scholarly journals Toxic Wasting Disorders in Sheep

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Jéssica Molín ◽  
Fábio S. Mendonça ◽  
Eileen E. Henderson ◽  
Akinyi C. Nyaoke ◽  
Gustavo A. Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Diagnostic Aspects ◽  
History Of

Infectious and parasitic agents have been frequently associated with debilitating and wasting conditions in sheep. The prevalence of these agents has probably undermined the role of toxic causes as contributors to such disorders. In addition, many of these intoxications frequently produce acute clinical disease with specific and characteristic lesions, thus a causal relationship with the toxic substance may be relatively easy to establish. However, persistent exposure to some of these organic or inorganic toxic substances may lead to emaciation, ill-thrift, and poor external aspect. The anti-nutritional factors and alkaloids of several plants, including pyrrolizidine alkaloids, among others, have also been associated with emaciation and/or poor general performance in sheep flocks. In this review, some of these disorders are discussed with an emphasis on clinical signs and lesions, relevant diagnostic aspects, and available therapeutic approaches. In most cases, demonstrating a history of exposure should be one of the most relevant aspects of the diagnostic approach, and removing the animals from the toxic source is the cornerstone of the majority of the treatment strategies.

Molecular Pathways of Ischemic Stroke and Advanced Therapeutic Strategies

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Preeti Singh
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Acute Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
New Treatment

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and permanent disability. This disease may affect any age group and especially in old age and pregnancy. All the responsible mechanisms are yet not completely understood. There is limited therapeutic intervention beyond prevention, yet tremendous progress in understanding cause of stroke at molecular level has been going on. A lot of advancement has occurred in the prevention and treatment of stroke during the past decade. In this review an update work of causeways of stroke and its therapeutic approaches have been discussed. The relevance of excitotoxicity (role of glutamate receptor), inflammation, ischemic penumbra, apoptosis, to delayed mechanisms and, damage and treatment strategies have been hasted out. Although the results among clinical studies, conflict regarding several experimental data of different therapies, and it may improve neurological outcome after acute cerebral ischemia. Along this several other interventions and new technologies such as stroke detector microwave helmet are being assessed and many other advanced techniques developed by researchers. Even the development of other novel and new treatment strategies (regarding molecular pathways and risk to benefit therapeutic ratio) for stroke are still required in future for better treatment.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke: Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosita Stanzione ◽  
Maria Cotugno ◽  
Franca Bianchi ◽  
Simona Marchitti ◽  
Maurizio Forte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

Epigenetics is the branch of molecular biology that studies modifications able to change gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modulations include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs. These gene modifications are heritable and modifiable and can be triggered by lifestyle and nutritional factors. In recent years, epigenetic changes have been associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases such as diabetes, obesity, renal pathology, and different types of cancer. They have also been related with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases including ischemic stroke. Importantly, since epigenetic modifications are reversible processes they could assist with the development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of human diseases. In the present review article, we aim to collect the most recent evidence concerning the impact of epigenetic modifications on the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke in both animal models and humans.

scholarly journals The efficacy and safety of comfrey

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (4a) ◽  
pp. 501-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Stickel ◽  
Helmut K Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Alkylating Agents ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hepatic Veins ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Carcinogenic Potential

AbstractHerbal medication has gathered increasing recognition in recent years with regard to both treatment options and health hazards. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids have been associated with substantial toxicity after their ingestion as tea and in the setting of contaminated cereals have led to endemic outbreaks in Jamaica, India and Afghanistan. In Western Europe, comfrey has been applied for inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, thrombophlebitis and gout and as a treatment for diarrhoea. Only recently was the use of comfrey leaves recognized as a substantial health hazard with hepatic toxicity in humans and carcinogenic potential in rodents. These effects are most likely due to various hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as lasiocarpine and symphytine, and their related N-oxides. The mechanisms by which toxicity and mutagenicity are conveyed are still not fully understood, but seem to be mediated through a toxic mechanism related to the biotransformation of alkaloids by hepatic microsomal enzymes. This produces highly reactive pyrroles which act as powerful alkylating agents. The main liver injury caused by comfrey (Symphytum officinale) is veno-occlusive disease, a non-thrombotic obliteration of small hepatic veins leading to cirrhosis and eventually liver failure. Patients may present with either acute or chronic clinical signs with portal hypertension, hepatomegaly and abdominal pain as the main features.Therapeutic approaches include avoiding intake and, if hepatic failure is imminent, liver transplantation. In view of the known serious hazards and the ban on distributing comfrey in Germany and Canada, it is difficult to understand why comfrey is still freely available in the United States.

scholarly journals Understanding and perceptions of gout: an interdisciplinary assessment among patients, physicians and pharmacists in Italy

Reumatismo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Punzi ◽  
G. Medea
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Interdisciplinary Assessment ◽  
The Many

The objective was to assess knowledge and therapeutic approaches to the management of gout among healthcare professionals and people with/without gout, in Italy. This was a cross-sectional internet-based survey targeting general practitioners (GPs), specialists, pharmacists, and people with/without gout. Between December 2017 and March 2018, participants completed questionnaires on epidemiology, cause/risk factors, therapy objectives and management/treatment strategies to improve outcomes. Overall, 3184 people completed the survey: 699 GPs, 426 specialists, 655 pharmacists and 1404 subjects from the general population: 126 (9.0%) with and 1278 (91.0%) without gout. Notably, less than half of GPs, specialists and people without gout confirmed the published 1% prevalence of gout in Italy. Lifestyle was acknowledged as the main risk factor for gout by nearly 50% of specialists and GPs, while only 13.8% and 12.4%, respectively, considered the role of genetic factors. Uric acid overproduction was deemed as the cause of gout by 60% of GPs and specialists, whereas insufficient excretion by only 30%. Fewer than half of patients were aware that gout permanently damages joints, and even fewer of the renal and cardiovascular implications (19.4% and 12%, respectively); moreover, most people without gout replied that their doctor had never talked with them about uric acid and its correlation with gout development. Finally, GPs were divided on uric acid target levels (48.3% said <6 mg/dL and 18.9% <7 mg/dL). Despite major advances in the knowledge of physiopathological mechanisms of gout, the results of our survey highlight the many treatment and knowledge gaps in its management. Cooperation between multidisciplinary teams is required to break down barriers and ensure optimal treatment with effective and innovative agents of this ever-increasing debilitating condition.

scholarly journals Glial Cells in Glaucoma: Friends, Foes, and Potential Therapeutic Targets

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Y. García-Bermúdez ◽  
Kristine K. Freude ◽  
Zaynab A. Mouhammad ◽  
Peter van Wijngaarden ◽  
Keith K. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Pressure Lowering ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, affecting ~80 million people by 2020 (1, 2). The condition is characterized by a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons accompanied by visual field loss. The underlying pathophysiology of glaucoma remains elusive. Glaucoma is recognized as a multifactorial disease, and lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only treatment that has been shown to slow the progression of the condition. However, a significant number of glaucoma patients continue to go blind despite intraocular pressure-lowering treatment (2). Thus, the need for alternative treatment strategies is indisputable. Accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells play a significant role in supporting RGC function and that glial dysfunction may contribute to optic nerve disease. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the role of glial cells in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. A particular focus is on the dynamic and essential interactions between glial cells and RGCs and potential therapeutic approaches to glaucoma by targeting glial cells.

scholarly journals Primary oral mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in patient with monoclonale gammopathy: a rare case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilal Hafian ◽  
Hubert Schvartz ◽  
Martine Patey ◽  
Anne Quinquenel
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Malt Lymphoma ◽  
Monoclonal Gammopathy ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Biological Reality ◽  
Rare Case Report ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Monoclonal gammopathy is a biological reality encountered in approximately 1% of the general population. In the absence of clinical and biological signs, it is considered of undetermined significance; however, it can be a biological signature of a monoclonal lymphocytic or plasma-cell proliferation. Their localisation to the oral mucosa remains rare and difficult to diagnose, particularly in indolent forms that escape imaging techniques. Case presentation Here, we report the case of a 73-year-old woman with a history of IgM kappa gammopathy followed for 13 years. The patient did not have a chronic infection or an autoimmune disease, and all the biological investigations and radiological explorations were unremarkable during this period. The discovery of a submucosal nodule in the cheek led to the diagnosis of MALT lymphoma and regression of half of the IgM kappa level after resection. The review of the literature shows the dominance of clinical signs (i.e., a mass or swelling) in the diagnosis of primary MALT lymphomas of the oral cavity after surgical resection. Conclusions Our case illustrates the role of examination of the oral cavity in the context of a monoclonal gammopathy. The absence of clinical and radiological evidence in favor of lymphoplasmacytic proliferation, does not exclude a primary indolent MALT lymphoma of the oral mucosa.

scholarly journals First confirmed case of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in foals in Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva ◽  
Felipe Moraghi Moreira ◽  
Jackeline Viana Rezende ◽  
Prhiscylla Sadanã Pires ◽  
Renata de Pino Albuquerque Maranhão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Routine Laboratory ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
History Of ◽  
Toxigenic Strains ◽  
Clostridium Difficile Associated Diarrhea ◽  
Veterinary Hospital

Despite of the substantial role of Clostridium difficile in causing diarrhea and colitis in foals, there have been no confirmed diagnoses of disease caused by this bacteria in Brazil. In this paper, we describe confirmed cases of colitis caused by C. difficile in two foals in Brazil. Two five-month-old foals with a five-day history of diarrhea after antibiotic treatment for a respiratory disease were treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. C. difficile A/B toxins were detected, and toxigenic strains of C. difficile were isolated from the foals' feces. The treatment was based on fluid therapy and antibiotics (metronidazole and ceftiofur), and the animals experienced a gradual recovery. The association between the medical history, clinical signs, laboratory exam results and therapeutic success confirmed the diagnosis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea. The present report raises the possibility that C. difficile is also a pathogen in equines in Brazil and highlights the need for up to date routine laboratory protocols for the diagnosis of this disease.

scholarly journals Correlation between Histopathological Findings and Endoscopy in Esophageal Cance: Results in Khorramabad, Iran, Western Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-624
Author(s):  
Koroush Ghanadi ◽  
A Khatereh Anbari ◽  
Babak Khodadadi ◽  
Morteza Sagharjoghi Farahani
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control And Management

Background: Esophageal cancer is a cancer arising of the esophagus and during the past two decades, the epidemiology and treatment strategies for esophageal cancer have changed markedly in the Western Iran.The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical signs, endoscopy findings, and family history of esophageal cancer in the Khorramabad, Iran.Methods: In this cross-sectional research conducted during 1 year in 2015,96 patients had been diagnosed with esophageal cancer by endoscopy and pathological findings. The data collected through a multipart questionnaire includingage, sex, marital status, education, occupation, address and ethnicity, background as to smoking, alcohol consumption and history of gastric and esophageal cancers. The data were analyzed using chi-square test or Fisher exact test.Results: According to findings of this study, the most common clinical signs in the patients were Anorexia (53.1) and Weight Loss (62.5). The most common anatomical site of tumor in male was in the distal esophagus (41.3%) and middle esophagus in female patients (32%), which was statistically significant (P=0.047).Conclusions: In this study, distal esophageal cancer was more common. Abetter identification of Effective factors on esophageal cancer would result in better control and management of this disease.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.17(4) 2018 p.619-624

scholarly journals A Sensitivity Analysis on the Consequences Assessment in Cases of Toxic Substance Released by Pipelines

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Gagliardi Valentina ◽  
Citro Lucia
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Hazard Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Harmful Effects

A Sensitivity Analysis on the Consequences Assessment in Cases of Toxic Substance Released by Pipelines This paper presents preliminary results of a study aimed at evaluating the impact on man and environment of major accident hazards related to transmission pipelines carrying toxic substances. In particular, it describes the assessment of the consequences of potential toxic release from pipelines, expressed in terms of hazard area, that is the zone in which the concentration of a toxic substance exceed a critical threshold level and induce harmful effects on people and the environment. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis has been undertaken, emphasizing the role of threshold values on the results obtained.

scholarly journals SOX9 Knockout Induces Polyploidy and Changes Sensitivity to Tumor Treatment Strategies in a Chondrosarcoma Cell Line

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7627
Author(s):  
Sabine Stöckl ◽  
Georg Lindner ◽  
Shushan Li ◽  
Philipp Schuster ◽  
Sebastian Haferkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Tumor Treatment ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Normal Cartilage ◽  
Chondrosarcoma Cell ◽  
And Migration ◽  
And Function ◽  
Chondrosarcoma Cell Line

As most chemotherapeutic drugs are ineffective in the treatment of chondrosarcoma, we studied the expression pattern and function of SOX9, the master transcription factor for chondrogenesis, in chondrosarcoma, to understand the basic molecular principles needed for engineering new targeted therapies. Our study shows an increase in SOX9 expression in chondrosarcoma compared to normal cartilage, but a decrease when the tumors are finally defined as dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS). In DDCS, SOX9 is almost completely absent in the non-chondroid, dedifferentiated compartments. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of SOX9 in a human chondrosarcoma cell line (HTB94) results in reduced proliferation, clonogenicity and migration, accompanied by an inability to activate MMP13. In contrast, adhesion, apoptosis and polyploidy formation are favored after SOX9 deletion, probably involving BCL2 and survivin. The siRNA-mediated SOX9 knockdown partially confirmed these results, suggesting the need for a certain SOX9 threshold for particular cancer-related events. To increase the efficacy of chondrosarcoma therapies, potential therapeutic approaches were analyzed in SOX9 knockout cells. Here, we found an increased impact of doxorubicin, but a reduced sensitivity for oncolytic virus treatment. Our observations present novel insight into the role of SOX9 in chondrosarcoma biology and could thereby help to overcome the obstacle of drug resistance and limited therapy options.

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