scholarly journals Fire Performance of Intumescent Waterborne Coatings with Encapsulated APP for Wood Constructions

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1272
Author(s):  
Atif Hussain ◽  
Véronic Landry ◽  
Pierre Blanchet ◽  
Doan-Trang Hoang ◽  
Christian Dagenais
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Vapor Sorption ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Dynamic Vapor Sorption ◽  
Intumescent Coating ◽  
Intumescent Coatings ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test

In this work, intumescent coatings were prepared for protection of wood from fire. The fire-retardant chemical ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is known to have poor resistance to water and high humidity as it is hygroscopic in nature. To improve the water resistance, durability and fire resistance of the intumescent coating, APP was modified using a hybrid organic-inorganic polysiloxane encapsulation shell prepared by the sol–gel method. The physical and chemical properties of the intumescent mix containing microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (EAPP) particles were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water absorption, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The EAPP mix showed 50% reduction in water absorption, 75% reduction in water vapor sorption and increased thermal stability when compared to the APP mix. The intumescent coatings were applied on wood samples, and their fire performance was evaluated using a cone calorimeter test. The intumescent coatings containing EAPP mix showed better fire retarding properties with longer time to ignition, lower heat release rate and shorter heat release peak when compared to the coating without EAPP mix. The prepared intumescent coating shows higher resistance to water and moisture, and it has great potential to be used in bio-based construction industry for enhancing the fire resistance of wood.

scholarly journals Studies on the flammability of polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite by using the cone calorimeter test

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Hanna ◽  
M.A. Nour ◽  
E.R. Souaya ◽  
M.A. sherief ◽  
A.S. Abdelmoaty
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate

AbstractFire performance of polypropylene (PP) containing different percentages of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with montmorillonite (Mt) or treated montmorillonite (MtT) was carried out by using the cone calorimeter test (CCT). Different samples from ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite were mixed with 90% polypropylene. The characterization of the prepared samples indicates that there is incorporation between the components of the samples. Heat release rate (HRR), peak heat release rate (PHRR), average heat release rate (Av-HRR), and time to ignition (TTI) of the samples were obtained from the cone calorimeter test. Also, the fire performance index (FPI) and the fire growth rate (FIGRA) were calculated. The interpretation of the curves and the parameters results from the cone calorimeter test which indicates that the addition of montmorillonite to APP increases its action as a flame retardant for PP. Moreover, the samples contain acid treatment montmorillonite showed an increase in the efficiency of ammonium polyphosphate when used. This result may be due to an increase in the SiO2 content by acid treatment.

Intumescent Type Fire Retardant Epoxy Coating

2020 ◽  
Vol 992 ◽  
pp. 605-609
Author(s):  
L. Pestereva ◽  
N. Shakirov ◽  
Оlga G. Shakirova
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Coating ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Metal Structures ◽  
Intumescent Coatings ◽  
Fire Retardant Properties

This article discusses one of the methods of fire protection, namely, the coating of metal structures with fire retardant paints. Intumescent coatings are currently the most widely used. Fire retardant coatings based on epoxy paints have high performance characteristics and are promising. As the foaming component, the system of ammonium polyphosphate - pentaerythritol - melamine (in a ratio of 2: 1: 1) was selected. The fire retardant properties of the developed material were investigated. Coatings on the base of the developed fire retardant paint allow us to increase own level of fire resistance of metal constructions up to three (90 minutes).

scholarly journals Comparing the effect of nanoclays on the water-resistance of intumescent fire-retardant coatings

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6 (111)) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Liubov Vakhitova ◽  
Kostyantyn Kalafat ◽  
Viktoriia Plavan ◽  
Volodymyr Bessarabov ◽  
Nadezhda Тaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Properties Of Coatings ◽  
Decay Period ◽  
Intumescent Coatings ◽  
Organically Modified

This paper reports a study into the effect of nanoclays on the water-resistance of the intumescent system ammonium polyphosphate/melamine/pentaerythritol/titanium dioxide/polymer (ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or styrene acrylate (SA). It has been established that adding nanoclay to a coating based on ethylene vinyl acetate increases the fire resistance limit of a metal plate by 30 %, and to a coating based on styrene acrylate – by 50 %. At the same time, coatings that include the EVA polymer are characterized by greater fire-retardant efficiency and less water resistance than coatings containing the SA polymer. It has been shown that intumescent coatings, regardless of the nature of the polymer, under the conditions of 80 % humidity over 800 days their reduce fire-protective properties by an average of 10 %. The loss of coating fire resistance occurs due to the leaching of pentaerythritol, ammonium polyphosphate, and polymer degradation by hydrolysis. The admixtures of nanoclays with a high degree of exfoliation to the studied system create a barrier effect and maximize the chemical formulation of the intumescent coating. The fireproof properties of coatings with organically-modified montmorillonite admixtures are maintained or reduced to 5 % under the conditions of 80 % humidity over 800 days. It has been determined that the direct effect of water on the coating over a period of more than 2 days leads to a significant decrease in the swelling coefficient of intumescent coatings, regardless of the content of a nanoclay admixture in their composition. At the same time, the half-decay period of coatings without nanoclay, calculated on the basis of solubility constant in water, is 0.5 days. For coatings, which include the admixtures of organically-modified nanoclays, the half-decay period increases to 2 days. The results reported in this paper could be recommended for designing water-proof fire-resistant reactive-type nano-coatings with prolonged service life.

Fire Resistance of Four Coniferous Woody Species in Heilongjiang Province

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 2287-2293
Author(s):  
Huai Bing Zheng ◽  
Xu Jian Peng ◽  
Min Xia Zhang ◽  
Lin Ju
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Heilongjiang Province ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Picea Koraiensis

On condition that the heat release rate is 50kW•m-2, the volume of a gas velocity is 24 L•s-1, the combustibility of Pinus koraiensis、Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica、Picea koraiensis、Larix gmelinii in Heilongjiang Province were determined systematically through the use of the controlled atmosphere tapered calorimeter. Through the comparative analysis of the heat release rate and the smoke production rate and some orther burning parameters of the barks and the withered leaves, combine the moisture content of barks and withered leaves of each species, evaluate the fire resistance of this four coniferous species. The results shown: the heat release rate, HRR; total heat release, THR; specific extinction area and smoke produce rate are higher in the barks and withered leaves of Picea koraiensis but the fire performance index is low, these instructions that the fireproof performance is worse in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica; each Picea koraiensis burning indexs of the Larix gmelinii is lower or the lowest, both the smoke production rate, SPR and the heat release rate, HRR are slow, the fire performance index is high. However, its absolute moisture content and relative moisture content is the highest, it’s flammble.So,we conclude its fire-resistance performance is higher, we could choose it as the fire-preventing priority screening tree species; the flammability of Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica between the above two species. the combustion characteristics of trees is the result of multiple factor joint, The difference between the different research results is resulted in the choice of the indexs, so it’s urgent need to establish a comprehensive and integrated evaluation index system.

Constant effective thermal conductivity of intumescent coatings: Analysis of experimental results

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
GQ Li ◽  
Jun Han ◽  
Yong C Wang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Effective Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Coating Thickness ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Intumescent Coating ◽  
Intumescent Coatings ◽  
Steel Section ◽  
Fire Conditions

This article presents the results of an investigation to obtain the constant effective thermal conductivities of intumescent coatings under the influence of different intumescent coating factors (type of intumescent coating, coating thickness, steel section factor, fire condition), based on the analysis of an extensive collection of fire test data. The constant effective thermal conductivity is not a fundamental property of the intumescent coating, but is a desired quantity for simplified practical fire resistance design. It is defined as the temperature-averaged value of the temperature-dependent effective thermal conductivity within the temperature range of interest for fire resistance design of steel structures. The results indicate that for each of the intumescent coating types examined, a consistent constant effective thermal conductivity exists. The constant effective thermal conductivity tends to increase with decreasing steel section factor and to decrease with increasing coating thickness. For intumescent coating–protected steel I-sections, incorporating the shadow effect gives more consistent values of constant thermal conductivity compared to those without accounting for the effect. The same constant effective thermal conductivity obtained from the ISO fire tests may be used for different fire conditions as long as the steel temperature is higher than 400 °C. The results of this research make it possible to develop a simple method to calculate temperatures of intumescent coating–protected steel sections under different fire conditions.

scholarly journals Feature of fire resistance calculation of steel structures with intumescent coating

2018 ◽  
Vol 230 ◽  
pp. 02036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Vasilchenko ◽  
Yuriy Otrosh ◽  
Nikolay Adamenko ◽  
Evgeny Doronin ◽  
Andrey Kovalov
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Steel Structure ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Metal Structure ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Steel Frame ◽  
Frame Structures ◽  
Intumescent Coating ◽  
Intumescent Coatings ◽  
Steel Frame Structures

The problem of estimation of fire resistance of steel frame structures with intumescent coatings is considered. It implies that both physical properties of a covering (its thickness and structure) and mechanical properties of a metal structure change critically at heating. All above changes should be considered to maintain the standard values of fire resistance of a construction at calculation. Usually, known technical characteristics of fire resistance of intumescent coverings are used for estimation of fire resistance of steel structures with intumescent coverings. Importance of taking into account the influence of strength loss time at heating of a steel structure on calculation of fire resistance limit of system “intumescent fireproof coating steel structure” is shown in the article. On an example of calculation of heating time to the critical temperature of steel columns and beams protected by intumescent coating, it is shown that own heating time of steel structures before they lose strength makes 10 to 16 % from a settlement limit of fire resistance. This fact should be considered at the forecast of fire resistance of steel frame structures with intumescent coatings.

scholarly journals Rigid Polyurethane Foams Containing Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate Having Outstanding Charring Ability and Increased Flame Retardancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunzhuang Yang ◽  
Shuiyu Shao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Compressive Strength Test ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
The Impact

Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with different polymerization degrees were modified by a novel phosphorus-containing organosilicon compound (PCOC), and the products obtained were coded as MAPP-30 and MAPP-1000. Then they were applied to prepare flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) separately. The impact of modified APP (MAPP) on the flame-retardant properties of RPUF was investigated by the limited oxygen index (LOI) test, horizontal burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The morphologies of the char residues were observed by SEM. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of RPUF composites were measured by the compressive strength test. The results showed that whether the degree of polymerization of MAPP is 30 or 1000, they both had greater charring ability and better flame-retardant properties than unmodified APP. The residual char yield of RPUF/MAPP-30 (37.3%) and RPUF/MAPP-1000 (36.5%) were both significantly higher than RPUF/APP-30 (22.8%) and RPUF/APP-1000 (24.9%). The peak heat release rate value of RPUF/MAPP-30 was 29.9% lower than that of RPUF/APP-30, and the drop of RPUF/MAPP-1000 was 50.9% compared to RPUF/APP-1000. Moreover, the total heat release of RPUF/MAPP-1000 (9.7 MJ/m2) was much lower than that of RPUF/MAPP-30 (11.3 MJ/m2). In summary, MAPP-1000 has the best flame-retardant properties among all RPUF composites. In addition, the results also showed that flame-retardant performance and the mechanical properties dramatically decreased with the increase in the addition of MAPP-1000, and the RPUF composite had the best comprehensive performance with 20% content of MAPP-1000.

scholarly journals Mechanically Sustainable Starch-Based Flame-Retardant Coatings on Polyurethane Foams

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1286
Author(s):  
Kyung-Who Choi ◽  
Jun-Woo Kim ◽  
Tae-Soon Kwon ◽  
Seok-Won Kang ◽  
Jung-Il Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Coating Layer ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Coating Agent ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test

The use of halogen-based materials has been regulated since toxic substances are released during combustion. In this study, polyurethane foam was coated with cationic starch (CS) and montmorillonite (MMT) nano-clay using a spray-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly to develop an eco-friendly, high-performance flame-retardant coating agent. The thickness of the CS/MMT coating layer was confirmed to have increased uniformly as the layers were stacked. Likewise, a cone calorimetry test confirmed that the heat release rate and total heat release of the coated foam decreased by about 1/2, and a flame test showed improved fire retardancy based on the analysis of combustion speed, flame size, and residues of the LbL-coated foam. More importantly, an additional cone calorimeter test was performed after conducting more than 1000 compressions to assess the durability of the flame-retardant coating layer when applied in real life, confirming the durability of the LbL coating by the lasting flame retardancy.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Novel Arginine-Based Flame Retardant and Its Application in Lyocell Fabric

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3588
Author(s):  
Jiayi Chen ◽  
Yansong Liu ◽  
Jiayue Zhang ◽  
Yuanlin Ren ◽  
Xiaohui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Excellent Thermal Stability ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Before And After

Lyocell fabrics are widely applied in textiles, however, its high flammability increases the risk of fire. Therefore, to resolve the issue, a novel biomass-based flame retardant with phosphorus and nitrogen elements was designed and synthesized by the reaction of arginine with phosphoric acid and urea. It was then grafted onto the lyocell fabric by a dip-dry-cure technique to prepare durable flame-retardant lyocell fabric (FR-lyocell). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis demonstrated that the flame retardant was successfully introduced into the lyocell sample. Thermogravimetric (TG) and Raman analyses confirmed that the modified lyocell fabric featured excellent thermal stability and significantly increased char residue. Vertical combustion results indicated that FR-lyocell before and after washing formed a complete and dense char layer. Thermogravimetric Fourier-transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis suggested that incombustible substances (such as H2O and CO2) were produced and played a significant fire retarding role in the gas phase. The cone calorimeter test corroborated that the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) declined by 89.4% and 56.4%, respectively. These results indicated that the flame retardancy of the lyocell fabric was observably ameliorated.

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