scholarly journals Protein and Carbohydrate Fractions in Warm-Season Pastures: Effects of Nitrogen Management Strategies

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 847
Author(s):  
Andressa S. Berça ◽  
Abmael da S. Cardoso ◽  
Vanessa Z. Longhini ◽  
Luís O. Tedeschi ◽  
Robert Michael Boddey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Source Control ◽  
True Protein ◽  
N Management ◽  
The Impact

Nitrogen (N) management affects herbage production and chemical composition; however, information on the impact of tropical herbage on N and carbohydrate fractions is scarce. A two-year study was conducted to investigate the potential use of pintoi peanut (Arachis pintoi) compared with N fertilization of palisade grass (Brachiariabrizantha cv. Marandu) by evaluating the herbage chemical composition (fractionation of protein and carbohydrate), herbage mass and accumulation rate, herbage disappearance rate, and stocking rate of pastures. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three treatments, and four replications (paddocks) were used with twenty-one non-lactating crossbred dairy heifers. Treatments consisted of pastures of palisade grass without a N source (control), fertilized with urea (150 kg/ha/year; fertilized), or mixed with pintoi peanut (mixed). Inclusion of the legume increased concentrations of fractions A (p = 0.009), which is the soluble N compound, and B3 (p < 0.001), which is slowly degraded true protein, compared with pastures fertilized with N and non-fertilized pastures. Nitrogen fertilization increased fraction B1 + B2 (p = 0.046), mainly true proteins, and decreased fraction C (p = 0.0007), indigestible protein, and neutral detergent fiber concentrations (p = 0.0003), contributing to increasing the nutritive value of the herbage. Additionally, N fertilization increased herbage mass (p = 0.004) and herbage allowance (p = 0.0001). Both N fertilization and biologically fixed N increased herbage allowance (p = 0.02) and accumulation rate (p = 0.02), as well as the crude protein content of herbage (p < 0.0001) compared with non-fertilized pastures. Nitrogen fertilization increased true protein and decreased indigestible protein of herbage and promoted a greater herbage mass production, while the inclusion of legumes increased soluble protein and decreased the slowly degraded true protein of herbage. Both N management strategies increased herbage allowance and accumulation rate.

scholarly journals Ammonia Volatilization, Forage Accumulation, and Nutritive Value of Marandu Palisade Grass Pastures in Different N Sources and Doses

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1179
Author(s):  
Darlena Caroline da Cruz Corrêa ◽  
Abmael da Silva Cardoso ◽  
Mariane Rodrigues Ferreira ◽  
Débora Siniscalchi ◽  
Pedro Henrique de Almeida Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
The Impact

The reduction in ammonia (NH3) losses from volatilization has significant implications in forage production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of N fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate) and four doses (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg N ha−1) on N losses by NH3 volatilization, accumulation, and forage chemical composition of Urochloa brizantha cv Marandu. Two field experiments were conducted to measure NH3 losses using semi-open chambers. The forage accumulation and chemical composition were evaluated in the third experiment; the response variables included forage accumulation, crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Compared to urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate reduced NH3 losses by 84% and 87% and increased total forage accumulation by 14% and 23%, respectively. Forage accumulation rate and CP increased linearly with the N levels, while NDF contents decreased linearly with the N levels. In both experiments, NH3 losses and forage characteristics were different according to the rainfall pattern and temperature variations. Our results indicate that the use of nitric and ammoniacal fertilizers and the application of fertilizer in the rainy season constitute an efficient fertilizer management strategy to increase forage yield and decrease losses from volatilization of NH3.

scholarly journals Methane production and nitrogen balance of dairy heifers grazing palisade grass cv. Marandu alone or with forage peanut

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 4625-4634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andressa S Berça ◽  
Abmael Da S Cardoso ◽  
Vanessa Z Longhini ◽  
Luís O Tedeschi ◽  
Robert Michael Boddey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Ch4 Emission ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Ch4 Production

Abstract Livestock production systems are an essential agribusiness activity in Brazil, but a critical challenge of Brazilian farmers is to maintain the equilibrium of the ecosystem, using herbage resources efficiently with a minimum impact on the environment. Nitrogen (N) fertilization and the inclusion of forage legumes into tropical grass pastures are management strategies which increase the productivity and nutritive value of pastures and may also affect methane (CH4) production by ruminants. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of either fertilizing palisade grass pastures with N or including the forage peanut (Arachis pintoi) into grass pastures on enteric CH4 emission, microbial protein production in the rumen via purine derivatives in the urine, and N balance. Twenty-one nonlactating crossbred dairy heifers were used in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments. The treatments consisted of pastures of palisade grass without N fertilization (control), fertilized with urea (fertilized), and palisade grass mixed with forage peanut (mixed). Seven animals (replications) were used to evaluate dry matter intake, digestibility, CH4 emission, urea, purine derivatives, and volume of urine, and N ingestion and excretion. Four paddocks (replications) were used to measure herbage mass; morphological, botanical, and chemical composition of herbage; and herbage allowance. The CH4 emissions were determined using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique. The efficiency of N utilization (ENU) was calculated using the N balance data. Crude protein (CP) concentration of herbage increased with fertilization or legumes inclusion (P < 0.0001) while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration decreased (P = 0.0355). The leaf allowance was higher in the fertilized treatment (P = 0.0294). Only uric acid excretion increased with N fertilization (P = 0.0204). The ENU was not affected by fertilized or mixed compared to control and averaged 55% (P = 0.8945). The enteric CH4 production was similar between treatments and averaged 129 g/d (P = 0.3989). We concluded that the changes in chemical composition of herbage provided by N fertilization or the inclusion of the legume showed no reduction in enteric CH4 emissions, but the ENU was more significant than previous studies with palisade grass, suggesting that different management strategies might alter the ENU under grazing conditions.

Concepts and Practices for Improving Nitrogen Management for Vegetables

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Hochmuth
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogen Management ◽  
Land Grant ◽  
Land Grant Universities ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
N Management

Efficient N management practices usually involve many potential strategies, but always involve choosing the correct amount of N and the coupling of N management to efficient water management. Nitrogen management strategies are integral parts of improved production practices recommended by land-grant universities such as the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Florida. This paper, which draws heavily on research and experience in Florida, outlines the concepts and technologies for managing vegetable N fertilization to minimize negative impacts on the environment.

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield, storage losses and chemical composition of winter cabbage

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Freyman ◽  
P. M. Toivonen ◽  
W. C. Lin ◽  
P. W. Perrin ◽  
J. W. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
N Application ◽  
Storage Losses ◽  
White Cabbage ◽  
Brassica Oleracea L

Increasing rates of field nitrogen (N) application (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg N ha−1) resulted in markedly higher yields of winter white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata 'Bartolo') due to larger head size. Glucose and fructose contents increased with increased nitrogen. In contrast, ascorbic acid and sucrose contents declined slightly with increased nitrogen. Nitrogen rate had little effect on storage losses. The results indicated that increased N fertilization provided overall benefit to cabbage production. Key words: Cabbage, nitrogen fertilization, storage losses, yield

scholarly journals Variability for Nitrogen Management in Genetically-Distant Maize (Zea mays L.) Lines: Impact of Post-Silking Nitrogen Limiting Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Quilleré ◽  
Céline Dargel-Graffin ◽  
Peter J. Lea ◽  
Bertrand Hirel
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Predictive Marker ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
High Yield ◽  
N Content ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Large Level ◽  
N Remobilization ◽  
N Management ◽  
The Impact

The impact of nitrogen (N)-limiting conditions after silking on kernel yield (KY)-related traits and whole plant N management was investigated using fifteen maize lines representative of plant genetic diversity in Europe and America. A large level of genetic variability of these traits was observed in the different lines when post-silking fertilization of N was strongly reduced. Under such N-fertilization conditions, four different groups of lines were identified on the basis of KY and kernel N content. Although the pattern of N management, including N uptake and N use was variable in the four groups of lines, a number of them were able to maintain both a high yield and a high kernel N content by increasing shoot N remobilization. No obvious relationship between the genetic background of the lines and their mode of N management was found. When N was limiting after silking, N remobilization appeared to be a good predictive marker for identifying maize lines that were able to maintain a high yield and a high kernel N content irrespective of their female flowering date. The use of N remobilization as a trait to select maize genotypes adapted to low N input is discussed.

scholarly journals Silages of pearl millet submitted to nitrogen fertilization

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 918-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Martins Araujo Pinho ◽  
Edson Mauro Santos ◽  
Fleming Sena Campos ◽  
João Paulo de Farias Ramos ◽  
Carlos Henrique Oliveira Macedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Lactic Acid Content ◽  
Split Plot

This study aimed to evaluate the fermentation characteristics, losses and the chemical composition of two pearl millet genotypes silages submitted to nitrogen fertilization. The experimental design was a completely randomized blocks in a split plot scheme 2x5 (two nitrogen genotypes doses x five doses of nitrogen), with four replicates. Nitrogen doses were 0, 20, 40, 60, 80kg ha-1 and the pearl millet genotypes were the variety ADR300 and the hybrid ADR7010. The hybrid ADR 7010 showed average lactic acid content higher than the variety ADR 300, at all doses of N, recording values ranging from 4.09 to 10.46dag kg-1. There was an interaction between nitrogren doses and genotypes for the neutral detergent fiber, which ranged from 51.81 to 63.63dag kg-1 of dry matter. Dry matter recovery decreased linearly with increasing nitrogen doses only for hybrid ADR7010, the same did not happen for the ADR300. The nitrogen fertilization does not favor the fermentation characteristics and increases DM losses of the hybrid ADR7010.

scholarly journals Management of nitrogen fertilization in maize cultivated in succession to black oats in a temperate climate

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-210
Author(s):  
Ricardo Henrique Ribeiro ◽  
Marcos Renan Besen ◽  
Samuel Luiz Fioreze ◽  
Jonatas Thiago Piva
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Early Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
N Management

The objective of this study was to verify early nitrogen (N) fertilization on maize cultivated in succession to black oats. We conducted three experiments, relating to the 2012/13, 2013/14, and 2014/15 growing seasons, at UFSC-Curitibanos, in a randomized complete block experimental design, with four treatments and four replicates. The treatments were N management strategies in which the amount of N applied to maize was split into pre-sowing, at sowing, and topdressing times: (T1) control with no N application; (T2) 2/3 - 1/3 - 0; (T3) 1/3 - 1/3 - 1/3; and (T4) 0 - 1/3 - 2/3. The biometrics and productive potential parameters of the crop were evaluated. Application of N, regardless of the treatment, increased the yield. In 2012/13, there were no significant differences between the ways in which the N application was split, although they produced a higher yield than the control, resulting in a mean yield of 5,008 kg ha-1. In 2013/14, T2 was similar to T3 and T4, resulting in a yield of 9,858 kg ha-1; in 2014/15, T3 and T4 were similar, with a mean yield of 12,466 kg ha-1, while T2 resulted in a lower yield of 10,487 kg ha-1. When 2/3 of the N is applied pre-sowing, it is only effective when it is associated with the occurrence of a drought period at an early developmental stage of the plants. In adequate rainfall conditions, the early application of N fertilization is only effective when combined with a further 1/3 of the amount of N at sowing, and later as a topdressing.

scholarly journals PSIV-B-27 Late-Breaking: Effects of grazing management and nitrogen fertilization on Marandu palisade grass production in silvopastoral systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 319-319
Author(s):  
Josimari R Paschoaloto ◽  
José Charlis Alves Andrade ◽  
Marcia Vitoria Santos ◽  
Leandro Diego da Silva ◽  
Priscila Junia Rodrigues da Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Silvopastoral System ◽  
Forage Production

Abstract Integrated systems have been gaining prominence in recent years, especially the crop-livestock-forestry, which, in addition to being an alternative income per area, increase fertility and organic matter content in the soil, and protect animals against weather conditions. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the management of pastures under such conditions. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the grazing management and nitrogen fertilization in Marandu palisade grass consorted with Eucalyptus to obtain the greater of forage production. The experimental design was a randomized block, arranged in split-plot, the plots were composed of two eucalyptus spacing (12 x 2 or 12 x 3) and Marandu monoculture, the subplots were composed of the nitrogen fertilization rate (0, 100, 200 kg N/ha using ammonium sulfate). The higher DM accumulation rate was observed at 200 kg N ha-1 (69.29 kg DM ha-1 day), while there was no difference between the treatments without fertilization and 100 kg N ha-1 (P &gt; 0.001). DM accumulation rate increased by 30.01% when fertilization increased from 100 kg N ha-1 to 200 kg N ha-1. Marandu palisade grass with 200 kg N ha-1 showed the highest production (28.82 t ha-1) independent of spacing. In the silvopastoral system, the greater accumulation of forage was observed when handled with 80% of the light interception (LI), corresponding to a height of 67 cm. Therefore, we conclude that Marandu grass in a silvopastoral system, without N fertilization, should be managed with a pre-grazing height of 60 cm and 73% LI. Marandu grass in a silvopastoral system, with 100 kg N ha-1 fertilization, should be managed with a height of 68 cm and 84% LI, and, with 200 kg N ha-1, should be managed at 80% of LI for the greater pasture utilization and development.

Chemical composition and ruminal nutrient degradabilities of fresh and ensiled Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M.B.)

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Seguin and A. F. Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Protein Fractions ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Kura Clover ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Ruminal Degradability ◽  
True Protein

Kura clover is a perennial rhizomatous forage legume mainly used for grazing in permanent pastures. A study was conducted to determine the ensiling potential of Kura clover by comparing the chemical composition and ruminal nutrient degradabilities of fresh and ensiled forage of two cultivars (Cossack and Endura). Ensiling characteristics were determined by ensiling forages in mini-silos for 50 d. Ruminal nutrient degradabilities of fresh and ensiled forages were determined by the nylon bag technique using two lactating cows fitted with ruminal cannulas. Results showed that silages of both cultivars were well preserved as indicated by low pH and high lactic acid concentration. Cultivar had little effect on the chemical composition of Kura clover silage. However, ensiling increased (P < 0.05) soluble protein and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and reduced (P < 0.05) neutral and acid detergent insoluble protein fractions. Ensiling increased NPN and reduced true protein by 87 and 29%, respectively. Results of the in situ study indicated that cultivar had no effect on effective ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), an d neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Relative to fresh forage, ensiled Kura clover had similar effective ruminal degradability of DM (712 g kg-1 of DM) and NDF (417 g kg-1 of NDF) but a higher (P < 0.05) effective ruminal degradability of CP (806 vs. 725 g kg-1 of CP). It was concluded that Kura clover may be preserved as silage with minimal alterations in forage quality. These findings will increase the acceptability of Kura clover by widening possible utilizations. Key words: Forage quality, Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M.B.), protein fractions, ruminal degradability, silage

scholarly journals Effects of nitrogen fertilization on protein and carbohydrate fractions of Marandu palisadegrass

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhaony Gonçalves Leite ◽  
Abmael da Silva Cardoso ◽  
Natália Vilas Boas Fonseca ◽  
Maria Luisa Curvelo Silva ◽  
Luís Orlindo Tedeschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha

AbstractThe effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization levels on protein and carbohydrate fractions in Marandu palisadegrass pasture [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster] were investigated in a pasture over five years. The experimental design was completely randomized with four levels of N (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha-1, as urea) for five years, and with three replicates. The study was conducted in a continuously stocked pasture during the forage growing season (December to April) in a tropical region. The effects of N fertilization were similar across the five years. With increasing N fertilization, the concentrations of crude protein (CP) increased from 103 to 173 g kg−1 (P < 0.001), soluble fractions (Fraction A + B1) increased from 363 to 434 g kg−1 of total CP (P = 0.006); neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased from 609 to 556 g kg−1 (P = 0.037); indigestible NDF (P = 0.046), potentially degradable neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.037), and acid detergent fiber decreased (P = 0.05), and total digestible nutrient (TDN) increased (P < 0.001). Increasing N fertilization decreased the concentrations of Fraction C (P = 0.014) and total carbohydrates (P < 0.0001), and increased CP:organic matter digestibility (P < 0.01). Concentrations of neutral detergent fiber free of ash and protein (P = 0.003), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (P < 0.001), neutral detergent fiber potentially degradable (P = 0.11), CP (P < 0.001), Fraction A + B1 (P < 0.001), Fraction B2 (P < 0.001), Fraction B3 (P < 0.01), and non-structural carbohydrates differed (P < 0.001) across years. Therefore, N fertilization can be used to increase CP, soluble protein, and TDN.

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