scholarly journals Decoding LncRNAs

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2643
Author(s):  
Lidia Borkiewicz ◽  
Joanna Kalafut ◽  
Karolina Dudziak ◽  
Alicja Przybyszewska-Podstawka ◽  
Ilona Telejko
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Structural Arrangements

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been considered as unimportant additions to the transcriptome. Yet, in light of numerous studies, it has become clear that ncRNAs play important roles in development, health and disease. Long-ignored, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), ncRNAs made of more than 200 nucleotides have gained attention due to their involvement as drivers or suppressors of a myriad of tumours. The detailed understanding of some of their functions, structures and interactomes has been the result of interdisciplinary efforts, as in many cases, new methods need to be created or adapted to characterise these molecules. Unlike most reviews on lncRNAs, we summarize the achievements on lncRNA studies by taking into consideration the approaches for identification of lncRNA functions, interactomes, and structural arrangements. We also provide information about the recent data on the involvement of lncRNAs in diseases and present applications of these molecules, especially in medicine.

scholarly journals A Crosstalk between Diet, Microbiome and microRNA in Epigenetic Regulation of Colorectal Cancer

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2428
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Guz ◽  
Witold Jeleniewicz ◽  
Anna Malm ◽  
Izabela Korona-Glowniak
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

A still growing interest between human nutrition in relation to health and disease states can be observed. Dietary components shape the composition of microbiota colonizing our gastrointestinal tract which play a vital role in maintaining human health. There is a strong evidence that diet, gut microbiota and their metabolites significantly influence our epigenome, particularly through the modulation of microRNAs. These group of small non-coding RNAs maintain cellular homeostasis, however any changes leading to impaired expression of miRNAs contribute to the development of different pathologies, including neoplastic diseases. Imbalance of intestinal microbiota due to diet is primary associated with the development of colorectal cancer as well as other types of cancers. In the present work we summarize current knowledge with particular emphasis on diet-microbiota-miRNAs axis and its relation to the development of colorectal cancer.

The Salivary miRNome: A Promising Biomarker of Disease

MicroRNA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Tomei ◽  
Harshitha Shobha Manjunath ◽  
Selvasankar Murugesan ◽  
Souhaila Al Khodor
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Circulating Mirnas ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs ranging from 18-24 nucleotides also known to regulate the human genome mainly at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs were shown to play an important role in most biological processes such as apoptosis and in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Recent developments of advanced molecular high-throughput technologies have enhanced our knowledge of miRNAs. MiRNAs can now be discovered, interrogated, and quantified in various body fluids, and hence can serve as diagnostic and therapeutic markers for many diseases. While most studies use blood as a sample source to measure circulating miRNAs as possible biomarkers for disease pathogenesis, fewer studies have assessed the role of salivary miRNAs in health and disease. This review aims at providing an overview of the current knowledge of the salivary miRNome, addressing the technical aspects of saliva sampling and highlighting the applicability of miRNA screening to clinical practice.

Microscopy and Cell Biology: New Methods and New Questions

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-218
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Morris ◽  
Christine K. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Imaging Methods ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Multiple Imaging ◽  
Health And Disease

Understanding the cellular basis of human health and disease requires the spatial resolution of microscopy and the molecular-level details provided by spectroscopy. This review highlights imaging methods at the intersection of microscopy and spectroscopy with applications in cell biology. Imaging methods are divided into three broad categories: fluorescence microscopy, label-free approaches, and imaging tools that can be applied to multiple imaging modalities. Just as these imaging methods allow researchers to address new biological questions, progress in biological sciences will drive the development of new imaging methods. We highlight four topics in cell biology that illustrate the need for new imaging tools: nanoparticle-cell interactions, intracellular redox chemistry, neuroscience, and the increasing use of spheroids and organoids. Overall, our goal is to provide a brief overview of individual imaging methods and highlight recent advances in the use of microscopy for cell biology.

scholarly journals The Impact of miRNAs in Health and Disease of Retinal Pigment Epithelium

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Intartaglia ◽  
Giuliana Giamundo ◽  
Ivan Conte
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
The Impact

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, are essential key players in the control of biological processes in both physiological and pathological conditions. miRNAs play important roles in fine tuning the expression of many genes, which often have roles in common molecular networks. miRNA dysregulation thus renders cells vulnerable to aberrant fluctuations in genes, resulting in degenerative diseases. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of polarized pigmented epithelial cells that resides between the light-sensitive photoreceptors (PR) and the choriocapillaris. The demanding physiological functions of RPE cells require precise gene regulation for the maintenance of retinal homeostasis under stress conditions and the preservation of vision. Thus far, our understanding of how miRNAs function in the homeostasis and maintenance of the RPE has been poorly addressed, and advancing our knowledge is central to harnessing their potential as therapeutic agents to counteract visual impairment. This review focuses on the emerging roles of miRNAs in the function and health of the RPE and on the future exploration of miRNA-based therapeutic approaches to counteract blinding diseases.

scholarly journals Immunity – a Significant Pathogenic Factor as Well as an Integral Part of the Psychoneuroendocrine-Immune Regulations

2018 ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
F. Vožeh
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Short Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pathogenic Factor ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Health And Disease

Immunity plays an important role in the reactivity of the organism and, in this context, is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Basically, there is no system or organ in the body, whose dysfunction is not related to immunity consequences. In addition, there are also multisystem diseases simultaneously involving multiple body systems. They are not always caused by weak immunity, but also often by modified immune reactions known as overshooting. The essence of all these diseases is a change in the reactivity of the organism where immunity plays an important role. The immunity as such is then part of the systems of neuroendocrine-immune regulation, which have common mediators and receptors. The establishment of psychoneuroimmunology, a relatively new discipline in neuroscience, contributed to a detailed understanding of these mechanisms between central and peripheral nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system. This research enabled the uncovering of the nature of stress-diseases and impact of other regulatory disturbances on the function of various body organs and systems of the organism as a whole. The aim of this short review is to show complex interconnections of these relationships to better understand the human health and disease.

MiR-492 as an Important Biomarker for Early Diagnosis and Targeted Treatment in Different Cancers

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-275
Author(s):  
Eskandar Taghizadeh ◽  
Forough Taheri ◽  
Daryoush Rostami ◽  
Pedram G. Renani ◽  
Gordon A. Ferns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Cancer Colorectal ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Hepatocellular Cancer ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Human Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Potential Use

Recent studies have led to a more detailed understanding of the roles played by microRNAs in health and disease, and their potential use as biomarkers in physiological and pathophysiological processes involving cancer initiation and progression. MiR-492 is encoded by a pseudogene, has a key role in some human cancer cells and its overexpression in tissues, and it has been proposed that it can be used as a good biomarker for management and early diagnosis of some cancers including breast cancer, colorectal and ovarian cancer, hepatocellular cancer, retinoblastoma and pancreatic cancer. The aim of this review was to summarize the data of MiR-492 for early diagnosis and treatment of some types of related cancers.

Patients' attitudes toward their health literacy and the use of digital apps in health and disease management

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (21) ◽  
pp. 1242-1249
Author(s):  
Michael Klösch ◽  
Firuzan Sari-Kundt ◽  
Christine Reibnitz ◽  
Jürgen Osterbrink
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Attitudes And Perceptions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Research Questions

Background: No qualitative studies have so far been conducted about patients' attitudes and perceptions toward their own health literacy and the use of digital apps in health and disease management based in Austria. Aim: In the context of digital apps, what are patients' attitudes and perceptions with regard to their own health literacy? Method: Guided interviews were conducted with patients in an Austrian hospital to obtain qualitative data. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the data. Findings: Responses to the research questions fell into three main categories: ‘health’, ‘health literacy’ and ‘digital applications in health and disease management’, with each having its own set of subcategories. Digital apps appear to be an important strategy for helping patients optimise their own health literacy, as well as their health or disease management. Challenges referred to the handling of sensitive data or the possibility of publishing unfiltered information. Conclusion: Further studies need to be carried out to gain a more detailed understanding of the findings. Personal experience plays an important role in supporting quantitative findings.

Non-coding RNAs in Necrotizing Enterocolitis- a New Frontier?

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayasree Nair ◽  
Akhil Maheshwari
Keyword(s):  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Bowel Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
The Impact

: With the recognition that only 2% of the human genome encodes for a protein, a large part of the “non-coding” portion is now being evaluated for a regulatory role in cellular processes. These non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are subdivided based on the size of the nucleotide transcript into microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), but most of our attention has been focused on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in human health and disease. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), inflammatory bowel necrosis affecting preterm infants, has a multifactorial, unclear etiopathogenesis, and we have no specific biomarkers for diagnosis or the impact of directed therapies. The information on ncRNAs in NEC, in general, and particularly in NEC, is limited. Increasing information from other inflammatory bowel disorders suggests that these transcripts may play an important role in intestinal inflammation. Here, we review ncRNAs for definitions, classifications, and possible roles in prematurity and NEC using some preliminary information from our studies and from an extensive literature search in multiple databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and Science Direct. miRNAs will be described in another manuscript in this series, hence in this manuscript we mainly focus on lncRNAs.

scholarly journals Long Non-Coding RNAs in Kidney Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ignarski ◽  
Rashidul Islam ◽  
Roman-Ulrich Müller
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Specific Expression Pattern ◽  
Coding Potential ◽  
Simple Definition

Non-coding RNA species contribute more than 90% of all transcripts and have gained increasing attention in the last decade. One of the most recent members of this group are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which are characterized by a length of more than 200 nucleotides and a lack of coding potential. However, in contrast to this simple definition, lncRNAs are heterogenous regarding their molecular function—including the modulation of small RNA and protein function, guidance of epigenetic modifications and a role as enhancer RNAs. Furthermore, they show a highly tissue-specific expression pattern. These aspects already point towards an important role in cellular biology and imply lncRNAs as players in development, health and disease. This view has been confirmed by numerous publications from different fields in the last years and has raised the question as to whether lncRNAs may be future therapeutic targets in human disease. Here, we provide a concise overview of the current knowledge on lncRNAs in both glomerular and tubulointerstitial kidney disease.

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