An Overview on Atomization and Its Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications

Atomization is an intricate operation involving unstable and complex networks with rupture and fusion of liquid molecules. There are diverse details that typify the spray formation, which are the technique and configuration of the atomization process, dimension and structure of the nozzle, experimental parameters, etc. Ultimately, the process generates fine sprays from the bulk of a liquid. Some examples of atomization that we come across in our day-to-day life are antiperspirant or hair spray, shower head, garden sprinkler, or cologne mist. In this review paper we are briefly discussing the theoretical steps taking place in an atomization technique. The instabilities of the jet and sheet are explained to understand the underlying theory that breaks the jet or sheet into droplets. Different types of atomization processes based on the energy sources are also summarized to give an idea about the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques. We are also discussing the various biomedical applications of the electrohydrodynamic atomization and its potential to use as a drug delivery system. In short, this paper is trying to demonstrate the diverse applications of atomization to show its potency as a user friendly and cost-effective technique for various purposes.

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Systemic Review of Biodegradable Nanomaterials in Nanomedicine

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10040656 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 656 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Shi Su ◽

Peter M. Kang

Keyword(s):

Targeted Drug Delivery ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Systemic Review ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Literature Source ◽

Target Sites ◽

Different Types ◽

Bio Imaging ◽

Targeted Drug ◽

Careful Design

Background: Nanomedicine is a field of science that uses nanoscale materials for the diagnosis and treatment of human disease. It has emerged as an important aspect of the therapeutics, but at the same time, also raises concerns regarding the safety of the nanomaterials involved. Recent applications of functionalized biodegradable nanomaterials have significantly improved the safety profile of nanomedicine. Objective: Our goal is to evaluate different types of biodegradable nanomaterials that have been functionalized for their biomedical applications. Method: In this review, we used PubMed as our literature source and selected recently published studies on biodegradable nanomaterials and their applications in nanomedicine. Results: We found that biodegradable polymers are commonly functionalized for various purposes. Their property of being naturally degraded under biological conditions allows these biodegradable nanomaterials to be used for many biomedical purposes, including bio-imaging, targeted drug delivery, implantation and tissue engineering. The degradability of these nanoparticles can be utilized to control cargo release, by allowing efficient degradation of the nanomaterials at the target site while maintaining nanoparticle integrity at off-target sites. Conclusion: While each biodegradable nanomaterial has its advantages and disadvantages, with careful design and functionalization, biodegradable nanoparticles hold great future in nanomedicine.

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Alginate Nanoformulation: Influence of Process and Selected Variables

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph13110335 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 335

Author(s):

Hazem Choukaife ◽

Abd Almonem Doolaanea ◽

Mulham Alfatama

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Effective Properties ◽

Matrix Material ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Therapeutic Outcomes ◽

Manufacturing Techniques ◽

Formulation Parameters

Nanocarriers are defined as structures and devices that are constructed using nanomaterials which add functionality to the encapsulants. Being small in size and having a customized surface, improved solubility and multi-functionality, it is envisaged that nanoparticles will continue to create new biomedical applications owing to their stability, solubility, and bioavailability, as well as controlled release of drugs. The type and physiochemical as well as morphological attributes of nanoparticles influence their interaction with living cells and determine the route of administration, clearance, as well as related toxic effects. Over the past decades, biodegradable polymers such as polysaccharides have drowned a great deal of attention in pharmaceutical industry with respect to designing of drug delivery systems. On this note, biodegradable polymeric nanocarrier is deemed to control the release of the drug, stabilize labile molecules from degradation and site-specific drug targeting, with the main aim of reducing the dosing frequency and prolonging the therapeutic outcomes. Thus, it is essential to select the appropriate biopolymer material, e.g., sodium alginate to formulate nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery. Alginate has attracted considerable interest in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications as a matrix material of nanocarriers due to its inherent biological properties, including good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Various techniques have been adopted to synthesize alginate nanoparticles in order to introduce more rational, coherent, efficient and cost-effective properties. This review highlights the most used and recent manufacturing techniques of alginate-based nanoparticulate delivery system, including emulsification/gelation complexation, layer-by-layer, spray drying, electrospray and electrospinning methods. Besides, the effects of the main processing and formulation parameters on alginate nanoparticles are also summarized.

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Intervenții în managementul greutății

10.47040/sd0000048 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1-2) ◽

pp. 4-21

Author(s):

Roxana-Mihaela Spînu

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Weight Management ◽

Behavioral Interventions ◽

Cost Effective ◽

High Rate ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Weight Loss Programs ◽

The World ◽

Different Types ◽

Cognitive Behavioral Interventions

Given the high rate of obesity around the world and its treatment costs, any potential intervention should be highly cost-effective. The article aims to provide an overview of the different types of interventions in weight management, their specific advantages and disadvantages, as well as their effectiveness. Moreover, it presents behavioral, cognitive-behavioral interventions and eHealth interventions in weight loss programs. The latter represents an innovation in the field, given its apparent utility and benefits, although further research is still needed in order to gain a deeper understanding of the topic.

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Biocompatible Polymers Combined with Cyclodextrins: Fascinating Materials for Drug Delivery Applications

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25153404 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (15) ◽

pp. 3404 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Bartłomiej Kost ◽

Marek Brzeziński ◽

Marta Socka ◽

Małgorzata Baśko ◽

Tadeusz Biela

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Polyethylene Oxide ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Controlled Drug Delivery ◽

Natural Polymers ◽

Supramolecular Systems ◽

Aliphatic Polyesters ◽

Different Types ◽

Functional Biomaterials ◽

Synthetic And Natural Polymers

Cyclodextrins (CD) are a group of cyclic oligosaccharides with a cavity/specific structure that enables to form inclusion complexes (IC) with a variety of molecules through non-covalent host-guest interactions. By an elegant combination of CD with biocompatible, synthetic and natural polymers, different types of universal drug delivery systems with dynamic/reversible properties have been generated. This review presents the design of nano- and micro-carriers, hydrogels, and fibres based on the polymer/CD supramolecular systems highlighting their possible biomedical applications. Application of the most prominent hydrophobic aliphatic polyesters that exhibit biodegradability, represented by polylactide and polycaprolactone, is described first. Subsequently, particular attention is focused on materials obtained from hydrophilic polyethylene oxide. Moreover, examples are also presented for grafting of CD on polysaccharides. In summary, we show the application of host-guest interactions in multi-component functional biomaterials for controlled drug delivery.

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Methodology for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Soils Using Non-isotopic Techniques

Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_2 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 11-108

Author(s):

M. Zaman ◽

K. Kleineidam ◽

L. Bakken ◽

J. Berendt ◽

C. Bracken ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Soils ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Emission Measurement ◽

Closed Chamber ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Flux Measurements ◽

Cost Effective Alternative ◽

User Friendly ◽

Closed Chambers

AbstractSeveral approaches exist for measuring greenhouse gases (GHGs), mainly CO2, N2O, and CH4, from soil surfaces. The principle methods that are used to measure GHG from agricultural sites are chamber-based techniques. Both open and closed chamber techniques are in use; however, the majority of field applications use closed chambers. The advantages and disadvantages of different chamber techniques and the principal steps of operation are described. An important part of determining the quality of the flux measurements is the storage and the transportation of the gas samples from the field to the laboratory where the analyses are carried out. Traditionally, analyses of GHGs are carried out via gas chromatographs (GCs). In recent years, optical analysers are becoming increasingly available; these are user-friendly machines and they provide a cost-effective alternative to GCs. Another technique which is still under development, but provides a potentially superior method, is Raman spectroscopy. Not only the GHGs, but also N2, can potentially be analysed if the precision of these techniques is increased in future development. An important part of this chapter deals with the analyses of the gas concentrations, the calculation of fluxes, and the required safety measures. Since non-upland agricultural lands (i.e. flooded paddy soils) are steadily increasing, a section is devoted to the specificities of GHG measurements in these ecosystems. Specialised techniques are also required for GHG measurements in aquatic systems (i.e. rivers), which are often affected by the transfer of nutrients from agricultural fields and therefore are an important indirect source of emission of GHGs. A simple, robust, and more precise methodof ammonia (NH3) emission measurement is also described.

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Recent Advances in Metal-Organic Frameworks as Anticancer Drug Delivery Systems: A Review.

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871520621666210119093844 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Abdollah Karami ◽

Omnia Mohamed ◽

Ahmed Ahmed ◽

Ghaleb A. Husseini ◽

Rana Sabouni

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Release ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Metal Organic Frameworks ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Stimuli Responsive ◽

Anticancer Drug Delivery ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Metal Organic

Background: Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as attractive hybrid crystalline porous materials, are increasingly being investigated in biomedical applications owing to their exceptional properties, including high porosity, ultrahigh surface areas, tailorable composition and structure, and tunability and surface functionality. Of interest in this review is the design and development of MOFbased drug delivery systems (DDSs) that have excellent biocompatibility, good stability under physiological conditions, high drug loading capacity, and controlled/targeted drug release. Objective: This review highlights the latest advances in MOFs as anticancer drug delivery systems (DDSs) along with insights on their design, fabrication, and performance under different stimuli that are either internal or external. The synthesis methods of MOFs, along with their advantages and disadvantages, are briefly discussed. The emergence of multifunctional MOF-based theranostic platforms is also discussed. Finally, the future challenges facing the developments of MOFs in the field of drug delivery are discussed. Methods: The review was prepared by carrying out a comprehensive literature survey using relevant work published in various scientific databases. Results: Novel MOFs in biomedical applications, especially in drug delivery, have shown great potentials. MOF-based DDSs can be classified into normal (non-controllable) DDSs, stimuli-responsive DDSs, and theranostic platforms. The normal DDSs are pristine MOFs loaded with MOFs and offer little to no control over the drug delivery. Stimuli-responsive DDSs offer better spatiotemporal control over the drug release by responding to either endogenous (pH, redox, ions, ATP) or exogenous stimuli (light, magnetism, US, pressure, temperature). The theranostic platforms combine stimuli-responsive drug delivery with diagnostic imaging functionality, paving the road for imaging-guided drug delivery. Conclusion: This review presented a summary of the various methods utilized in MOF synthesis along with the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Furthermore, the review highlighted and discussed the latest developments in the field of MOF-based DDSs and theranostic platforms. The review is focused on the characteristics of MOF-based DDSs, the encapsulation of different anticancer drugs as well as their stimuli-responsive release.

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Pesticide Aptasensors—State of the Art and Perspectives

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20236809 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (23) ◽

pp. 6809

Author(s):

Kamonrat Phopin ◽

Tanawut Tantimongcolwat

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Development Process ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Pesticide Analysis ◽

Future Outlook ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Resource Requirements ◽

Recognition Elements ◽

User Friendly

Contamination by pesticides in the food chain and the environment is a worldwide problem that needs to be actively monitored to ensure safety. Unfortunately, standard pesticide analysis based on mass spectrometry takes a lot of time, money and effort. Thus, simple, reliable, cost-effective and field applicable methods for pesticide detection have been actively developed. One of the most promising technologies is an aptamer-based biosensor or so-called aptasensor. It utilizes aptamers, short single-stranded DNAs or RNAs, as pesticide recognition elements to integrate with various innovative biosensing technologies for specific and sensitive detection of pesticide residues. Several platforms for aptasensors have been dynamically established, such as colorimetry, fluorometry, electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and so forth. Each platform has both advantages and disadvantages depending on the purpose of use and readiness of technology. For example, colorimetric-based aptasensors are more affordable than others because of the simplicity of fabrication and resource requirements. Electrochemical-based aptasensors have mainly shown better sensitivity than others with exceedingly low detection limits. This paper critically reviews the progression of pesticide aptasensors throughout the development process, including the selection, characterization and modification of aptamers, the conceptual frameworks of integrating aptamers and biosensors, the ASSURED (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free and deliverable to end users) criteria of different platforms and the future outlook.

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Emerging Role of Hydrogels in Drug Delivery Systems, Tissue Engineering and Wound Management

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13030357 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 357

Author(s):

Shery Jacob ◽

Anroop B. Nair ◽

Jigar Shah ◽

Nagaraja Sreeharsha ◽

Sumeet Gupta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Wound Dressing ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Different Types ◽

Dressing Materials ◽

Wound Dressing Materials

The popularity of hydrogels as biomaterials lies in their tunable physical properties, ability to encapsulate small molecules and macromolecular drugs, water holding capacity, flexibility, and controllable degradability. Functionalization strategies to overcome the deficiencies of conventional hydrogels and expand the role of advanced hydrogels such as DNA hydrogels are extensively discussed in this review. Different types of cross-linking techniques, materials utilized, procedures, advantages, and disadvantages covering hydrogels are tabulated. The application of hydrogels, particularly in buccal, oral, vaginal, and transdermal drug delivery systems, are described. The review also focuses on composite hydrogels with enhanced properties that are being developed to meet the diverse demand of wound dressing materials. The unique advantages of hydrogel nanoparticles in targeted and intracellular delivery of various therapeutic agents are explained. Furthermore, different types of hydrogel-based materials utilized for tissue engineering applications and fabrication of contact lens are discussed. The article also provides an overview of selected examples of commercial products launched particularly in the area of oral and ocular drug delivery systems and wound dressing materials. Hydrogels can be prepared with a wide variety of properties, achieving biostable, bioresorbable, and biodegradable polymer matrices, whose mechanical properties and degree of swelling are tailored with a specific application. These unique features give them a promising future in the fields of drug delivery systems and applied biomedicine.

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Interactions of Nanoparticles and Biosystems: Microenvironment of Nanoparticles and Biomolecules in Nanomedicine

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano9101365 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1365 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Carlota Auría-Soro ◽

Tabata Nesma ◽

Pablo Juanes-Velasco ◽

Alicia Landeira-Viñuela ◽

Helena Fidalgo-Gomez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

The Other ◽

Medical Applications ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Biological Environment ◽

Novel Applications ◽

Immune Oncology ◽

Nanoscale Level

Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science covering matters involving the nanoscale level that is being developed for a great variety of applications. Nanomedicine is one of these attractive and challenging uses focused on the employment of nanomaterials in medical applications such as drug delivery. However, handling these nanometric systems require defining specific parameters to establish the possible advantages and disadvantages in specific applications. This review presents the fundamental factors of nanoparticles and its microenvironment that must be considered to make an appropriate design for medical applications, mainly: (i) Interactions between nanoparticles and their biological environment, (ii) the interaction mechanisms, (iii) and the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. On the other hand, the repercussions of the control, alter and modify these parameters in the biomedical applications. Additionally, we briefly report the implications of nanoparticles in nanomedicine and precision medicine, and provide perspectives in immunotherapy, which is opening novel applications as immune-oncology.

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Inspection and Grading of Surface Defects of Fruits by Computer Vision

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.956 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 317-319 ◽

pp. 956-961 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jiang Bo Li ◽

Xiu Qin Rao ◽

Yi Bin Ying

Keyword(s):

Computer Vision ◽

Multispectral Imaging ◽

Surface Defects ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Agricultural Industry ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Pattern Recognition Methods ◽

Cost Effective Technique ◽

3D Information

Computer vision is a rapid, consistent and objective inspection technique, which has expanded into many diverse industries. Its speed and accuracy provide one alternative for an automated, non-destructive and cost-effective technique to accomplish ever-increasing production and quality requirements. This method of inspection has found applications in the agricultural industry, including the inspection and grading of fruits. This paper provides an introduction to main defection and grading approaches of fruit external defects, including image processing and pattern recognition methods based on fruit two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) information, and hyperspectral and multispectral imaging. In addition, their advantages and disadvantages are also discussed.

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