scholarly journals Extrusion Processing of Pure Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Pomace: Impact on Dietary Fiber Profile and Bioactive Compounds

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 518
Author(s):  
Vera Schmid ◽  
Jan Steck ◽  
Esther Mayer-Miebach ◽  
Diana Behsnilian ◽  
Mirko Bunzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Type I ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Thermomechanical Stress ◽  
Extrusion Processing ◽  
Aronia Melanocarpa ◽  
The Impact

The partial substitution of starch with dietary fiber (DF) in extruded ready-to-eat texturized (RTE) cereals has been suggested as a strategy to reduce the high glycemic index of these food products. Here, we study the impact of extrusion processing on pure chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace powder (CPP) rich in DF and polyphenols (PP) focusing on the content and profile of the DF fractions, stability of PP, and techno-functional properties of the extrudates. Using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, different screw speeds were applied to CPP with different water contents (cw), which resulted in specific mechanical energies (SME) in the range of 145–222 Whkg−1 and material temperatures (TM) in the range of 123–155 °C. High molecular weight soluble DF contents slightly increase with increasing thermomechanical stress up to 16.1 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm as compared to CPP (11.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g dm), but total DF (TDF) contents (58.6 ± 0.8 g/100 g dm) did not change. DF structural analysis revealed extrusion-based changes in the portions of pectic polysaccharides (type I rhamnogalacturonan) in the soluble and insoluble DF fractions. Contents of thermolabile anthocyanins decrease linearly with SME and temperature from 1.80 ± 0.09 g/100 g dm in CPP to 0.24 ± 0.06 g/100 g dm (222 Whkg−1, 155 °C), but phenolic acids and flavonoids appear to be largely unaffected. Resulting techno-functional (water absorption and water solubility) and physical properties related to the sensory characteristics (expansion, hardness, and color) of pure CPP extrudates support the expectation that granulated CPP extrudates may be a suitable food ingredient rich in DF and PP.

scholarly journals Functionalization of Enzymatically Treated Apple Pomace from Juice Production by Extrusion Processing

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 485
Author(s):  
Vera Schmid ◽  
Antje Trabert ◽  
Judith (Schäfer) Keller ◽  
Mirko Bunzel ◽  
Heike P. Karbstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Apple Pomace ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Insoluble Dietary Fiber ◽  
Extrusion Processing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Treated Apple

Food by-products can be used as natural and sustainable food ingredients. However, a modification is needed to improve the technofunctional properties according to the specific needs of designated applications. A lab-scale twin-screw extruder was used to process enzymatically treated apple pomace from commercial fruit juice production. To vary the range of the thermomechanical treatment, various screw speeds (200, 600, 1000 min−1), and screw configurations were applied to the raw material. Detailed chemical and functional analyses were performed to develop a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the extrusion processing on apple pomace composition and technofunctional properties as well as structures of individual polymers. Extrusion at moderate thermomechanical conditions increased the water absorption, swelling, and viscosity of the material. An increase in thermomechanical stress resulted in a higher water solubility index, but negatively affected the water absorption index, viscosity, and swelling. Scanning electron microscopy showed an extrusion-processing-related disruption of the cell wall. Dietary fiber analysis revealed an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 12.6 to 17.2 g/100 g dry matter at maximum thermo-mechanical treatment. Dietary fiber polysaccharide analysis demonstrated compositional changes, mainly in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction. In short, pectin polysaccharides seem to be susceptible to thermo-mechanical stress, especially arabinans as neutral side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I.

scholarly journals Defined shear and heat treatment of apple pomace: impact on dietary fiber structures and functional properties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Schmid ◽  
Antje Trabert ◽  
Judith Keller ◽  
Mirko Bunzel ◽  
Heike P. Karbstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Apple Pomace ◽  
Type I ◽  
Closed Cavity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractFood by-products can be modified by extrusion processing. However, the impact of thermal and mechanical stress, respectively, on the structure and thus functional properties of dietary fiber-rich food by-products is still unknown. In the extrusion process, thermal and mechanical stress are coupled, not constant, and difficult to measure or calculate. Thus, their influence on structural changes and functional properties cannot be evaluated separately. In this work, a specific shear cell, denoted by closed cavity rheometer, was used to treat apple pomace with defined thermal and/or mechanical stress. Dietary fiber composition and fiber polysaccharide structures appeared to be more susceptible to high temperatures than mechanical stress. With increasing temperature (and mechanical stress) soluble and low-molecular-weight soluble dietary fiber contents increased, whereas insoluble fiber contents decreased. Arabinans as rhamnogalacturonan type I polysaccharides and galacturonic acid containing pectic polysaccharides were identified as being most susceptible to degradation under these conditions. Furthermore, the defined treatment affected the functional properties. Although changes in the water solubility index (WSI) and/or the water absorption index (WAI) were not detected up to 90 °C, WSI and WAI decreased significantly at a treatment temperature of 120 °C. However, at very high temperatures (160 °C), WSI and WAI increased. The application of shear and longer treatment times resulted in higher WSI values and complex viscosities as compared to low shear stress. Graphic abstract

The Application and Functional Progress of γ-Poly-Glutamic Acid in Food: A Mini-Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (41) ◽  
pp. 5347-5352
Author(s):  
Guoliang Wang ◽  
Qing Liu ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Jingyuan Li ◽  
Yue Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Coating Material ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvant ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Naturally Occurring

γ-Poly-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring homo-polyamide produced by various strains of Bacillus. As a biopolymer substance, γ-PGA possesses a few predominant features containing good water solubility, biocompatibility, degradability and non-toxicity. Based on this, γ-PGA can be used in pharmaceutical, such as drug carrier/deliverer, vaccine adjuvant, and coating material for microencapsulation, etc. Moreover, it has also been applied in a broad range of industrial fields including food, medicine, bioremediation, cosmetics, and agriculture. Especially, γ-PGA is an extremely promising food ingredient. In this mini-review, our aim is to review the function and application progress of γ-PGA in the food industry: e.g., improving taste and flavor, enhancing physical property, and promoting health.

scholarly journals STING and cGAS gene expressions were downregulated among HIV-1-infected persons after antiretroviral therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Leticia Peixoto de Lima ◽  
Allysson Quintino Tenório de Oliveira ◽  
Tuane Carolina Ferreira Moura ◽  
Ednelza da Silva Graça Amoras ◽  
Sandra Souza Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Type I ◽  
Α Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background The HIV-1 epidemic is still considered a global public health problem, but great advances have been made in fighting it by antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART has a considerable impact on viral replication and host immunity. The production of type I interferon (IFN) is key to the innate immune response to viral infections. The STING and cGAS proteins have proven roles in the antiviral cascade. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of ART on innate immunity, which was represented by STING and cGAS gene expression and plasma IFN-α level. Methods This cohort study evaluated a group of 33 individuals who were initially naïve to therapy and who were treated at a reference center and reassessed 12 months after starting ART. Gene expression levels and viral load were evaluated by real-time PCR, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts by flow cytometry, and IFN-α level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results From before to after ART, the CD4+ T cell count and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio significantly increased (p < 0.0001), the CD8+ T cell count slightly decreased, and viral load decreased to undetectable levels in most of the group (84.85%). The expression of STING and cGAS significantly decreased (p = 0.0034 and p = 0.0001, respectively) after the use of ART, but IFN-α did not (p = 0.1558). Among the markers evaluated, the only markers that showed a correlation with each other were STING and CD4+ T at the time of the first collection. Conclusions ART provided immune recovery and viral suppression to the studied group and indirectly downregulated the STING and cGAS genes. In contrast, ART did not influence IFN-α. The expression of STING and cGAS was not correlated with the plasma level of IFN-α, which suggests that there is another pathway regulating this cytokine in addition to the STING–cGAS pathway.

scholarly journals The Dynamic Interaction between Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Breast Tumor Progression

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1046
Author(s):  
Jorge Martinez ◽  
Patricio C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Breast Tumors ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Remodeling ◽  
Type I ◽  
Matrix Remodeling ◽  
Desmoplastic Reaction ◽  
The Impact

Desmoplastic tumors correspond to a unique tissue structure characterized by the abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix. Breast tumors are a typical example of this type of lesion, a property that allows its palpation and early detection. Fibrillar type I collagen is a major component of tumor desmoplasia and its accumulation is causally linked to tumor cell survival and metastasis. For many years, the desmoplastic phenomenon was considered to be a reaction and response of the host tissue against tumor cells and, accordingly, designated as “desmoplastic reaction”. This notion has been challenged in the last decades when desmoplastic tissue was detected in breast tissue in the absence of tumor. This finding suggests that desmoplasia is a preexisting condition that stimulates the development of a malignant phenotype. With this perspective, in the present review, we analyze the role of extracellular matrix remodeling in the development of the desmoplastic response. Importantly, during the discussion, we also analyze the impact of obesity and cell metabolism as critical drivers of tissue remodeling during the development of desmoplasia. New knowledge derived from the dynamic remodeling of the extracellular matrix may lead to novel targets of interest for early diagnosis or therapy in the context of breast tumors.

scholarly journals Treadmill Running Changes Endothelial Lipase Expression: Insights from Gene and Protein Analysis in Various Striated Muscle Tissues and Serum

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 906
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Mikłosz ◽  
Bartłomiej Łukaszuk ◽  
Adrian Chabowski ◽  
Jan Górski
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Endothelial Lipase ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
The Impact ◽  
White Gastrocnemius

Endothelial lipase (EL) is an enzyme capable of HDL phospholipids hydrolysis. Its action leads to a reduction in the serum high-density lipoprotein concentration, and thus, it exerts a pro-atherogenic effect. This study examines the impact of a single bout exercise on the gene and protein expression of the EL in skeletal muscles composed of different fiber types (the soleus—mainly type I, the red gastrocnemius—mostly IIA, and the white gastrocnemius—predominantly IIX fibers), as well as the diaphragm, and the heart. Wistar rats were subjected to a treadmill run: 1) t = 30 [min], V = 18 [m/min]; 2) t = 30 [min], V = 28 [m/min]; 3) t = 120 [min], V = 18 [m/min] (designated: M30, F30, and M120, respectively). We established EL expression in the total muscle homogenates in sedentary animals. Resting values could be ordered with the decreasing EL protein expression as follows: endothelium of left ventricle > diaphragm > red gastrocnemius > right ventricle > soleus > white gastrocnemius. Furthermore, we observed that even a single bout of exercise was capable of inducing changes in the mRNA and protein level of EL, with a clearer pattern observed for the former. After 30 min of running at either exercise intensity, the expression of EL transcript in all the cardiovascular components of muscles tested, except the soleus, was reduced in comparison to the respective sedentary control. The protein content of EL varied with the intensity and/or duration of the run in the studied whole tissue homogenates. The observed differences between EL expression in vascular beds of muscles may indicate the muscle-specific role of the lipase.

scholarly journals Breakfast Cereals Intended for Children: Opportunities for Reformulation and Potential Impact on Nutrient Intake

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1772
Author(s):  
Mariana Santos ◽  
Filipa Matias ◽  
Ana Isabel Rito ◽  
Isabel Castanheira ◽  
Duarte Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Regional Office ◽  
Nutrient Profile ◽  
Dietary Fiber Intake ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
The Impact

Ready-to-eat cereals (RTECs) have become a popular breakfast option claiming to provide important nutrients to children’s diets, despite being a source of excess sugar and, therefore, a health concern. Thus, food reformulation constitutes an important public health strategy that could benefit from inputs provided by nutrient profiling. This study aimed to assess the adequacy of the RTECs for children available in Portuguese supermarkets, applying three nutrient profile models (NPMs)—the nutrient profile model of the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe (WHO-EURO), the profile of the private-sector EU Pledge (EU-Pledge), and the national model developed by the Directorate-General of Health (NPM-PT)—in order to explore the potential for reformulation of the RTECs identified as not adequate and evaluate the impact of RTECs’ reformulation on the nutritional quality of Portuguese children’s diets. In total, 78 RTECs intended for children were assessed and two scenarios—current (not considering reformulation) and alternative (considering reformulation to accomplish the nutrient profile requirements)—were considered to assess the impact of reformulation on nutritional quality. Across all RTECs, only 5.1% could be promoted to children according to the considered NPMs. The most common nutrients requiring reformulation were sugar, saturated fatty acids (SFA), salt, and dietary fiber. The scenarios of reformulation considered could reduce the RTECs average content of total sugars, SFA, and salt by 43%, 8.7%, and 1.1%, respectively, and dietary fiber intake could be increased by 34%. Thus, these results support policies to implement reformulation strategies for developing healthier food products to be promoted to children.

Trabecular Bone is Increased in a Rat Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lady Katerine Serrano Mujica ◽  
Werner Giehl Glanzner ◽  
Amanda Luiza Prante ◽  
Vitor Braga Rissi ◽  
Gabrielle Rebeca Everling Correa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Bone Volume ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Type I ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
The Impact

AbstractPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in an intricate disorder characterized by reproductive and metabolic abnormalities that may affect bone quality and strength along with the lifespan. The present study analysed the impact of postnatal androgenization (of a single dose of testosterone propionate 1.25 mg subcutaneously at day 5 of life) on bone development and markers of bone metabolism in adult female Wistar rats. Compared with healthy controls, the results of measurements of micro-computed tomography (microCT) of the distal femur of androgenized rats indicated an increased cortical bone volume voxel bone volume to total volume (VOX BV/TV) and higher trabecular number (Tb.n) with reduced trabecular separation (Tb.sp). A large magnitude effect size was observed in the levels of circulating bone formation Procollagen I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) at day 60 of life; reabsorption cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) markers were similar between the androgenized and control rats at days 60 and 110 of life. The analysis of gene expression in bone indicated elements for an increased bone mass such as the reduction of the Dickkopf-1 factor (Dkk1) a negative regulator of osteoblast differentiation (bone formation) and the reduction of Interleukin 1-b (Il1b), an activator of osteoclast differentiation (bone reabsorption). Results from this study highlight the possible role of the developmental programming on bone microarchitecture with reference to young women with PCOS.

scholarly journals AB1240 C4B BINDING PROTEIN AND WARFARIN IN THE ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1911.2-1911
Author(s):  
G. Grosso ◽  
K. Sandholm ◽  
I. Gunnarsson ◽  
A. Zickert ◽  
A. Vikerfors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiphospholipid Syndrome ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Protein Isoforms ◽  
Type I ◽  
Complement Inhibitor ◽  
Warfarin Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Background:Complement plays a role in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS). C4b Binding Protein (C4BP) is a complement inhibitor with anticoagulant function (1). It belongs to the same protein family as β2GPI, the main antigen in APS. Its main isoform is bound to protein S in the circulation. Levels of both protein S and C4BP are known to be reduced by warfarin treatment (2) as well as by aPL, directly and indirectly.Objectives:To investigate the levels of C4BP in primary (p) and secondary (s) APS, also considering warfarin treatment.Methods:The total amount of C4BP (C4BPt) was measured by using magnetic carboxylated microspheres which were coupled with a monoclonal antibody against the α-chain of human-C4BP to capture the antigen. To detect C4BPt the same antibody was used, biotinylated. The binding of biotinylated antibodies was detected by streptavidin-phycoerythrin and data were collected using a MAGPIX Multiplex Reader. Using independent t-test, we compared C4BP in 118 SLE patients with repeated positivity for Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) (39/118 on warfarin), 291 aPL negative SLE patients (16/291 on warfarin), 67 pAPS (33/67 on warfarin), and 322 controls (none on warfarin). We then performed an interaction and a mediation analysis (3) in the SLE group to study the impact of warfarin on C4BP levels: since warfarin is mostly prescribed to aPL+ patients, it is considered a mediator in the reducing effect of aPL on C4BP. Therefore we compared individuals exposed and non-exposed to the presence of aPL with or without the mediator warfarin and calculated the percentage of reduction in C4BP that could be attributed to aPL or warfarin.Results:Overall C4BP is 20% reduced in aPL+ patients (fig 1), independently of SLE, past thrombotic events and nephritis. Warfarin treated patients have lower levels of C4BP (fig 2). According to mediation analysis 11% of C4BP reduction is due to aPL and 9% to warfarin.Figure 1.C4BP in different subgroups (67 pAPS, 118 SLEaPL+, 291 SLEaPL-, 322 controls)Figure 2.C4BP in 67 pAPS patients, 33/67 on warfarinConclusion:Both aPL and warfarin decrease levels of C4BP, a complement and coagulation regulator. Reduction of this complement inhibitor could contribute to complement activation and thrombosis in APS. Our results raise new questions regarding the effects of warfarin treatment on complement and coagulation in APS.References:[1]Dahlbäck B. C4b-binding protein: a forgotten factor in thrombosis and hemostasis. Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis 2011; 37(4): 355.[2]Zöller B, García de Frutos P, Dahlbäck B. Evaluation of the relationship between protein S and C4b-binding protein isoforms in hereditary protein S deficiency demonstrating type I and type III deficiencies to be phenotypic variants of the same genetic disease. Blood 1995; 85(12): 3524.[3]Vanderweele TJ, Vansteelandt S. Conceptual issues concerning mediation, interventions and composition. Statistics and Its Interface 2009; 2(4): 457-68.Disclaimer:AV is employed at the Swedish Medical Products Agency, the views expressed in this paper are the personal views of the authors and not necessarily the views of the Governement AgencyAcknowledgments:Thanks to the Biostatistics Core Facility, Karolinska UniversityDisclosure of Interests:None declared

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