scholarly journals Dynamic and Static Calibration of Ultra-Low-Voltage, Digital-Based Operational Transconductance Amplifiers

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Toledo ◽  
Paolo Crovetti ◽  
Hamilton Klimach ◽  
Sergio Bampi
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Process Variations ◽  
Pulse Modulation ◽  
Silicon Area ◽  
Operational Transconductance Amplifiers ◽  
Static Calibration ◽  
Digital Pulse ◽  
Transconductance Amplifiers ◽  
The Impact

The calibration of the effects of process variations and device mismatch in Ultra Low Voltage (ULV) Digital-Based Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (DB-OTAs) is addressed in this paper. For this purpose, two dynamic calibration techniques, intended to dynamically vary the effective strength of critical gates by different modulation strategies, i.e., Digital Pulse Width Modulation (DPWM) and Dyadic Digital Pulse Modulation (DDPM), are explored and compared to classic static calibration. The effectiveness of the calibration approaches as a mean to recover acceptable performance in non-functional samples is verified by Monte-Carlo (MC) post-layout simulations performed on a 300 mV power supply, nW-power DB-OTA in 180 nm CMOS. Based on the same MC post-layout simulations, the impact of each calibration strategy on silicon area, power consumption, and OTA performance is discussed.

scholarly journals Ultra-Low-Voltage Inverter-Based Operational Transconductance Amplifiers with Voltage Gain Enhancement by Improved Composite Transistors

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1410
Author(s):  
Luis Henrique Rodovalho ◽  
Orazio Aiello ◽  
Cesar Ramos Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Voltage Gain ◽  
Design Environment ◽  
Operational Transconductance Amplifiers ◽  
Gain Enhancement ◽  
Transconductance Amplifiers ◽  
Forward Body Bias ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This paper proposes topological enhancements to increase voltage gain of ultra-low-voltage (ULV) inverter-based OTAs. The two proposed improvements rely on adoption of composite transistors and forward-body-biasing. The impact of the proposed techniques on performance figures is demonstrated through simulations of two OTAs. The first OTA achieves a 39 dB voltage gain, with a power consumption of 600 pW and an active area of 447 μm2. The latter allies the forward-body-bias approach with the benefit of the independently biased composite transistors. By combining both solutions, voltage gain is raised to 51 dB, consuming less power (500 pW) at the cost of an increased area of 727 μm2. The validation has been performed through post-layout simulations with the Cadence Analog Design Environment and the TSMC 180 nm design kit, with the supply voltage ranging from 0.3 V to 0.6 V.

Design of a Robust Memristive Spiking Neuromorphic System with Unsupervised Learning in Hardware

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Md Musabbir Adnan ◽  
Sagarvarma Sayyaparaju ◽  
Samuel D. Brown ◽  
Mst Shamim Ara Shawkat ◽  
Catherine D. Schuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unsupervised Learning ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Process Variations ◽  
Spike Timing ◽  
System Level ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Digital Pulse ◽  
Neuromorphic System ◽  
The Impact

Spiking neural networks (SNN) offer a power efficient, biologically plausible learning paradigm by encoding information into spikes. The discovery of the memristor has accelerated the progress of spiking neuromorphic systems, as the intrinsic plasticity of the device makes it an ideal candidate to mimic a biological synapse. Despite providing a nanoscale form factor, non-volatility, and low-power operation, memristors suffer from device-level non-idealities, which impact system-level performance. To address these issues, this article presents a memristive crossbar-based neuromorphic system using unsupervised learning with twin-memristor synapses, fully digital pulse width modulated spike-timing-dependent plasticity, and homeostasis neurons. The implemented single-layer SNN was applied to a pattern-recognition task of classifying handwritten-digits. The performance of the system was analyzed by varying design parameters such as number of training epochs, neurons, and capacitors. Furthermore, the impact of memristor device non-idealities, such as device-switching mismatch, aging, failure, and process variations, were investigated and the resilience of the proposed system was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Implementation and Experimental Verification of Smart Junction Box for Low-Voltage Automotive Electronics in Electric Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2214
Author(s):  
Sang Wook Lee ◽  
Soo-Whang Baek
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Automotive Electronics ◽  
Overload Protection ◽  
The Impact

In this study, we designed and implemented a smart junction box (SJB) that was optimized for supplying power to low-voltage headlights (13.5 V) in electric vehicles. The design incorporated a number of automotive semiconductor devices, and components were placed in a high-density arrangement to reduce the overall size of the final design. The heat generated by the SJB was efficiently managed to mount an Intelligent Power Switch (IPS), which was used to power the headlights onto the printed circuit board (PCB) to minimize the impact on other components. The SJB was designed to provide power to the headlights via pulse width modulation to extend their lifetime. In addition, overload protection and fail/safe functions were implemented in the software to improve the stability of the system, and a controller area network (CAN) bus was provided for communications with various components in the SJB as well as with external controllers. The performance of the SJB was validated via a load operation test to assess the short circuit and overload protection functions, and the output duty cycle was evaluated across a range of input voltages to ensure proper operation. Based on our results, the power supplied to the headlights was found to be uniform and stable.

scholarly journals Experimental research on the influence of the pulse injector control parameters on its flow rate

2015 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Jacek CZARNIGOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Research ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Control Signal ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Pulse Modulation ◽  
Fuel Mass ◽  
The Impact

The paper presents the results of the impact of the control parameters on the fuel mass flow from the injector. The control parameters examined in the paper were: frequency and pulse width modulation of the modulated control signal (the second part of the injector control signal). The analysis covers 6 injector types of different design of the valve element and the coil. The experiments have shown that the frequency of the signal does not affect the injector performance, contrary to pulse modulation affecting the injector performance significantly.

scholarly journals Design Trade-Offs in Common-Mode Feedback Implementations for Highly Linear Three-Stage Operational Transconductance Amplifiers

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 991
Author(s):  
Joseph Riad ◽  
Sergio Soto-Aguilar ◽  
Johan J. Estrada-López ◽  
Oscar Moreira-Tamayo ◽  
Edgar Sánchez-Sinencio
Keyword(s):  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Common Mode ◽  
Operational Transconductance Amplifiers ◽  
Fully Differential ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Active Rc Filter ◽  
Transconductance Amplifiers ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Impact

Fully differential amplifiers require the use of common-mode feedback (CMFB) circuits to properly set the amplifier’s operating point. Due to scaling trends in CMOS technology, modern amplifiers increasingly rely on cascading more than two stages to achieve sufficient gain. With multiple gain stages, different topologies for implementing CMFB are possible, whether using a single CMFB loop or multiple ones. However, the impact on performance of each CMFB approach has seldom been studied in the literature. The aim of this work is to guide the choice of the CMFB implementation topology evaluating performance in terms of stability, linearity, noise and common-mode rejection. We present a detailed theoretical analysis, comparing the relative performance of two CMFB configurations for 3-stage OTA topologies in an implementation-agnostic manner. Our analysis is then corroborated through a case study with full simulation results comparing the two topologies at the transistor level and confirming the theoretical intuition. An active-RC filter is used as an example of a high-linearity OTA application, highlighting a 6 dB improvement in P1dB in the multi-loop implementation with respect to the single-loop case.

The Quantitative Forecast and Suppression on the Electromagnetic Radiation from Low Voltage Frequency Converter

2014 ◽  
Vol 575 ◽  
pp. 696-703
Author(s):  
Cheng Hai Gao ◽  
Jian Ru Wan ◽  
Jiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Frequency Converter ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Value Change ◽  
Radiation Characteristics ◽  
Radiation Theory ◽  
Voltage Frequency ◽  
The Impact

The main electromagnetic radiation source and the generating mechanism in low voltage frequency converter were defined and analyzed in this paper according to electromagnetic radiation theory together with the discussion of the impact on radiation from raise time, falling time of pulse width modulation (PWM) signal and carrier frequency, so that the radiation can be understood more exactly in term of numerical value change, which helps specifically reduction of converter radiation during design phase in compliance with related international standards and technical norms regarding industrial converter. Started with the theory of electromagnetic field the zone around converter were differentiated and analyzed based on the radiation characteristics. As main means of radiation suppression in converter shielding and grounding were quantitatively analyzed. A series of tests with different power rating converters verified the calculation and analysis. Consequently the design of converter was guided to meet the requirements of standard.

scholarly journals Self-Biased and Supply-Voltage Scalable Inverter-Based Operational Transconductance Amplifier with Improved Composite Transistors

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 935
Author(s):  
Luis Henrique Rodovalho ◽  
Cesar Ramos Rodrigues ◽  
Orazio Aiello
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Voltage Gain ◽  
Gain Bandwidth ◽  
Operational Transconductance Amplifiers ◽  
Transconductance Amplifier ◽  
Technology Process ◽  
The Impact

This paper deals with a single-stage single-ended inverter-based Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTA) with improved composite transistors for ultra-low-voltage supplies, while maintaining a small-area, high power-efficiency and low output signal distortion. The improved composite transistor is a combination of the conventional composite transistor and forward-body-biasing to further increase voltage gain. The impact of the proposed technique on performance is demonstrated through post-layout simulations referring to the TSMC 180 nm technology process. The proposed OTA achieves 54 dB differential voltage gain, 210 Hz gain–bandwidth product for a 10 pF capacitive load, with a power consumption of 273 pW with a 0.3 V power supply, and occupies an area of 1026 μm2. For a 0.6 V voltage supply, the proposed OTA improves its voltage gain to 73 dB, and achieves a 15 kHz gain–bandwidth product with a power consumption of 41 nW.

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