scholarly journals Mucociliary Respiratory Epithelium Integrity in Molecular Defense and Susceptibility to Pulmonary Viral Infections

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Adivitiya ◽  
Manish Singh Kaushik ◽  
Soura Chakraborty ◽  
Shobi Veleri ◽  
Suneel Kateriya
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Ciliated Cell ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
Ciliary Movement ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Mucus Rheology

Mucociliary defense, mediated by the ciliated and goblet cells, is fundamental to respiratory fitness. The concerted action of ciliary movement on the respiratory epithelial surface and the pathogen entrapment function of mucus help to maintain healthy airways. Consequently, genetic or acquired defects in lung defense elicit respiratory diseases and secondary microbial infections that inflict damage on pulmonary function and may even be fatal. Individuals living with chronic and acute respiratory diseases are more susceptible to develop severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) illness and hence should be proficiently managed. In light of the prevailing pandemic, we review the current understanding of the respiratory system and its molecular components with a major focus on the pathophysiology arising due to collapsed respiratory epithelium integrity such as abnormal ciliary movement, cilia loss and dysfunction, ciliated cell destruction, and changes in mucus rheology. The review includes protein interaction networks of coronavirus infection-manifested implications on the molecular machinery that regulates mucociliary clearance. We also provide an insight into the alteration of the transcriptional networks of genes in the nasopharynx associated with the mucociliary clearance apparatus in humans upon infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.

Evaluation of clinical efficacy of Derinat® in form of spray in practice of district therapist

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
A. P. Babkin ◽  
A. A. Zuikova ◽  
O. N. Krasnorutskaya ◽  
Yu. A. Kotova ◽  
D. Yu. Bugrimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Acute Respiratory Diseases ◽  
T Helpers ◽  
T Killers ◽  
Stimulation Of

The widespread worldwide spread of acute respiratory diseases is an urgent problem in health care. Expressed polyetiology of respiratory diseases does not allow to limit the use of specific vaccine preparations and dictates the need to use to combat them a variety of non-specific means that stimulate the natural resistance of the human body. The main pharmacological action of sodium deoxyribonucleate is the stimulation of phagocytic activity of T-helpers and T-killers, increasing the functional activity of neutrophils and monocytes/ macrophages, providing regeneration and repair processes in the epithelial component of antiviral protection of the body. Based on the above, the study of the clinical efficacy of Derinat® in the form of spray in the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections is relevant.

scholarly journals USED OF BREATHING EXERCISES FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN AS NON-SPECIFIC MEANS OF PREVENTION OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY VIRAL DISEASES (REVIEW)

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Kalabukhova ◽  
M.P. Radziejowska
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Breathing Exercises ◽  
System Disease ◽  
Respiratory System Disease ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

In the article was reviewed and analyzed scientific and methodological literature on the spread of respiratory diseases in children. The existing methods of nonspecific prevention of respiratory diseases are considered by means of various modifications of breathing exercises. The influence of therapeutic physical culture as a means to stimulate the immune response in case of respiratory system disease was substantiated. Also, was analyzed organization of conducting physical education lessons for children who had respiratory diseases. The emphasis is on the need for changes in the content of physical training courses to increase the effectiveness of the fight against acute respiratory viral infections.

scholarly journals Epidemiological manifestations of respiratory system diseases among military personnel of central military region

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Ivan S. Mukhachev ◽  
Irina V. Feldblium ◽  
Dmitriy A. Stolyarov ◽  
Maya Kh. Alyeva
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units

Objective. To assess the epidemiological manifestations of the incidence of respiratory system diseases (RSD) among the military personnel of the military units of the Central Military Region. Materials and methods. The morbidity analysis was carried out according to official statistics for 20032019 with an assessment of long-term dynamics, structure and spatial characteristics. Results. Despite the preventive measures taken, the incidence of respiratory diseases in the troops remains high and continues to grow. The conscript servicemen are at risk. In the structure of RSD incidence, acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) take the leading place, tonsillitis and bronchitis are in the second place, and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is in the third place. Differences in the trends of long-term dynamics of morbidity in various clinical forms of RSD were revealed. The Siberian Federal Region is the most favorable regarding RSD incidence. Conclusions. The incidence of respiratory diseases among conscripts is higher than that in contract servicemen, with downward trend for CAP and growth for ARVI and bronchitis.

scholarly journals Advances in pulmonary drug delivery targeting microbial biofilms in respiratory diseases

Nanomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankur Sharma ◽  
Dhruv Kumar ◽  
Kajal Dahiya ◽  
Susan Hawthorne ◽  
Saurabh Kumar Jha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Pulmonary Infection ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Pulmonary Infections ◽  
Microbial Biofilms ◽  
Effective Treatment Modality ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Suitable Treatment

The increasing burden of respiratory diseases caused by microbial infections poses an immense threat to global health. This review focuses on the various types of biofilms that affect the respiratory system and cause pulmonary infections, specifically bacterial biofilms. The article also sheds light on the current strategies employed for the treatment of such pulmonary infection-causing biofilms. The potential of nanocarriers as an effective treatment modality for pulmonary infections is discussed, along with the challenges faced during treatment and the measures that may be implemented to overcome these. Understanding the primary approaches of treatment against biofilm infection and applications of drug-delivery systems that employ nanoparticle-based approaches in the disruption of biofilms are of utmost interest which may guide scientists to explore the vistas of biofilm research while determining suitable treatment modalities for pulmonary respiratory infections.

Bacteriophages: A Possible Choice for Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections and COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faezeh Abbaszadeh ◽  
Narges Eslami ◽  
Parisa Shiri Aghbash ◽  
Hamed Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo ◽  
Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
The World ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Display Technique ◽  
Viral Respiratory

: Viral respiratory infections are a leading cause of illness and mortality in all age groups worldwide. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread throughout the world, igniting the twenty-first century’s deadliest pandemic. Research has shown that phages, which are bacterial viruses, can help treat viral infections with the effect on the immune system and their antiviral activity. Phages have specific activity and affect only the target without any side effects on other parts of the human body. Human phage-related diseases have not been reported yet; therefore, phages can be a very safe treatment, especially in many viral infections. The results of clinical studies have a promising future regarding the use of phages. It is possible that the phages display technique aided in the production of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies against its viral protein, which prevented the virus from binding or replicating and preventing secondary microbial infections, which have been linked to many patient deaths. Furthermore, an effective antiviral vaccine can be produced by using the same technique. Given the growing number of coronaviruses cases around the world, in the present paper, we review the possible mechanisms of phages against the COVID-19 disease and the method that may be a solution to eliminate the virus.

scholarly journals The Roles of MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in Avian Response to Viral Infection and Pathogenesis of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linyi Zhou ◽  
Shijun J. Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Chicken Infectious Anemia ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
Avian Diseases ◽  
Immunosuppressive Diseases ◽  
And Control

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNAs that play important roles in the regulation of various biological processes including cell development and differentiation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, immunoregulation and viral infections. Avian immunosuppressive diseases refer to those avian diseases caused by pathogens that target and damage the immune organs or cells of the host, increasing susceptibility to other microbial infections and the risk of failure in subsequent vaccination against other diseases. As such, once a disease with an immunosuppressive feature occurs in flocks, it would be difficult for the stakeholders to have an optimal economic income. Infectious bursal disease (IBD), avian leukemia (AL), Marek’s disease (MD), chicken infectious anemia (CIA), reticuloendotheliosis (RE) and avian reovirus infection are on the top list of commonly-seen avian diseases with a feature of immunosuppression, posing an unmeasurable threat to the poultry industry across the globe. Understanding the pathogenesis of avian immunosuppressive disease is the basis for disease prevention and control. miRNAs have been shown to be involved in host response to pathogenic infections in chickens, including regulation of immunity, tumorigenesis, cell proliferation and viral replication. Here we summarize current knowledge on the roles of miRNAs in avian response to viral infection and pathogenesis of avian immunosuppressive diseases, in particular, MD, AL, IBD and RE.

scholarly journals Role of unfolded proteins in lung disease

Thorax ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
Kirsty L Bradley ◽  
Clare A Stokes ◽  
Stefan J Marciniak ◽  
Lisa C Parker ◽  
Alison M Condliffe
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Misfolded Proteins ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
The Impact

The lungs are exposed to a range of environmental toxins (including cigarette smoke, air pollution, asbestos) and pathogens (bacterial, viral and fungal), and most respiratory diseases are associated with local or systemic hypoxia. All of these adverse factors can trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The ER is a key intracellular site for synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins, regulating their folding, assembly into complexes, transport and degradation. Accumulation of misfolded proteins within the lumen results in ER stress, which activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). Effectors of the UPR temporarily reduce protein synthesis, while enhancing degradation of misfolded proteins and increasing the folding capacity of the ER. If successful, homeostasis is restored and protein synthesis resumes, but if ER stress persists, cell death pathways are activated. ER stress and the resulting UPR occur in a range of pulmonary insults and the outcome plays an important role in many respiratory diseases. The UPR is triggered in the airway of patients with several respiratory diseases and in corresponding experimental models. ER stress has been implicated in the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis, and evidence is accumulating suggesting that ER stress occurs in obstructive lung diseases (particularly in asthma), in pulmonary infections (some viral infections and in the setting of the cystic fibrosis airway) and in lung cancer. While a number of small molecule inhibitors have been used to interrogate the role of the UPR in disease models, many of these tools have complex and off-target effects, hence additional evidence (eg, from genetic manipulation) may be required to support conclusions based on the impact of such pharmacological agents. Aberrant activation of the UPR may be linked to disease pathogenesis and progression, but at present, our understanding of the context-specific and disease-specific mechanisms linking these processes is incomplete. Despite this, the ability of the UPR to defend against ER stress and influence a range of respiratory diseases is becoming increasingly evident, and the UPR is therefore attracting attention as a prospective target for therapeutic intervention strategies.

scholarly journals YEARS OF HARD WORK AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY. MILESTONE FEATURE ARTICLE WITH RESPECT TO KHABAROVSK RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY OF ROSPOTREBNADZOR

2017 ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
O.E. Trotsenko ◽  
T.V. Korita ◽  
A.P. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Feature Article ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Institute

The timeline of formation and development of the Khabarovsk Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor, one of the earliest research institutes of epidemiological specialty in Russian Federation, are presented. The institute was found in 1925. In more than 90-year history of the research institute activity were formed main priority research areas relevant for the territory and country such as research on epidemiology, etiology, immunology of anthroponosis and zoonosis concerning Russian Far East – HIV-infection and viral hepatitis, insectborne and zoonotic infectious diseases, gelminthoses and parasitic diseases, intestinal bacterial and viral infections, respiratory diseases. Research institute has made a considerable contribution in development of vaccines and serum-based preparations, improvement of epidemiological analysis approach and methods, diagnosis and prophylaxis of infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Air pollution and health of children in Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Yu.H. Antypkin ◽  
◽  
O.P. Volosovets ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Toxic Emissions ◽  
All Diseases

Atmospheric air pollution is one of the main factors, which negatively affects the health of children in Ukraine. It can exacerbate chronic diseases and decrease the quality of life of children and their families. The aim to determine the correlation ranking between the incidence and prevalence of diseases among children in Ukraine in 2015 and the volume of pollutant emissions from stationary and mobile sources of pollution per person depending on the area of residence. Materials and methods. During the analysis, data from the Center for Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for 2015 were used. Methods of system approach, epidemiological, correlation and cluster analysis are applied. Results. In our study we have discovered that the volume of pollutant emissions from stationary and mobile sources into the atmosphere per 1 person had a direct impact on the incidence of all diseases of children in Ukraine, especially children aged 0–6 years (p<0.01). The closest direct correlation was observed between pollutant emissions and prevalence of respiratory diseases among children, especially in children aged 0–6 years and 15–17 years and with the prevalence of bronchial asthma and diabetes in all age groups. The correlation between children morbidity level of tuberculosis, some infectious and parasitic diseases, congenital anomalies, circulatory and digestive diseases, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, ear and mammary gland and the volume of air toxic emissions haven't reached any important statistical significance. Correlation between the mortality rates of children under one year and the incidence of all diseases, including respiratory diseases, some infectious diseases, acute respiratory viral infections, pneumonia and influenza, cerebral palsy and air toxic emissions also haven't reached statistical significance. Conclusions. Morbidity and prevalence of all children's diseases was chained in different manner with the amount of pollutant air emissions. This fact indicates that the increase in morbidity is associated not only with socio-economic and medical and genetic factors, but also with environmental influence. This situation requires brings a necessity of establishment the issue of environmental safety of the population of Ukraine, especially children. No conflict of interest were declared by the authors. Key words: children, morbidity, prevalence, mortality, air pollution.

scholarly journals Higher throughput drug screening for rare respiratory diseases: Readthrough therapy in primary ciliary dyskinesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 2000455
Author(s):  
Dani Do Hyang Lee ◽  
Daniela Cardinale ◽  
Ersilia Nigro ◽  
Colin R. Butler ◽  
Andrew Rutman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Translational Readthrough ◽  
Ciliary Dyskinesia

Development of therapeutic approaches for rare respiratory diseases is hampered by the lack of systems that allow medium-to-high-throughput screening of fully differentiated respiratory epithelium from affected patients. This is a particular problem for primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a rare genetic disease caused by mutations in genes that adversely affect ciliary movement and consequently mucociliary transport. Primary cell culture of basal epithelial cells from nasal brush biopsies, followed by ciliated differentiation at air-liquid interface (ALI) has proven to be a useful tool in PCD diagnostics but the technique's broader utility, including in pre-clinical PCD research, has been restricted by the limited number of basal cells that it is possible to expand from such biopsies. Here, we describe an immunofluorescence screening method, enabled by extensive expansion of PCD patient basal cells and their culture into differentiated respiratory epithelium in miniaturised 96-well transwell format ALI cultures. Analyses of ciliary ultrastructure, beat pattern and beat frequency indicate that a range of different PCD defects can be retained in these cultures. As proof-of-principle, we performed a personalised investigation in a patient with a rare and severe form of PCD (reduced generation of motile cilia, RGMC), in this case caused by a homozygous nonsense mutation in the MCIDAS gene. The screening system allowed drugs that induce translational readthrough to be evaluated alone or in combination with nonsense-mediated decay inhibitors. Restoration of basal body formation in the patient's nasal epithelial cells was seen in vitro, suggesting a novel avenue for drug evaluation and development in PCD.

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