Czechia remained the object of marginal scientific interest, despite the fact that such topics were largely discussed amongst foreign experts in connection with a theoretical transformation of the rural space. Therefore, relying on indicators of crop and livestock production, the ambition of the paper is to uncover the dynamics of spatial polarization of agriculture in Czechia. Its conclusions reveal an increasing spatial polarization of agriculture during the Czech integration into the European Union between regions with different natural conditions (areas with favourable conditions for agriculture and mountainous areas). It turns out, however, that while the fertile regions have been gradually specializing on crop production, spatial polarization in livestock production increases due to the rising role of mountainous areas.

scholarly journals Strategic deployment of riparian buffers and windbreaks in Europe can co-deliver biomass and environmental benefits

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskar Englund ◽  
Pål Börjesson ◽  
Blas Mola-Yudego ◽  
Göran Berndes ◽  
Ioannis Dimitriou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Riparian Buffers ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Eu Policies

AbstractWithin the scope of the new Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, in coherence with other EU policies, new incentives are developed for farmers to deploy practices that are beneficial for climate, water, soil, air, and biodiversity. Such practices include establishment of multifunctional biomass production systems, designed to reduce environmental impacts while providing biomass for food, feed, bioenergy, and other biobased products. Here, we model three scenarios of large-scale deployment for two such systems, riparian buffers and windbreaks, across over 81,000 landscapes in Europe, and quantify the corresponding areas, biomass output, and environmental benefits. The results show that these systems can effectively reduce nitrogen emissions to water and soil loss by wind erosion, while simultaneously providing substantial environmental co-benefits, having limited negative effects on current agricultural production. This kind of beneficial land-use change using strategic perennialization is important for meeting environmental objectives while advancing towards a sustainable bioeconomy.

scholarly journals Emerging Viral Diseases of Tomato Crops

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge M. Hanssen ◽  
Moshe Lapidot ◽  
Bart P. H. J. Thomma
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Climate Conditions

Viral diseases are an important limiting factor in many crop production systems. Because antiviral products are not available, control strategies rely on genetic resistance or hygienic measures to prevent viral diseases, or on eradication of diseased crops to control such diseases. Increasing international travel and trade of plant materials enhances the risk of introducing new viruses and their vectors into production systems. In addition, changing climate conditions can contribute to a successful spread of newly introduced viruses or their vectors and establishment of these organisms in areas that were previously unfavorable. Tomato is economically the most important vegetable crop worldwide and many viruses infecting tomato have been described, while new viral diseases keep emerging. Pepino mosaic virus is a rapidly emerging virus which has established itself as one of the most important viral diseases in tomato production worldwide over recent years. Begomovirus species and other whitefly-transmitted viruses are invading into new areas, and several recently described new viruses such as Tomato torrado virus and new Tospovirus species are rapidly spreading over large geographic areas. In this article, emerging viruses of tomato crops are discussed.

Irrigation.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynette Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Increasing Demand

Abstract Crop production in many regions has been reliant on irrigation for almost as long as man has been cultivating plant life. For 6000 years, irrigation has ranked among the most powerful tools of human advancement (Postel, 1999), and by the start of the 21st century no less than 75% of the world's fresh water was in use for agricultural production (Levy and Coleman, 2014). In 2012, twenty percent of total cultivated land was under irrigation, contributing forty percent of the total food production worldwide, this represented 275 million hectares under actual irrigation with a total of 324 million hectares equipped for irrigation (FAO, 2016). Irrigation, which can be defined as 'the artificial application of water to land, soil or other growing medium for the purposes of crop growth', has become a global issue in more recent times as the increasing demand for fresh water has seen problems develop with water scarcity, quality issues and conflict over usage.

FOOD SECURITY IN RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-65
Author(s):  
Maria Polozhikhina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

Climate conditions remain one of the main risk factors for domestic agriculture, and the consequences of global climate change are ambiguous in terms of prospects for agricultural production in Russia. This paper analyzes the impact of climate change on the country’s food security from the point of view of its self-sufficiency in grain primarily. Specific conditions prevailing on the Crimean peninsula are also considered.

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