scholarly journals Effect of Pegbovigrastim on Hematological Profile of Simmental Dairy Cows during the Transition Period

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Trimboli ◽  
Valeria Maria Morittu ◽  
Antonio Di Loria ◽  
Andrea Minuti ◽  
Antonella Anna Spina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Cells ◽  
Distribution Width ◽  
Hematological Profile ◽  
First Time

Pegbovigrastim is a long-acting analog of recombinant bovine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, that promotes and increases the count and functionality of polymorphonuclear cells in dairy cows. The present study aimed to explore, for the first time in Simmental cows, the clinical and hematological effect of pegbovigrastim during the transition period (TP). Cows were randomly assigned into two groups: treated group (PEG; n = 16) received pegbovigrastim at approximately 7 days before expected parturition and within 6 h after calving, and control group (CTR; n = 16) received saline solution. Blood samples were obtained at −7, 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days relative to calving. PEG group showed white blood cells (WBC) count consistently higher compared with CTR group (p < 0.001) until to 3 weeks after calving. Neutrophils remained higher in PEG group (p < 0.001) up to three weeks after calving, compared with CTR group, with slight increment of band cells. Moreover, PEG group displayed a lower index of myeloperoxidase at 1, 3, and 7 days after calving (p < 0.01) compared with CTR. Basophils and lymphocytes showed a similar trend to those observed for neutrophils at 1 day after calving in PEG group. Finally, monocytes remained markedly elevated until 3 days after calving in PEG compared to CTR group (p < 0.001), whereas in PEG group, eosinophils population showed lower percentage values at 1 and 3 days after calving but higher values at 30 days compared with CTR group. PEG group was characterized by lower red blood cells (RBCs) count compared with CTR group (p < 0.05) and higher % of red cell volume distribution width (RDW) from week 2 and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) at 30 days after calving. In addition, the mean platelet volume (MPV) was significantly higher in PEG group at calving, 1, 3, and 7 days after calving compared with CTR group (p < 0.05). For the first time, we described the effect of pegbovigrastim in a breed not specialized exclusively in milk production as Holstein, but with dual purpose (meat and milk), evaluating the complete hematological profile in cows during the transition period. These results provide evidence on the proliferative effect of pegbovigrastim on WBC in Simmental breed highlighting its possible side effect on RBCs.

Zearalenone-induced changes in the lymphoid tissue and mucosal nerve fibers in the porcine ileum

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Obremski ◽  
S. Gonkowski ◽  
P. Wojtacha
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Chemical Coding ◽  
Tissue Levels ◽  
Intestinal Functions ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
First Time

Abstract This is the first study to examine zearalenone-(ZEN) induced changes in the immune system of the ileum and substance P-(SP-) and vasoactive intestinal peptide-(VIP-) immunoreactive nerve fibers in the mucosa, which participate in the regulation of intestinal functions under physiological conditions and during pathological processes. The aim of this study was also to identify potential relationships between selected immune and neural elements in ileal Peyer’s patches in pigs that were and were not exposed to ZEN. The experiment was performed on 10 prepubertal gilts divided into two groups: the experimental group (n=5) where ZEN was administered at 0.1 mg kg−1 feed day−1 for 42 days, and the control group (n=5) which was administered a placebo. The tissue levels of cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay which revealed elevated concentrations of IL-12/23 40p and IL-1 β in animals exposed to ZEN. Flow cytometry revealed a lower percentage of CD21+ lymphocytes in pigs exposed to ZEN in comparison with control animals. The tissue levels of neuropeptides were evaluated in the dot blot procedure which demonstrated higher concentrations of VIP and SP in experimental pigs. In experimental animals, numerous VIP-like immunoreactive processes were observed, and SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers formed a very dense network. Our results demonstrate for the first time that ZEN can modify the chemical coding of nerve structures in the gastrointestinal system. Those modifications can be attributed to ZEN’s impact on estrogen receptors or its pro-inflammatory properties, and they reflect changes that take place in the nervous system at the transcriptional, translational and metabolic level.

scholarly journals Effect of pregnancy and stage of lactation on energy processes in isolated blood cells of dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-215
Author(s):  
Bogdan Dębski ◽  
Tadeusz Nowicki ◽  
Wojciech Zalewski ◽  
Agnieszka Bartoszewicz ◽  
Jan Twardoń
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Energy State ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
In Blood Plasma

AbstractIntroduction: The transition period is the most challenging time for dairy cattle, which is characterised not only by negative energy balance but also by fatty tissue mobilisation.Material and Methods: The efficiency of energy pathways, β-oxidation in WBC and glycolysis in RBC (based on deoxyglucose transmembrane transport) were estimated. Insulin in blood plasma was determined using ELISA.Results: After calving and up to one month after delivery, a significant drop in blood plasma level was noticed, simultaneously with a rise in β-oxidation from 18.93 ±3.64 to 30.32 ±5.28 pmol/min/mg protein in WBC. A strong negative correlation between these two indices (r = −0.68) was found. During the period of transition to lactation an increase in glucose cross-membrane transportation from 41.44 ±4.92 to 50.49 ±6.41 μmol/h/g Hb was observed. A strong positive correlation between glucose transportation in RBC and β-oxidation in WBC (r = 0.71) was noticed. These data are in agreement with results of studies on dairy cows using liver slices from dairy cows in late pregnancy and different stages of lactation, in which changes in gene expression were analysed.Conclusion: It seems that measuring fatty acids oxidation and glycolysis using isolated blood cells may be an adequate and relatively simple method for energy state analysis to estimate the state of dairy cow metabolism and animal health.

scholarly journals The effect of Glycoline® on reproductive efficiency in high-producing dairy cows

2016 ◽  
pp. 5163-5176
Author(s):  
Marcelo R. Del Campo ◽  
Marco Gonzalez T ◽  
Hans Andresen ◽  
Freddy A. Cea
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Uterine Infection ◽  
Uterine Involution ◽  
Downer Cow Syndrome

ABSTRACT Objective. Determine the effect of Glycoline® on reproductive efficiency in high producing dairy cows. Materials and methods. 100 Holstein cows one month before delivery were selected. About 21 days before parturition they were put in a barn and were randomized in two groups: Glycoline® Group (GG, n=50), 300 g/day of Glycoline® for 21 days antepartum and 250 g/day of GlycoLine® over the following 21 days postpartum, and the Control Group (CG, n=50) with the same feed and silage ration as GG during the same period, but without the addition of Glycoline®. Events and reproductive variables of the cows were recorded for 202 days. The data were systematized, analyzed and statistically compared. Results. Comparisons were made between GG and CG respectively: Retained placenta (0.0 vs. 12.0%; p=0.027), downer cow syndrome (14.3 vs. 44.0%; p=0.002), uterine involution (64.6 vs. 36.4%; p=0.019 ), uterine infection (10.4% vs. 35.5%; p=0.006), no ovarian activity (6.3 vs. 25.6%; p=0.018), follicular cysts (0.0 vs. 18.2%, p = 0.002), luteal structures (25.0 vs. 9.3% ; p=0.058), mean estrus presentation (40.1% vs. 63.5%; p=0.033) inseminated females (79.6 vs. 68.0%; p=0.017), pregnancy rate at day 150 (57.1 vs. 46.0%; p≥0.317 ) and intervals (days): calving to 1st estrus (39.8 vs. 63.2; p≤0.006), calving to IA (62.4 vs. 87.5; p≤0.006) calving to conception (81.7 vs. 93.6; p≤0.006; p=0.103). Conclusions. Results suggest that dietary Glycoline® added in the transition period improves reproductive efficiency of high-producing dairy cows. RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar el efecto del Glycoline® sobre la eficiencia reproductiva en vacas lecheras de alta producción. Materiales y Métodos. Se seleccionaron 100 vacas Holstein un mes antes del parto. Alrededor de 21 días antes del parto se ubicaron en un establo y se asignaron al azar a dos Grupos: Grupo Glycoline® (GG; n=50), 300 g/día de Glycoline® durante 21 días preparto y 250 g/día de Glycoline® durante los siguientes 21 días posparto y Grupo Control (GC, n=50) la misma ración de concentrado y ensilaje que el GG durante el mismo período de tiempo, pero sin la adición de Glycoline®. Se registraron los eventos y las variables reproductivas de las vacas durante 202 días. Los datos fueron sistematizados, analizados y comparados estadísticamente. Resultados. Comparaciones entre el GG y GC respectivamente: Retención de placenta (0,0 vs 12.0%; p=0.027), síndrome de vaca caída (14.3 vs 44.0%; p=0.002), involución uterina (64.6 vs 36.4%; p=0.019), infección uterina (10.4% vs 35.5%; p=0.006), sin actividad ovárica (6.3 vs 25.6%; p=0.018), quistes foliculares (0.0 vs 18.2%, p=0.002), estructuras luteales (25.0 vs 9.3%; p=0.058), promedio presentación de celo (40.1% vs 63.5%; p=0.033), hembras inseminadas (79.6 vs 68.0%; p=0.017), tasa de preñez al día 150 (57.1 vs 46.0%; p≥0.317) y intervalos de tiempo (días): parto 1er -celo (39.8 vs 63.2; p≤0.006), parto-IA (62.4 vs 87.5; p≤0.006) y parto-preñez (81.7 vs 93.6; p≤0.006; p=0.103). Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que el Glycoline® adicionado en la dieta en el período de transición, mejora la eficiencia reproductiva de vacas de alta producción.

scholarly journals Use of a glycogenic precursor during the prepartum period and its effects upon metabolic indicators and reproductive parameters in dairy cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-420
Author(s):  
Carlos Leyva Orasma ◽  
Jesús Jaime Benitez-Rivas ◽  
Juan Luis Morales Cruz ◽  
Cesar Alberto Meza-Herrera ◽  
Oscar Ángel-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Retained Placenta

The aim was to evaluate if 1-2 propanodiol plus calcium propionate (glycogenic precursor) supplementation during the transition period in high yielding dairy cows reduces metabolic and reproductive dysfunctions during early lactation. Cows (n=202) where divided into two homogeneous groups regarding number of lactations and body condition score. 1) Treated Group (GG; n=112) received 60g/cow/day  15d of a glycogenic precursor during the transition period. 2) Control Group (GC; n = 90) received no treatment. Postpartum levels of BHB (GG= 0.9±0.2 mmol/L vs GC =1.3±0.2 mmol/L; P < 0.05), and NEFA (GG= 0.6 ± 0.1 mEq/L vs GC = 0.8 ± 0.1 mEq/L; P < 0.05) were higher for GC. Likewise, GC-cows had a higher percentage of retained placenta (23% vs. 13%; P ≤ 0.06) subclinical ketosis (GG = 10%, GC = 56%; P < 0.05), and mastitis (GG = 8%, GC = 16%; P < 0.05). Metritis, dystocia, abortions, clinical ketosis, hypocalcemia and ruminal acidosis showed no differences. Administration of a glycogenic precursor during the transition period demonstrated a positive effect upon BHB and NEFA blood levels during early lactation. Also, levels of subclinical ketosis and retained placenta were reduced.

161 DIETARY ENERGY SOURCE IN PRIMIPAROUS DAIRY COWS DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD: BLOOD METABOLITES AND FOLLICULAR CLASSIFICATION

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
M. A. T. Artunduaga ◽  
S. G. Coelho ◽  
A. M. Borges ◽  
A. M. Q. Lana ◽  
H. M. Saturnino
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Class I ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Calcium Salts

Solving reproductive problems of postpartum dairy cows has become one of the main targets of the scientific community even though the advances in this field are partial in most of the conducted research. There is a need to approach the problem with a multidisciplinary strategy that simultaneously includes nutritional and reproductive issues. Increasing the availability of glucogenic and lipogenic nutrients during the transition period has been hypothesised to improve energy balance and to decrease the incidence and severity of metabolic and reproductive disorders in early lactation. Based on the considerations mentioned above, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of a glucogenic or a lipogenic diet on blood metabolites and follicular dynamics in primiparous dairy cows during the transition period. Forty primiparous dairy cows received a lipogenic or glucogenic supplement during the transition period and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments [control; calcium salts of soybean fatty acids (CaS), Megalac-E; toasted soybean; and propylene glycol]. Diets were isocaloric and isoproteic. Blood samples were taken from each animal 10 and 5 days before the expected calving date and at days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 postpartum. Ultrasound scanning was performed in all cows on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday up to day 45 postpartum. Follicles registered during ultrasound examination were classified in 4 categories: class I (3–5 mm), class II (6–9 mm), class III (10–15 mm), and class IV (>15 mm). Data analysis was performed using PROC GLM (SAS, 6.12, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA, 1995). Metabolites and ovarian activity were analysed using a split-plot design. Pairwise comparisons of individual means were carried out using the Scott Knott and Duncan test. Values of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Insulin and glucose concentrations were higher in the CaS group when compared with other treatments (P < 0.05). The lowest insulin and glucose concentrations were observed on cows supplemented with propylene glycol. Nonesterified fatty acid concentrations (NEFA) were lower for all treatments compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The most efficient follicular growth pattern during the postpartum period was observed in the CaS group, which was characterised by a reduction in the number of class I and II follicles and an increase in class III and IV throughout the trial. In general, smaller follicles go through recruitment and selection processes to bigger follicles and these follicles probably remain stable due to the fact that this particular follicular class represents a transitory phase in which there are always follicles going under the processes of selection and dominance. Overall, results suggest that calcium salts of soybean fatty acids reduced the dramatic metabolic and endocrine changes of primiparous dairy cows during transition period, which could be associated with better reproductive performance. This work was supported by the FAPEMIG (Grant CVZ 600/06).

PATTERN OF ACTIVE BLOOD DONORS DONATING FOR MORE THAN 10 YEARS BASED ON THE RESULTS OF LABORATORY, MORPHOLOGIC, BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL TESTS OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriy Yu. Derpak ◽  
Stanislav V Vydyborets
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donors ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Erythrocyte Membranes ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Donor Blood ◽  
Distribution Width ◽  
Value Determination ◽  
First Time

Introduction: In spite of the lately increasing number of scientific research programs on donor blood storage, integrated solution of this problem remains a challenging open issue. The aim: upon the study of laboratory, morphologic, biochemical and biophysical properties of donor blood erythrocytes, determine pathogenesis of abnormalities in erythrocytes of blood donors depending and increase effectiveness of early diagnostics and prevention of the above changes for donors’ health protection. Materials and methods: 215 blood donors (112 men and 103 women) were examined, among which 55 were active donors (29 men and 26 women) donating on regular basis, no less than 3 times a year and 160 first-time registered donors (83 men and 77 women). First-time registered donors made the control group of our research.The following methods were used: general blood tests, blood chemistry, radioimmune and enzyme-immunoassay, statistic methods. Results: Results of the performed laboratory, morphologic, biochemical and biophysical tests: erythrocyte index determination, reticulocyte count, red blood cell distribution width, optical transmission of erythrocytes, test for aggregation and penetrability of erythrocyte membranes, effectiveness of erythropoiesis value determination in regular donor’s and first-time donors erythrocytes demonstrated that the examined person making the group of donors are practically healthy people whose test results are within normal limits for their age group. Conclusions: In order to preserve health of donors and ensure quality of blood components received at the time of donation, thorough checkup of donors, including, apart from the main and biochemical peripheral venous blood parameters, morphologic, biophysical and rheological parameters of erythrocytes is highly recommended before donation.

scholarly journals Influence of rumen-protected choline on blood red-ox potential and biochemical biomarkers of dairy cows during the transition period

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 483-487
Author(s):  
Mustafa Salman ◽  
Gülay Çiftçi ◽  
Alper Çiftçi
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oxidative Stress Index ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The Third

The aim of this study was to determine the serum oxidative status, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative stress index, as well as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine profiles, of dairy cows fed rumen-protected choline during the transition period. A total of thirty dairy cows allotted to one control and two experimental groups (10 animals per group) were fattened from 3 weeks prior to the expected calving date until 3 weeks postpartum. The control group was fed a basal diet, and treatment groups 1 and 2, were fed a basal diet containing 60 g/head/day and 120 g/head/day or rumen-protected choline, respectively. Serum total antioxidant status (TAS) levels for the control group and treatment groups 1 and 2 at the time of parturition were 0.56±0.029ab, 0.45±0.028b, and 0.59±0.036a, respectively. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Rumen-protected choline supplementation did not have a significant effect on TAS levels in the third week before parturition and in the first and third weeks of lactation. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the groups in terms of total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) or creatinine levels. Serum ALT levels were significantly different (P<0.05) between the groups at parturition and in the first week of lactation, but not significant (P>0.05) for the other periods. In addition, the serum AST level was significantly different (P<0.05) between the groups in the first and third weeks of lactation, but not significantly different (P>0.05) for the other periods. After removing the effect of groups, time-dependent changes were significant (P<0.001) for all parameters. The highest values for TAS, TOS and OSI were obtained in the third week before parturition. The values for these parameters decreased during parturition and after the postnatal period. The lowest values for serum ALT and creatinine occurred at parturition. Rumen-protected choline supplementation did not have a significant effect on serum TAS and TOS levels during the transition period. There is a need for further studies of animals with known metabolic profiles, malnourished animals, and those with high milk yields or metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals The influence of phychoemotional stress on white blood cells circulation and thrombodynamics in healthy volunteers

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 718-722
Author(s):  
A P Lozhkin ◽  
Yu V Chernokhvostov ◽  
V G Dvoenosov ◽  
M V Panasyuk ◽  
R I Zhdanov
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Male Group ◽  
Psychoemotional Stress ◽  
Group Sex

Aim. To characterize the influence of psychoemotional stress on a white blood cells number in peripheral blood and clotting parameters. Methods. Lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes blood counts and coagulological testing were performed in fifty-one students (26 males and 25 females) during the midyear examinations. Psychological tests were used to reveal stress resistance and predisposition to stress. Results. The higher monocyte counts were found in male group under stress compared to control group. Meanwhile, female group under stress showed higher percentage of granulocytes and lower percentage of lymphocytes compare to control group. Sex differences in stationary speed of clot formation were found in stress and non-stress groups. Both sex groups showed an association of psychoemotional stress and hemostasis parameters, the differences in male group were more marked. Conclusion. The obtained data suggest that psychoemotional stress modulates immune cells and hemostasis parameters in healthy volunteers.

scholarly journals Influence of yeast, probiotics and enzymes in rations on dairy cows performances during transition

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 33-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Sretenovic ◽  
Milan Petrovic ◽  
S. Aleksic ◽  
Vlada Pantelic ◽  
V. Katic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trial Group ◽  
Ruminal Bacteria ◽  
Yeast Cultures ◽  
The Difference

The main goal of this paper was to investigate the influence of some additives included into high yielding dairy cows rations to overcome the problems in early lactation. These substances directly affect the productive performances of dairy cows as well as udder health. The commercial name of investigated preparation is 'YEASTURE' and it is composed of live yeast cultures selected from three strains Saccharomyces cerevisisiae in combination with probiotic bacteria and enzymes (Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecium, Aspergillus oryzae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, 1,3-b and 1,6 D-Glucan, hemicellulase, Protease, Cellulase, Alpha amylase) which have the ability to modify the fermentation in rumen stimulating the development of ruminal bacteria and increasing the fibre digestion. Effects of this preparation have been investigated on 60 Holstein-Friesian cows divided into two groups. The diets were identical, and trial group received also 10 g of preparation Yeasture daily. Application of Yeasture started 15 days prior to calving and lasted until 60th day of lactation As a research result improved in vitro disappearance of diet dry matter from roughage (alfalfa hay, maize silage and ensiled sugar beet pulp) was established. Preparation Yeasture influenced quantity and composition of the milk. The difference between trial and control group was 2.57 kg 4%FCM or 8.70% (P<0.01) and 7.16% milk fat (P<0.05).Trial group supplemented with Yeasture showed lower somatic cells count by 7.3 percent points what indicated better health of cow's udder. Based on the presented results it can be concluded that inclusion of preparation Yeasture into diets for dairy cows in transition period can be recommended.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Different Drenching Regimens of Gluconeogenic Precursors during Transition Period on Body Condition Score, Production, Reproductive Performance, Subclinical Ketosis and Economics of Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 937
Author(s):  
Nagwa I. El-Kasrawy ◽  
Ayman A. Swelum ◽  
Mervat A. Abdel-Latif ◽  
Abd El-Wahab A. Alsenosy ◽  
Noha A. Beder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Feed Costs

A total of 108 Holstein cows were used to evaluate the effect of drenching propylene glycol (PG) either individually or in combination with glycerol (G) on body condition score (BCS), production, reproductive performance, protection against subclinical ketosis and economic benefit of dairy cows during the transition period. The six groups (n = 18/group) were; Control group, cows received no treatment; PG300, cows were drenched 300 mL PG for 7 days pre-expected day of calving and 21 days post-calving; PG400, cows were drenched 400 mL PG for 7 days pre-and 7 days post-calving; PG500, cows were drenched 500 mL PG for 10 days pre-and 10 days post-calving; GPG150, cows were drenched a mixture of 150 mL G and 150 mL PG for 21 days pre-and 21 days post-calving; GPG250, cows were drenched a mixture of 250 mL G and 250 mL PG for 21 days pre-and 21 days post-calving. BCS at 30 days in milk (DIM) was significantly higher in all treated groups in comparison to the control one and the best values were observed in GPG250, GPG150 and PG500 groups. Lactation length (LL) was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter in GPG250, GPG150 and PG500 groups than control group. There was a significant increment in 305 milk yield (p < 0.001) and average daily milk yield (p < 0.001) in GPG250 and PG500 groups than other groups except for PG300 with the lowest values for control and PG400. Cows in all treatment groups were observed in heat and conceived earlier as well as had shorter open days and calving interval durations (p < 0.001) and low number of services per conception (p = 0.004) compared to control group with better results for PG500 and GPG250 groups. BHB level and percentage of cows suffered from subclinical ketosis at 7 DIM was significantly lower in GPG250, GPG150 and PG500 groups than control group. Cows in treatment groups had a significantly higher glucose level (p = 0.006) compared to control group. Regarding to economics, the control group showed the highest feed costs, insemination costs and total costs per animal. Additionally, control and PG400 groups had the highest cost per kilogram of milk from total and feed costs compared to other cows. PG300, PG500 and GPG250 groups recorded a greater net return and income over feed cost (IOFC). In conclusion, the continuous drenching of propylene glycol either individually or in combination with glycerol regimens for long duration (PG300, PG500, GPG150, GPG250) during the transition period of dairy cows may reduce the incidence of subclinical ketosis and consequently improve milk production, reproduction and economics compared to drenching for short duration (PG400).

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