In Vivo Screening and Antidiabetic Potential of Polyphenol Extracts from Guava Pulp, Seeds and Leaves

The present study investigates the antidiabetic potential of polyphenol extracts purified from guava pulp, seeds and leaves using an in vivo experiment on albino rats. The polyphenols from guava pulp, seeds and leaves were extracted using methanol solvent and the sonication method while being evaluated by total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity assay. The proximate composition of powders revealed that ash, protein and total sugars were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in leaves and seeds, while vitamin C was highest in pulp. Total phenolic and antioxidant activities were highest in pulp followed by leaves and seeds. The findings of feed intake and body gain revealed that the supplementation of polyphenols, especially from pulp, significantly (p < 0.05) increased the feed intake, which resulted in increased body weight. Moreover, total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased, while the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased in groups fed with polyphenols from guava pulp compared to both (+ive and –ive) control groups. Furthermore, blood glucose and triglycerides were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in supplemented groups compared to the control group of diabetes mice, which resulted in the inhibition of α-amylase and glucose transport. Besides this, packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hemoglobin, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelet levels were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in pulp’s extract followed by leaves and seeds compared to both control groups. Overall, the antidiabetic potential of different extracts was in the following order: pulp > leaves > seeds. The findings suggest the feasibility of adding 200–250 mg/kg.bw of polyphenol extracts of pulp as an alternative to diabetic drugs.

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Targeting Survivin Using ICG-001 May Overcome Drug Resistance in Primary B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v114.22.3072.3072 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 114 (22) ◽

pp. 3072-3072

Author(s):

Enzi Jiang ◽

Eugene Park ◽

Carlton Scharman ◽

Yao-Te Hsieh ◽

Asha Kadavallore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Leukemia Cells ◽

Control Group ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Control Groups ◽

Standard Chemotherapy

Abstract Abstract 3072 Poster Board III-9 Despite advances in chemotherapeutic treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 20% of children relapse with high death rates, highlighting the need for new treatment modalities. Recent population studies have demonstrated that Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family proteins, is expressed in most cancerous cells but has also been implicated in normal erythropoiesis. It is upregulated in ALL of relapsed patients but not in drug-sensitive ALL. The expression of Survivin depends on the formation of a complex between β-catenin and its co-activator CBP. Selective suppression of CBP/β-catenin signaling using the novel small-molecule inhibitor ICG-001 offers a novel mechanism to target Survivin in the sensitization of leukemia cells to conventional drug treatment. We hypothesize that inhibition of CBP/β-catenin signaling by ICG-001 in combination with conventional therapy represents a promising therapeutic principle to eradicate drug resistant ALL while sparing normal hematopoiesis. An in vivo study utilized our bioluminescent model to non-invasively monitor leukemogenesis of a primary ALL, transduced with a lentiviral construct encoding firefly luciferase prior to xenotransplantation. NOD/SCIDIL2R gamma-/- mice were sublethally irradiated prior intravenous injection of 50,000 cells per animal. Leukemic animals were treated with a combination of intraperitoneally administered VDL and ICG-001 (100mg/kg/d) (n=3), which was delivered via subcutaneous osmotic pumps to ensure stable plasma levels, with VDL only (n=4), or PBS only (n=2) as a control for 4 weeks. Bioluminescent imaging on Day 42 post-injection showed a contrast in the containment of leukemia of ICG-001+VDL mice as compared to those of the VDL control group. The animals in the PBS control group and the VDL+PBS Pump control groups had Median Survival Times (MST) of 35 days and 66.5 days post-treatment, respectively. In marked contrast, the animals treated with a combination of VDL+ICG-001 had a significant 14% extension in MST of 76 days post-treatment (p=0.016 compared to VDL group). Survivin mRNA expression was found to be downregulated after VDL+ICG treatment compared to treatment with VDL only. Analysis of peripheral blood showed no effect of ICG-001 on leukocyte or red blood cells compared to control groups. Next, we determined in vitro the ability of ICG-001 to increase sensitivity of patient-derived ALL cells and ALL celllines including BEL-1, REH, 697 and SUPB15 to chemotherapy including VDL or Imatinib. After 4 days we observed significantly increased toxicity assessed by MTT assay and AnnexinV staining as well as downregulation of Survivin confirmed by real-time PCR and Western Blot. To determine if ICG-001 is non-toxic to normal hematopoiesis, we treated normalC57BL/6 mice for 3 weeks with ICG-001 only. At end of treatment, normal blood counts including red blood cell, white blood cells and platelets, normal histology and normal weight gain indicated that ICG-001 is not detrimental to the recipient. In vitro apoptotic studies using normal white blood cells isolated from peripheral blood and co-cultured with a stromal layer confirmed further the non-toxicity of ICG-001 to normal cells. In summary, the sustained survival of the mice treated with combination of standard chemotherapy and ICG-001 is compatible with our hypothesis that ICG-001 can sensitize drug resistant leukemia cells to treatment with standard chemotherapy while sparing normal hematopoiesis and may lead to novel therapeutic options to overcome drug resistance. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Effect of tropical green forage Pueraria phaseoloides addition to a pelleted complete feed on rabbit growth performance and digestion

World Rabbit Science ◽

10.4995/wrs.2017.5126 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 225

Author(s):

M. Kimsé ◽

M.Y. Yapi ◽

M. Karamoko ◽

T. Gidenne ◽

M. Zongo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Test Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Pueraria Phaseoloides ◽

Ad Libitum

The aim of this work was to study the effect of tropical green forage on rabbit growth performance and apparent digestibility. Thirty rabbits weaned at 35 d of age were individually caged and allotted to 2 dietary treatments. From 35 to 90 d of age, the control group C was fed ad libitum with commercial pelleted diet C only, while the test group was fed the C diet and forage Pueraria phaseoloides (Pp) ad libitum. Individual water and feed intake, body weight gain, nutrient apparent digestibility, red and white blood cells were studied. Mean housing temperature was 27.7°C. Water intake (35-90 d) did not differ between the 2 groups (mean=128 mL/d), whereas feed intake (35-90 d) was twice as high, with Pp (114 vs. 56 g; P=0.02). Forage intake doubled every 2 wk, averaging 50% of the total intake from 35 to 90 d of age. The growth rate was higher (+30%) in the Pp group after weaning (35-49 d) but did not differ between groups thereafter. The feed conversion was higher for the Pp group after weaning only (+ 87%; P<0;05). Weight of rabbits and feed efficiency were not affected by forage addition. Organic matter digestibility of diet C alone was roughly twofold higher compared to C+Pp (P=0.03). Red blood cells were not affected by treatments (4.1×1012 cells/L). However, the white blood cell count was higher in Pp than in C group (7.4×109 vs. 3.9×109 cells/L; P<0.01). P. phaseoloides may be used as a complement to a balanced pelleted feed, but further studies with a large number of rabbits are necessary to analyse the potential impact on health status.

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THE ROLE OF LACTOBACILLUS CASEI AND LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILLUS TO DECREASE THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM BROMATE IN RATS

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v52i1.1237 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 70-78

Author(s):

M. J. Mohammed ◽

M. S. Mahdi ◽

A. H. Jameel ◽

K. M. Thalj

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Lactobacillus Casei ◽

Biological Effects ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Potassium Bromate ◽

Female Rats ◽

Control Group

This study was conducted to investigate the ameliorative effect of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus against Potassium bromate (25, 50) mg / kg toxicity by some physiological indicators in 35 of female rats after 21 days. The animals were divided into 7 groups within each group 5 animals weighted 140 – 155 g. The results showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in value of Red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), White blood cells (WBC), Lymphocyte (LYM) and Platelets (PLT), While increasing the values of Granules (GRN). Also found that the addition of Potassium bromate Potassium bromate led to increase in cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and blood glucose, while decreased the values of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) for rats groups with increasing the concentration of Potassium bromate compared with control group. The addition of two types of lactic acid bacteria L. casei and L. acidophilus with Potassium bromate showed a positive effect to reducing the negative effect of Potassium bromate on blood and lipid profile parameters compared with the control group and Potassium bromate group. It is concluded that the lactic acid bacteria has protective effects and reduces the effects that Potassium bromate.

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In-vivo Antiplasmodial Activity of Sulfadoxine/Pyrimethamine/Doxycycline on Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice

Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology ◽

10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i530212 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Udeme Owunari Georgewill ◽

Elias Adikwu

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Antimalarial Drug ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Negative Control ◽

Antiplasmodial Activity ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol

The search for newer antimalarial drug combinations is on the front burner due to rising Plasmodium resistance to some currently used antimalarial drugs. This study examined the antiplasmodial activity of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine/doxycycline (S/P/D) on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (P. berghei). Swiss albino mice (25-30 g) inoculated with P. bergei (1x107) were treated with D (2.2 mg/kg), S/P (21.4/10.7 mg/kg), and S/P/D for 4 days. The positive and negative controls were treated with normal saline (0.2 ml) and chloroquine (CQ) (10 mg/kg) for 4 days, respectively. After treatment, blood samples were collected and assessed for parasitemia levels and biochemical parameters. The mice were observed for mean survival time (MST). D, S/P, S/P/D and CQ significantly decreased parasitemia in the curative, prophylactic and suppressive tests at p<0.05; p<0.01, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively when compared to negative control. In the curative study, 55.9%, 65.1%, and 81.7% parasitemia inhibitions were produced by D, S/P and S/P/D, respectively whereas CQ produced 75.6 % parasitemia inhibition. D, S/P and S/P/D significantly prolonged MST at p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001 respectively when compared to negative control. Altered serum biochemical markers in P. berghei infected mice were marked by significantly (p<0.001) decreased packed cell volume, red blood cells, hemoglobin, high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with significantly (p<0.001) increased cholesterol, white blood cells, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels when compared to control. However, D, S/P and S/P/D significantly restored the aforementioned markers at p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively when compared to negative control. S/P/D may be used as an antimalarial drug.

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Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Effects of Methanolic Root Extract of Chromolaena odorata in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

Iranian Jornal of Toxicology ◽

10.32598/ijt.14.2.612 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 63-70

Author(s):

Oluyemisi Omotayo Omonije ◽

◽

Abubakar Ndaman Saidu ◽

Hadiza Lami Muhammad ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Diabetic Rat ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Root Extract ◽

Chromolaena Odorata

Background: Chromolaena odorata (C. odorata) is a medicinal plant with hypoglycemic effect known in traditional medicine. The present study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and in vivo anti-hyperglycemic effect of the methanol root extract of C. odorata in rats. Methods: Phytochemical compositions were evaluated, using standard procedures while the antioxidant activities were examined, using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing power (FRAP) assays. Twenty albino rats were administered 120 mg/kg of body weight (bw) alloxan and were divided into four groups of five animals each. Groups A to D were treated with 2 ml/kg of normal saline, 300 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg bw extract and 5 mg/kg bw glibenclamide, respectively, through oral route for 14 days. Blood samples were collected and prepared for the analysis of serum lipids profile. Results: The extract contained tannins (54.76±4.08 mg/100 g), saponins (322.78±17.35 mg/100 g), glycosides, alkaloids (74.34±6.08 mg/100 g), flavonoids (79.63±4.55 mg/100 g), phenols (154.32±11.21 mg/100 g), glycosides, steroids and reducing sugar. The extract promoted the inhibition of DPPH radicals with IC50 values of 191.68±1.68 µg/mL. In comparison with the untreated controls, total cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly reduced (P<0.05) following treatment with C. odorata extract while high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, was significantly increased. Conclusion: The C. odorata extract exhibited antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rat, thus could be considered as a natural product in the management of dyslipidemia secondary to diabetes.

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Effect of Annona muricata pre-treatment on liver synthetic ability, kidney function and hematological parameters in dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-administered rats

International Journal of Medicine ◽

10.14419/ijm.v4i1.5709 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Usunomena Usunobun ◽

Ngozi Okolie

Keyword(s):

Blood Cells ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Metabolic Activation ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Annona Muricata ◽

Synthetic Molecules ◽

Pre Treatment

Background:Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) is a potent hepatotoxin, carcinogen and mutagen which exerts carcinogenic effects and induces hepatic necrosis in experimental animals through metabolic activation by CYP2E1. This study thus evaluated efficacies of Annona muricata pre-treatment on acute dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced anemia and biochemical alterations in male albino rats.Methods:Four (4) groups of six (6) rats each were used for the study. Group 1 served as control and was untreated, group 2 and 3 were pre-treated with 400mg/kg Annona muricata ethanol leaf extract for one week while group 3 and 4 each received single dose of 20mg/kg DMN (orally) after one week. The rats were sacrificed 48hrs after DMN administration.Results:In rats administered 20mg/kg DMN, toxicty was clearly shown by decreased activities of serum liver synthetic molecules namely total protein, albumin, increased total bilirubin, increased kidney parameters such as creatinine and urea as well as decreased body weight gain. The toxic effect of DMN was also indicated by significantly decreased levels of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC) and platelet count (Plt count). However, in rats pre-treated with 400mg/kg Annona muricata prior to DMN administration, there were significant reversals in the activities of serum liver synthetic molecules, kidney profiles, and hematological parameters when compared to DMN-alone administered rats.Conclusion:Annona muricata pre-treatment exhibited in vivo protective and anti-anemic effects against DMN-induced injury.

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Low Piperine Fractional Piper nigrum Extract Enhanced the Antitumor Immunity via Regulating the Th1/Th2/Treg Cell Subsets on NMU-Induced Tumorigenesis Rats

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/a-1458-5646 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jirakrit Saetang ◽

Aman Tedasen ◽

Surasak Sangkhathat ◽

Natnaree Sangkaew ◽

Sirinapa Dokduang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Cells ◽

Antitumor Immunity ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

T Helper Cell ◽

Helper Cell ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Control Group ◽

T Helper

AbstractCancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide. In addition to standard regimens, tumor suppression ability has been demonstrated in many types of natural products, including Piper nigrum, or black pepper. In previous reports, we demonstrated the antitumor effect of low piperine fractional Piper nigrum extract in vitro and in vivo. However, the effects of low piperine fractional P. nigrum extract in the aspect of antitumor immunity has not yet been investigated. In this study, tumor-bearing rats were fed with 100 mg/kg BW or 200 mg/kg BW of low piperine fractional P. nigrum extract 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Tumor burden and hematological data were then evaluated. Immunological data was investigated using a cytokine array and flow cytometry. The results showed that both doses of low piperine fractional P. nigrum extract significantly suppressed tumor progression in N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumor rats. There were no significant changes observed in the total white blood cells, red blood cells, and hemoglobin. Low piperine fractional P. nigrum extract suppressed some cytokine and chemokine levels including CXCL7, sICAM-1, and L-selectin 0.2- to 0.6-fold. Interestingly, 200 mg/kg BW of low piperine fractional P. nigrum extract significantly promoted type 1 T helper cell, and suppressed neutrophil, basophil, type 2 T helper cell, and regulatory T cell compared to the control group. In summary, these results indicate that low piperine fractional P. nigrum extract had a high efficacy in supporting antitumor activity at immunological levels via regulating Th1/Th2/Treg cells.

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An investigation of the effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss and Mentha piperita essential oils to improve the chemical stability of minced meat

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2018.1656-1662 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1656-1662 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mojtaba Raeisi ◽

Mohammad Hashemi ◽

Majid Aminzare ◽

Asma Afshari ◽

Tayebeh Zeinali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Chemical Stability ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Antioxidant Potential ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Control Group ◽

Zataria Multiflora ◽

Minced Meat

Background and Aim: Extending the shelf life of foods is an essential concept in food safety. Most of the time, foods deteriorate through the growth of microorganisms or oxidation process. Essential oils (EOs) derived from plant material have well-documented antioxidant and antibacterial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss EO (ZEO) and Mentha piperita EO (MEO) on the chemical stability of minced meat during storage at 7°C. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic content, β-Carotene bleaching test, ferric reducing antioxidant potential assay, and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity were used to determine the antioxidant potential of EOs. Five different groups including control, ZEO 0.3%, ZEO 0.5%, MEO 0.3%, and MEO 0.5% were designed to assess the chemical stability of minced meat by measuring pH, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), and peroxide value (PV). Results: pH did not have any significant change during storage. TBA values in the control group were significantly higher than the treatment groups, especially from the 5th day of storage. TVBN in the treatment group was significantly lower than the control group during storage. PV values in the treatment group were significantly lower than the control group during storage. Conclusion: Results indicate that ZEO and MEO had an excellent antioxidant activity and retarded the spoilage process in minced meat. Keywords: antioxidant, Mentha piperita, minced meat, Zataria multiflora Boiss.

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Hepatoprotective studies on methanolic extract fractions of Lindernia ciliata and development of qualitative analytical profile for the bioactive extract

Clinical Phytoscience ◽

10.1186/s40816-019-0123-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Praneetha Pallerla ◽

Narsimha Reddy Yellu ◽

Ravi Kumar Bobbala

Keyword(s):

Methanolic Extract ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Liver Homogenate ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Hepatoprotective Activity ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Effective Fraction

Abstract Background The objective of the study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract fractions of Lindernia ciliata (LC) and development of qualitative analytical profile of the bioactive fraction using HPLC fingerprinting analysis. All the fractions of methanolic extract of Lindernia ciliata (LCME) are assessed for their total phenolic, flavonoid contents and in vitro antioxidant properties by using DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and reducing power assay. Acute toxicity study was conducted for all the fractions and the two test doses 50 and 100 mg/kg were selected for the hepatoprotective study. Liver damage was induced in different groups of rats by administering 3 g/kg.b.w.p.o. paracetamol and the effect of fractions were tested for hepatoprotective potential by evaluating serum biochemical parameters and histology of liver of rats. The effective fraction was evaluated for its antihepatotoxic activity against D-Galactosamine (400 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) and in vivo antioxidant parameters viz., Glutathione (GSH), Melondialdehyde (MDA) and Catalase (CAT) levels are estimated using liver homogenate. Results Among all the fractions, butanone fraction of LCME, (BNF-LCME) has shown better hepatoprotective activity and hence it is selected to evaluate the antihepatotoxicity against D-GaIN. The activity of BNF-LCME is well supported in in vitro and in vivo antioxidant studies and may be attributed to flavonoidal, phenolic compounds present in the fraction. Hence, BNF-LCME was subjected to the development of qualitative analytical profile using HPLC finger printing analysis. Conclusions All the fractions of LCME exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity and BNF-LCME (50 mg/kg) was identified as the most effective fraction.

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Pharmacoinformatics and UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS-Based Phytochemical Screening of Combretum indicum against Oxidative Stress and Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Long–Evans Rats

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26154634 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (15) ◽

pp. 4634

Author(s):

Md. Shaekh Forid ◽

Md. Atiar Rahman ◽

Mohd Fadhlizil Fasihi Mohd Aluwi ◽

Md. Nazim Uddin ◽

Tapashi Ghosh Roy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Immune Modulation ◽

Computational Study ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Control Group ◽

Esi Ms ◽

Long Evans ◽

Antidiabetic Effects

This research investigated a UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS-based phytochemical profiling of Combretum indicum leaf extract (CILEx), and explored its in vitro antioxidant and in vivo antidiabetic effects in a Long–Evans rat model. After a one-week intervention, the animals’ blood glucose, lipid profile, and pancreatic architectures were evaluated. UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS fragmentation of CILEx and its eight docking-guided compounds were further dissected to evaluate their roles using bioinformatics-based network pharmacological tools. Results showed a very promising antioxidative effect of CILEx. Both doses of CILEx were found to significantly (p < 0.05) reduce blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and total cholesterol (TC), and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Pancreatic tissue architectures were much improved compared to the diabetic control group. A computational approach revealed that schizonepetoside E, melianol, leucodelphinidin, and arbutin were highly suitable for further therapeutic assessment. Arbutin, in a Gene Ontology and PPI network study, evolved as the most prospective constituent for 203 target proteins of 48 KEGG pathways regulating immune modulation and insulin secretion to control diabetes. The fragmentation mechanisms of the compounds are consistent with the obtained effects for CILEx. Results show that the natural compounds from CILEx could exert potential antidiabetic effects through in vivo and computational study.

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