scholarly journals Defence Is a Priority in Female Juveniles and Adults of Taxus baccata L.

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 844
Author(s):  
Kinga Nowak ◽  
Marian J. Giertych ◽  
Emilia Pers-Kamczyc ◽  
Peter A. Thomas ◽  
Grzegorz Iszkuło
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
First Year ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Taxus Baccata ◽  
Dioecious Plants ◽  
A Priority ◽  
Sexually Mature

Female individuals of dioecious plants invest their resources more in storage and defence, and the males have higher nitrogen content invested in the production of pollen grains. An unresolved problem is whether this strategy occurs only in sexually mature plants or can also occur in juvenile plants. To answer this, Taxus baccata (L.) needles from the mature plants and rooted cuttings (juveniles) in a pot experiment were compared for the content of carbon, nitrogen, starch, total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC), and total phenolic compounds (TPhC). The results indicate that the differences between sexes occurred mainly in sexually mature plants, where the starch content was higher in females and nitrogen in males. However, the novelty of the results is that TPhC was generally higher in females than males in both adults and juveniles, suggesting that defence is a priority for females from an early age. We do not know if this is an innate trait because the strobili production (albeit at a very low level) of juveniles was observed in all individuals after the autumn of the first year. We found no effect of fertilization on sex-specific response in the pot experiment, which may be related to the lower reproductive effort of juveniles.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Polysaccharides and Neutral Lipids during Anther Development in Castor (Ricinus communis)

2015 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Wei ◽  
Huimin Xu ◽  
Ruili Li
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Anther Development ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Tapetal Cells

Anthers contain starch and neutral lipids, which have key roles in microspore ontogeny and gametophyte development. In this study, we observed the dynamic changes in starch and neutral lipids in the anther developmental processes of castor (Ricinus communis) by cytochemical methods. Starch grains and neutral lipids presented a regular dynamic distribution during anther development. In young anthers, some neutral lipids accumulated in sporogenous cells, whereas neutral lipids disappeared with microspore growth. At the late microspore stage, starch grains began to accumulate in microspores, and the starch content of bicellular pollen significantly increased after microspore mitosis. At anthesis, starch grains and neutral lipids accumulated in the mature pollen grains. Visible changes occurred in anther wall cells. The epidermis, middle layer, and tapetum were degenerated, and only a single layer of endothecium remained at anthesis. The dynamic variation of starch grains and neutral lipids in tapetal cells was consistent with the changes in microspores and pollen during anther development. All these findings demonstrated that tapetal cells directly interacted with the developing gametophytes. The tapetal cells play an important role in supplying nutritional substances for microspore absorption. Moreover, the endothecium protects the pollen and contributes to anther dehiscence. The results of this study provide a foundation for the further research on sexual reproduction in angiosperms.

scholarly journals Use of Sieving as a Valuable Technology to Produce Enriched Buckwheat Flours: A Preliminary Study

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Martín-García ◽  
Federica Pasini ◽  
Vito Verardo ◽  
Ana María Gómez-Caravaca ◽  
Emanuele Marconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Physical Separation ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Total Starch

Fractionation processes based on physical separation are a good strategy to produce enriched cereal flours. Therefore, the aim of this work is to evaluate the suitability of sieving of buckwheat flours to produce protein and phenolic (especially rutin) enriched fractions. Because of that, dehulled whole buckwheat flour (GSTQ) was sieved obtaining fractions with a particle size of 215 µm, 160 µm, 85 µm, and 45 µm (GS215, GS160, GS85, and GS45). For that purpose, the determination of protein, ash, and total starch content and free and bound phenolic compounds was carried out. The highest content of total phenolic compounds was obtained in GS215 (3118.84 mg kg−1 d.w.), followed by GS160 (2499.11 mg kg−1 d.w.), GS85 (989.46 mg kg−1 d.w.), GSTQ (983.15 mg kg−1 d.w.), and GS45 (481.31 mg kg−1 d.w.). Therefore, the phenolic content decreased with the particle size decrease from 215 µm to 45 µm. Besides, there were no significant differences between the total phenolic content in GS85 and GSTQ. The fraction with 215 µm reported the highest protein and mineral salt content and presented rutin amounts four times higher than GSTQ.

scholarly journals Potassium Supplying Power of the Major Upland Inceptisols of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-28
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
First Year ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Intensive Cropping ◽  
K Release

Capacity of the nine most extensive upland Inceptisols of Puerto Rico to supply potassium (K) was determined through intensive cropping in pots with Pangola grass during 4 consecutive years. In addition, field experiments were conducted on two of these soils, Mucara and Pandura, for comparison. Seven of the lnceptisols tested formed under a udic moisture regime. They supplied an average of 279/kg of K/ha to Pangola grass during the first year, and then dropped to 110, 114, and 93 kg/ha for the second, third and fourth years, respectively. The average of 106 kg/ha for the last 3 years probably represents the long term capacity of this group to supply K to plants. The amount of K released by Mucara and Pandura soils (both udic lnceptisols) in the field experiments agreed fairly well with values obtained in the pot experiments. Two of the lnceptisols tested formed under a ustic moisture regime released and average of 507 kg of K/ha during the first year, and then 254, 233, and 140 kg/ha the last 3 years. The average K release per year for the last 3 years was 209 kg/ha. However, the long range K supplying capacity of these soils is probably lower than this value. The exchangeable K values obtained at the beginning of the pot experiment were significantly correlated with the amount of K extracted by Pangola grass during the first year of cropping in pots, whereas the HN03-soluble K values were correlated with the average release of K during the last 3 cropping years.

Wood-based biochar for small fruit production in southern Quebec, Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Shang ◽  
Chih-Yu Hung ◽  
Barry Husk ◽  
Valerie Orsat ◽  
Joann K. Whalen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
First Year ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Small Fruit

The market for small fruits (grapes, blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries) is valued at more than CAD100 million per year in Quebec, Canada. Wood-based biochar is an amendment that improves soil quality, which may boost small fruit growth and production. The objective of this research was to determine if wood-based biochar could increase the yield and quality of grape, blueberry, strawberry, and raspberry in southern Quebec. We evaluated the fruit yield as well as the quality parameters like average fruit weight, fruit firmness, color, juice pH, total soluble solids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. Field trials were established on commercial farms with grape, blueberry, strawberry, and raspberry production systems in plots that received wood-based biochar and no biochar in spring (April to May). Small fruits were harvested at their ripening stage for yield and quality evaluation in fall (July to October). Biochar application did not improve yield and quality parameters of small fruits except it gave a marginal higher yield of grape (3.7 vs. 4.4 t ha-1, P = 0.08) and a higher average fruit weight of strawberry (11.9 vs. 13.2 g, P < 0.05). There was no difference in the quality of the fruit from biochar-amended and control plots in the first year of biochar application, possibly because the quality parameters are affected more by weather conditions, handling, and storage than by soil quality. This work suggests that wood-based biochar (<5 t ha-1) has a limited first-year impact on small fruit yield and quality in southern Quebec, Canada.

Reproduction in Australian Pearl Oysters (Lamellibranchia). I. Pinctada albina (Lamarck): Gametogenesis

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Tranter
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
First Year ◽  
Visceral Mass ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Pearl Oysters ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Development Proceeds ◽  
Urogenital Papilla ◽  
Do So

The primary gonad of Pinctada albina consists of paired systems of confluent tubules ("follicles") opening to the exterior at laterally situated urogenital openings. There are no morphologically differentiated gonoducts; the gonads empty into a short ciliated genital vestibule through the primary gonad follicles. A duct from each kidney enters each vestibule just inside the urogenital papilla. There is no superficial difference between the gonads of male and female, except in colour: the testis is cream and the ovary yellow. The follicles originate in the connective tissue behind the openings, and spread through the space between external epithelium and viscera, by invagination, branching, and ramification. As they do so they carry with them, attached to the follicle walls, the primary germ cells ("stem cells"). There are four main follicular systems on each side of the body, but as development proceeds they tend to coalesce. Soon the gonad loses its bilateral appearance and envelops the whole visceral mass. The species becomes sexually mature in its first year, often within 4 or 5 months.

scholarly journals Assessing the Performance of Different Grains in Gluten-Free Bread Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 8772
Author(s):  
Iuliana Banu ◽  
Iuliana Aprodu
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Total Phenol Content ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Quinoa Flour

A comparative analysis of quinoa, sorghum, millet and rice flours and breads in terms of proximate composition, resistant starch, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content was realized in this study. Quinoa whole flour had the highest content of proteins, fat, ash and total dietary fiber, followed by millet and sorghum flours. Quinoa and rice breads had higher specific volume (192.22 and 181.04 cm3/100 g, respectively) and lower crumb firmness (10.81 and 13.74 N, respectively) compared to sorghum and millet breads. The highest total phenol content was obtained in the case of bread prepared with quinoa flour (398.42 mg ferulic acid equiv/100 g d.w.), while the lowest content was obtained for the rice flour bread (70.34 mg ferulic acid equiv/100 g d.w). The antioxidant activity of gluten-free breads decreased in the following order: sorghum > quinoa > millet > rice. Quinoa bread had the highest resistant starch content of 3.28% d.w., while the rice bread had the highest digestible starch content of 81.48% d.w. The slowly digestible starch varied from 15.5% d.w. for quinoa bread, to 6.51% d.w. for millet bread. These results revealed the huge potential of quinoa, sorghum and millet to be used for developing functional gluten-free bread.

scholarly journals Subpollen particle release from different species of the invasive allergenic genus Ambrosia: the effect of rainwater composition and wind speed

Aerobiologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Caronni ◽  
Rodolfo Gentili ◽  
Chiara Montagnani ◽  
Sandra Citterio
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Mechanical Shock ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Rainwater Composition ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractAllergen-containing subpollen particles (SPPs) are micrometric or sub-micrometric particles (0.12–5 µm) released from pollen. They are able to reach the lower airways, causing allergenic reactions. SPP release occurs through the pore of intact grains or by rupture of the whole grain. In this paper the results of two laboratory experiments investigating the dynamics of SPP release for three alien species of Ambrosia genus are shown. Rainwater composition and wind speed were considered, by simulating different conditions, in accordance with a fully orthogonal experimental design. The principle response variable was the total percentage of SPPs-releasing pollen grains; also the percentage of intact grains releasing SPPs through the pore and of broken SPPs-releasing grains were considered. Both osmotic and mechanical shock caused the discharge of SPPs but different results were observed. The highest number of releasing grains was recorded in case of acid solution and 20 knots wind speed. Moreover, wind and rainfalls caused SPPs release through different mechanisms. Wind mainly provoked a mechanical shock leading to grain rupture, whereas rainfall caused mainly SPPs release through the pore of intact grains. Comparing species, the effect of wind and at least in some cases also that of rainwater appeared to be less relevant for Ambrosia trifida than for Ambrosia psilostachya and Ambrosia artemisiifolia. The obtained results suggest a species-specific response of Ambrosia species to wind speed and rainwater that lead to a different release of SPPs and then to a species-specific impact on allergy according to the characteristics of their growth environment.

scholarly journals Chemical constituents and phytochemical properties of floral maize pollen

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247327
Author(s):  
Japar Sidik Bujang ◽  
Muta Harah Zakaria ◽  
Shiamala Devi Ramaiya
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Maize Pollen ◽  
Fresh Pollen ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Maize Plants

Currently, bee-gathered pollen (bee pollen) is commonly used worldwide as a dietary supplement and is recognized for its curative properties. Floral pollen is also important but is less recognized due to a lack of investigation. This study aims to determine the morphological characteristics and nutritional and phytochemical properties of floral maize pollen. Fresh pollen grains harvested from a farm of maize plants are yellow in colour and spheroid in shape. They change to amber and indented prismatic solid shapes when dehydrated. The main composition of floral maize pollen is carbohydrates (44.30±3.73%), followed by moisture (23.38±5.73%), crude proteins (17.16±3.13%), crude fibres (9.56±0.92%), and ash (4.98±0.11%), while the lowest content is observed for crude fats (0.62±0.06%). The predominant mineral is potassium (768.50±11.40 mg 100 g-1), followed by sodium (695.10±9.70 mg 100 g-1), calcium (147.20±12.60 mg 100 g-1), and magnesium (97.30±2.9 mg 100 g-1). The microelements (with average values) consist of iron (49.50±3.30 mg 100 g-1) and zinc (30.00±3.70 mg 100 g-1). Excellent phytochemical properties add value to floral maize pollen. Maize pollen contains a high total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 783.02 mg GAE 100 g-1 and 1706.83 mg QE 100 g-1, respectively, and possesses strong antioxidant activity of 10.54 mg mL-1. Maize floral pollen and derived products can serve as future food resources for human consumption and as a source of functional and bioactive compounds in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

scholarly journals Nutritional potential of selected species of Arisaema Mart. from Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laxmi Dhakal ◽  
Biva Aryal ◽  
Giri Joshi ◽  
Deepak Pant
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging ◽  
Nutritional Potential ◽  
Made In

Abstract. Dhakal L, Aryal B, Joshi GP, Pant DR. 2020. Nutritional potential of selected species of Arisaema Mart. from Nepal. Biodiversitas 21: 5703-5709. Species of Arisaema Mart. are believed to be poisonous, but few species are used as food in different communities. Therefore, an assessment of nutritional properties of six selected taxa of Arisaema including three edible taxa was made in order to find out their nutritional potential. Methanolic or aqueous extracts of samples (rhizomes and aerial parts) were analyzed for various nutritional and anti-nutritional parameters. On nutritional basis, the total starch content and total reducing sugar were found highest (25.71±0.04mg/g powder) and (46.73±0.06 mg/g extract), respectively in aerial parts of A. echinatum. Total protein and phosphorus content was highest in rhizome of A. tortuosum var. curvatum. Similarly, extracts of aerial parts of A. tortuosum var. curvatum also possessed highest amount of total phenolic content (52.67±0.24mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (14.13 ± 0.03 mg QE/g), and also demonstrated best antioxidant activity (IC50, 108.59±0.54 µg/mL) in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity among the selected taxa. Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase in vitro was found to be highest (78.82 %) in rhizome extracts of A. echinatum and extracts of aerial parts of A. concinnum (34.82 %), respectively.

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