scholarly journals Residual Agroforestry Biomass–Thermochemical Properties

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Enes ◽  
José Aranha ◽  
Teresa Fonseca ◽  
Carlos Matos ◽  
Ana Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Agricultural Wastes ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Corrosive Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Combustion Processes

Research Highlights: Biomass from Mediterranean agroforestry vegetation may be a potential source of renewable energy. However, due to the high heterogeneity of this type of resource, the study of its characteristics becomes necessary for its efficient use. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the thermal and chemical properties of 14 different kinds of agroforestry biomass groups: shrubs, forest, and agricultural wastes. Materials and Methods: The higher heating value (HHV), the elemental analysis (C, H, O, N, S), ashes, mineral elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P), trace elements (Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, and Cd) and halogen elements (F and Cl) were quantified and compared with CEN/TS 147775 and CENS/TS 14961 standards, looking forward to future use for energy purposes, namely through combustion processes, as an alternative to fossil fuels. Results: The shrubs present the highest values of higher heating value (20.5 MJ kg−1), followed by the forest wastes (19.2 MJ kg−1) and the lowest in the agricultural wastes (18.5 MJ kg−1). Concerning the elemental analysis, the difference between groups C, H, and O are very small and not statistically significant, while for N, S and ashes values are higher in agricultural than shrubs and forestry wastes. The same tendency was found for the mineral nutrients. For the trace elements, the lowest content of Mn, Fe, and Zn is found in agricultural, Ni, and Cr content in the shrubs and Cu in the forest wastes. The halogen elements are present in greater amount in shrubs than agricultural and forest wastes. Conclusions: Although the high values of the halogen elements which may raise sintering problems and corrosive effect on metal parts in furnace and boiler, in general the shrubs biomass are those with better characteristics for energy uses, namely through combustion processes.

scholarly journals BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM CO-DIGESTION OF SELECTED AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN NIGERIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Sambo ◽  
Etonihu ◽  
A. M. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Agricultural Wastes ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
Volatile Solids ◽  
Alternative Sources

The fear of depletion of fossil fuels and their attendant ecological effects and the high cost of renewable energy technology in Nigeria has triggered a need to develop alternative sources of energy, among which is biogas production. A slurry of 1 kg mixture of agro-waste feed stocks (plantain peel/rice husk, PP/RH; banana peel/plantain peel, BP/PP; and banana peel/rice husk, BP/RH) in 1:1 ratio was co-digested in locally fabricated digesters (10 L capacity). The experiment was run for 50 days and assessed for proximate content, biogas generation, organic matter, and mineral content in the digested and undi-gested agro-waste materials. The proximate composition showed that while banana peel had the highest moisture (56%), rice husk was highest in the content of ash (64%), crude protein (6.94%), and volatile solids (20%). The weekly cumulative biogas generation increased from 852.6 cm3 for BP/PP sample to 1049.7 cm3 for PP/RH sample for the 7 weeks at the experimental room temperature range of 29 oC to 35 oC. Sample PP/RH generated the highest volume of gas (biogas, methane, and others) compared to BP/RH and BP/PP samples.  In each case the volume of gas production decreased in week 7 from 271.4 cm3 to 152.0 cm3 (for biogas), 161.4 cm3 to 97.1 cm3 (for methane), and 110.0 cm3 to 54.9 cm3 (for other gases). The nutritional concentrations of the digested and undigested mixture of the waste samples after Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and Flame Photometry showed that the digested samples had higher contents of the nutritional elements than the undigested samples. The mineral elements ranged from 0.554 mg/g in the undigested rice husk to 18.155 mg/g in the digested banana peel samples. Fermentation of agricultural wastes to generate biogas and sludge with agricultural value offers an al-ternative and efficient method of agricultural wastes and energy management in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Physical, Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Two-Age Bambusa tuldoides Briquettes

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Dunja Zoe Powroschnik ◽  
Emanuel Rangel Spadim ◽  
Humberto Jesus Eufrade-Junior ◽  
Elaine Cristina Leonello ◽  
Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Bambusa Vulgaris ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The use of natural resources as an energy source is a well-studied alternative to fossil fuels. Some studies present bamboo as promising biomass for energy generation, and its transformation into briquettes can be a way to take advantage of its production residues. This study’s objective was to determine the physical and chemical properties of two bamboo ages (two and seven years old) of Bambusa vulgaris species to evaluate biomass quality and its briquettes for energy generation. Regarding the higher heating value, there was no difference between treatments means values, which were 17.8 and 18.2 MJ kg−1 for two and seven years old, respectively, and these values were slightly below those found in the literature for Bambusa spp. The mechanical durability was of low quality for both treatments at the testing conditions, so they are not recommended for briquette production. The proximate analysis results were quite near the literature and reinforce bamboo’s positive qualities for biofuel usage.

scholarly journals Trace elements of naftides of oil- and gas-bearing basin

2019 ◽  
Vol 488 (5) ◽  
pp. 534-538
Author(s):  
S. A. Punanova
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Sedimentary Cover ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Gas Bearing ◽  
Oil Formation

The parameters of the concentration distribution of trace elements in the oil fields of oil and gas basins of the world, their physic-chemical properties, as well as the geological and geochemical features of oil formation in these basins were studied. It is shown that the ontogenesis of hydrocarbons associated with deep tectonic transformations (geodynamic factor) controls not only the placement of naphtides in the sedimentary cover, but also the diversity of their metallogenic specialization. The classification of oils of various ontogenesis zones is given in accordance to the degree of their enrichment of mineral elements and their belonging to the vanadium or nickel metallogenic type. The oil, characterized by primary rich concentrations of trace elements of the main zone of oil formation, and oil with initially low concentrations of trace elements in the zones of early generation are presented. The processes of transformation of the composition of oils in the areas of hypergenesis lead to their enrichment, whereas the oil of the catagenesis zone is depleted in trace elements.

Evaluasi Prediksi Higher Heating Value (HHV) Biomassa Berdasarkan Analisis Proksimat

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Made Dirgantara ◽  
Karelius Karelius ◽  
Marselin Devi Ariyanti, Sry Ayu K. Tamba
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Bomb Calorimeter ◽  
Hhv Prediction

Abstrak – Biomassa merupakan salah satu energi terbarukan yang sangat mudah ditemui, ramah lingkungan dan cukup ekonomis. Keberadaan biomassa dapat dimaanfaatkan sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil, baik itu minyak bumi, gas alam maupun batu bara. Analisi diperlukan sebagai dasar biomassa sebagai energi seperti proksimat dan kalor. Analisis terpenting untuk menilai biomassa sebagai bahan bakar adalah nilai kalori atau higher heating value (HHV). HHV secara eksperimen diukur menggunakan bomb calorimeter, namun pengukuran ini kurang efektif, karena memerlukan waktu serta biaya yang tinggi. Penelitian mengenai prediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat telah dilakukan sehingga dapat mempermudah dan menghemat biaya yang diperlukan peneliti. Dalam makalah ini dibahas evaluasi persamaan untuk memprediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat pada biomassa berdasarkan data dari penelitian sebelumnya. Prediksi nilai HHV menggunakan lima persamaan yang dievaluasi dengan 25 data proksimat biomassa dari penelitian sebelumnya, kemudian dibandingkan berdasarkan nilai error untuk mendapatkan prediksi terbaik. Hasil analisis menunjukan, persamaan A terbaik di 7 biomassa, B di 6 biomassa, C di 6 biomassa, D di 5 biomassa dan E di 1 biomassa.Kata kunci: bahan bakar, biomassa, higher heating value, nilai error, proksimat  Abstract – Biomass is a renewable energy that is very easy to find, environmentally friendly, and quite economical. The existence of biomass can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels, both oil, natural gas, and coal. Analyzes are needed as a basis for biomass as energy such as proximate and heat. The most critical analysis to assess biomass as fuel is the calorific value or higher heating value (HHV). HHV is experimentally measured using a bomb calorimeter, but this measurement is less effective because it requires time and high costs. Research on the prediction of HHV based on proximate analysis has been carried out so that it can simplify and save costs needed by researchers. In this paper, the evaluation of equations is discussed to predict HHV based on proximate analysis on biomass-based on data from previous studies. HHV prediction values using five equations were evaluated with 25 proximate biomass data from previous studies, then compared based on error value to get the best predictions. The analysis shows that Equation A predicts best in 7 biomass, B in 6 biomass, C in 6 biomass, D in 5 biomass, and E in 1 biomass. Key words: fuel, biomass, higher heating value, error value, proximate 

Extraction and Determination of Physico-chemical Properties of Oil from Watermelon Seeds (Citrullus lanatus L) to Use in Internal Combustion Engines

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2676-2681
Author(s):  
Mihaela Gabriela Dumitru ◽  
Dragos Tutunea
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Geometrical Mean ◽  
Reduction Of Nox

The purpose of this work was to investigate the physicochemical properties of watermelon seeds and oil and to find out if this oil is suitable and compatible with diesel engines. The results showed that the watermelon seeds had the maximum length (9.08 mm), width (5.71mm), thickness (2.0 mm), arithmetic mean diameter (5.59 mm), geometrical mean diameter (4.69 mm), sphericity (51.6%), surface area (69.07), volume 0.17 cm3 and moisture content 5.4%. The oil was liquid at room temperature, with a density and refractive index of 0.945 and 1.4731 respectively acidity value (1.9 mgNaOH/g), free fatty acid (0.95 mgNaOH), iodine value (120 mgI2/100g), saponification value (180 mgKOH/g), antiradical activity (46%), peroxide value (7.5 mEqO2/Kg), induction period (6.2 h), fatty acid: palmitic acid (13.1%), stearic acid (9.5 %), oleic acid (15.2 %) and linoleic acid (61.3%). Straight non food vegetable oils can offer a solution to fossil fuels by a cleaner burning with minimal adaptation of the engine. A single cylinder air cooled diesel engine Ruggerini RY 50 was used to measure emissions of various blends of watermelon oil (WO) and diesel fuel (WO10D90, WO20D80, WO30D70 and WO75D25). The physic-chemical properties of the oil influence the combustion process and emissions leading to the reduction of NOX and the increase in CO, CO2 and HC.

scholarly journals Potential of Biochar Derived from Agricultural Residues for Sustainable Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8147
Author(s):  
Sasiwimol Khawkomol ◽  
Rattikan Neamchan ◽  
Thunchanok Thongsamer ◽  
Soydoa Vinitnantharat ◽  
Boonma Panpradit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Coconut Husk ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Horizontal Drum ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

A horizontal drum kiln is a traditional method widely used in Southeast Asian countries for producing biochar. An understanding of temperature conditions in the kiln and its influence on biochar properties is crucial for identifying suitable biochar applications. In this study, four agricultural residues (corncob, coconut husk, coconut shell, and rice straw) were used for drum kiln biochar production. The agricultural residues were turned into biochar within 100–200 min, depending on their structures. The suitability of biochar for briquette fuels was analyzed using proximate, ultimate, and elemental analysis. The biochar’s physical and chemical properties were characterized via bulk density, iodine number, pHpzc, SEM, and FTIR measurements. All biochars had low O/C and H/C ratios and negative charge from both carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. Coconut husk and shell biochar had desirable properties such as high heating value and a high amount of surface functional groups which can interact with nutrients in soil. These biochars are thus suitable for use for a variety of purposes including as biofuels, adsorbents, and as soil amendments.

scholarly journals Influence of the Bottom Color Modification and Material Color Modification Process on the Performance of Modified Poplar

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 660
Author(s):  
Qingqing Liu ◽  
Di Gao ◽  
Wei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Target Color ◽  
Modification Process ◽  
Red Color ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Surface Differentiation ◽  
Color Modification ◽  
And Chemical Properties

According to the old surface coating process of European and American furniture, the surface of modified poplar is first differentiated pre-treatment, and then the bottom color modification and material color modification are respectively applied to the modified poplar after the surface differentiation treatment. The visual physical quantity and physical and chemical properties were measured and compared with mahogany, which is commonly used in old furniture in Europe and America to explore the effect of colorants and coloring steps, as well as different surface pretreatments on the coloring effect. Finally, it is concluded that continuous coloring operations can narrow the difference in brightness and red color value in the coloring layer of modified poplar and mahogany. Continuous coloring operations increase the difference between the yellow-green color values of modified poplar and mahogany. Therefore, the coloring difference between modified poplar and mahogany was affected by the colorant and coloring steps. Through color accumulation, the gap between the two in the target color coloring effect can be reduced, thereby reducing the difference between the coloring effect of modified poplar and mahogany.

scholarly journals Combustion Study of Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers and Diesel Blend Fuels on an Optical Engine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4608
Author(s):  
Jingjing He ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
Xin Su ◽  
Bin Xie ◽  
Quanwei Li
Keyword(s):  
Soot Formation ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Optical Engine ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Combustion Duration ◽  
Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Lower Heating

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) are a newly appeared promising oxygenated alternative that can greatly reduce soot emissions of diesel engines. The combustion characteristics of the PODE and diesel blends (the blending ratios of PODE are 0%, 20%, 50% and 100% by volume, respectively) are investigated based on an optical engine under the injection timings of 6, 9, 12 and 15-degree crank angles before top dead center and injection pressures of 100 MPa, 120 MPa and 140 MPa in this study. The results show that both the ignition delay and combustion duration of the fuels decrease with the increasing of PODE ratio in the blends. However, in the case of the fuel supply of the optical engine being fixed, the heat release rate, cylinder pressure and temperature of the blend fuels decrease with the PODE addition due to the low lower heating value of PODE. The addition of PODE in diesel can significantly reduce the integrated natural flame luminosity and the soot formation under all injection conditions. When the proportion of the PODE addition is 50% and 100%, the chemical properties of the blends play a leading role in soot formation, while the change of the injection conditions have an inconspicuous effect on it. When the proportion of the PODE addition is 20%, the blend shows excellent characteristics in a comprehensive evaluation of combustion and soot reduction.

scholarly journals Use of Families of Euphorbiaceae for the Production of Biodiesel in Semiarid Areas

Proceedings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Noé Anes García ◽  
Antonio Luis Marqués Sierra
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Semiarid Areas ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Improved Characteristics ◽  
Made In

In recent years, developments made to reduce the consequences generated using petroleum products have been strengthening; therefore, biofuels have become a requirement in different countries worldwide with the objective of reducing not only the high levels of current pollution, but also mitigating the effects generated by global warming. Despite the advances that have been made in the field of research on Jatropha, it is still necessary to carry out more detailed studies aimed at achieving a better use of it, identifying the influence of its physical–chemical properties in terms of quality levels, as well as determining its behavior when mixed with palm oil to achieve a biodiesel with better yields, whose impact will be reflected mainly in the environmental field, helping to mitigate the production of greenhouse gases that are produced by petroleum products. Although currently the biofuels sector has made important advances in research, it is necessary to deepen the physical–chemical analyses both in the production and storage processes of biodiesel, so that in the future it can be fully fulfilled with the energy requirements that are currently only achieved with fossil fuels, so it is necessary to direct this research toward the development of new products with improved characteristics, especially when exposed to prolonged storage times and low temperatures.

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