scholarly journals The use of algae in animal nutrition

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. CHRISTAKI (Ε. ΧΡΗΣΤΑΚΗ) ◽  
M. KARATZIA (Μ. ΚΑΡΑΤΖΙΑ) ◽  
P. FLOROU-PANERI (Π. ΦΛΩΡΟΥ-ΠΑΝΕΡΗ)
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Wide Range

In this review article the use of algae as feed in animal nutrition is being examined. The algae evolved on earth 3.5 billion years ago. They are primitive, generally aquatic and photosynthetic organisms, which range in size from 0,2-2,0 μιτι in diameter -microalgae (phytoplankton) up to 60 m length- macroalgae and may divide once or more per day. Algae are classified using a combination of characteristics in the chlorophyta, phaeophyta, chrysophyta, rhodophyta (all of them are macroalgae), pyrrhophyta and cyanophyta (they are microalgae). The chemical composition of algae varies over a wide range and depends on environmental conditions. Algae are necessary in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. They can be used as biodisel from their bio-lipid oil, as feed additives (alginates, carrageenans, agar, pigments), as therapeutic agents, as cosmetics, as organic fertilizer. Moreover, edible algae are considered sources of minerals and a complementary source of food protein for human -especially infunctional foods and animal nutrition, both in ruminants and monogastric animals. Algae in the rations of lactating cows increased milk production, the average milk protein, the amount of lactose, and prolonged the lactation period, while algae rich in (n-3) fatty acids effected positively on this fatty acid content of milk. In calves the dietary algae en-hanced immune function and improved carcass characteristics. Regarding the ewes, the algae nutrition affected milk fat composition and their dairy products. Researches on monogastric animals showed that the dietary supplementation of algae rich in docosqexaenoic acid increased its content in muscle tissue of rabbits, heavy pigs (live weight around 160 kg) and in the egg yolk of laying hens. In addition, algae in poultry diets can be used effectively as pigment sources both in egg yolk and in broiler skin and shanks. Algae have been found also to be a valuable food for fish farmed by acquaculture. However, further investigation is needed concerning the use of algae in human and animal nutrition.

scholarly journals Optimization Model of Phenolics Encapsulation Conditions for Biofortification in Fatty Acids of Animal Food Products

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 881
Author(s):  
Roberta Tolve ◽  
Fernanda Galgano ◽  
Nicola Condelli ◽  
Nazarena Cela ◽  
Luigi Lucini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Wide Range

The nutritional quality of animal products is strongly related to their fatty acid content and composition. Nowadays, attention is paid to the possibility of producing healthier foods of animal origin by intervening in animal feed. In this field, the use of condensed tannins as dietary supplements in animal nutrition is becoming popular due to their wide range of biological effects related, among others, to their ability to modulate the rumen biohydrogenation and biofortify, through the improvement of the fatty acids profile, the derivate food products. Unfortunately, tannins are characterized by strong astringency and low bioavailability. These disadvantages could be overcome through the microencapsulation in protective matrices. With this in mind, the optimal conditions for microencapsulation of a polyphenolic extract rich in condensed tannins by spray drying using a blend of maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA) as shell material were investigated. For this purpose, after the extract characterization, through spectrophotometer assays and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-QTOF) mass spectrometry, a central composite design (CCD) was employed to investigate the combined effects of core:shell and MD:GA ratio on the microencapsulation process. The results obtained were used to develop second-order polynomial regression models on different responses, namely encapsulation yield, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and tannin content. The formulation characterized by a core:shell ratio of 1.5:5 and MD:GA ratio of 4:6 was selected as the optimized one with a loading capacity of 17.67%, encapsulation efficiency of 76.58%, encapsulation yield of 35.69%, and tannin concentration of 14.46 g/100 g. Moreover, in vitro release under varying pH of the optimized formulation was carried out with results that could improve the use of microencapsulated condensed tannins in animal nutrition for the biofortification of derivates.

scholarly journals Expression of Bacillus ginsengihumi M2.11 bacterial phytase by recombinant Pichia pastoris strains

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 07013
Author(s):  
Daria L. Itkina ◽  
Aliya D. Suleymanova ◽  
Margarita R. Sharipova
Keyword(s):  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Wide Range

Phytic acid is the main storage form of organic phosphorus. Due to its structural features, phosphorus in phytate is inaccessible for assimilation by animals. Moreover, remaining inaccessible reservoir of phosphorus for animal nutrition, phytic acid is capable of forming insoluble complex salts, which lead to soil and water pollution. Мicrobial enzymes - phytases, capable of decomposing phytic acid to organic phosphorus are being used as feed additives in animal nutrition to solve this problem. Thus, search and development of technologies for the production of enzymes on an industrial scale are the most urgent. Methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris are widely used in biotechnology, as an efficient system for the recombinant proteins expression. They have many advantages, including rapid growth on inexpensive media, a wide range of molecular tools for genetic manipulation in optimizing production processes, they are safe for humans and animals, carry-out many post-translational modifications and produce recombinant proteins intracellularly or extracellularly within a short period of time. It was found that the recombinant P. pastoris strains pPINK-LC-α-MF -phyC, pPINK-HC-α-amyl -phyC, pPINK-LC-α-amyl -phyC, pPINK-HC-α-MF -phyC are able to produce and to secrete B. ginsengihumi bacterial phytase M 2.11 phyC. The maximum activity was observed in the pPINK-LC-α-MF strain – 2.6 (U / mg). Recombinant B. ginsengihumi M 2.11 phytases exhibited high activity in a wide pH range from 2.5 to 9.0. The MF-phyC-HC construction is pH stable. The temperature optimum of all recombinant phytases corresponds to 37 ° C; recombinant phytases retain their activity in the range from -80 to 90C.

scholarly journals Some Aspects of Using Clinoptilolite in Calves Feeding

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
Alyona Anatolyevna Zelenchenkova ◽  
Roman Vladimirovich Nekrasov ◽  
Magomed Gazievich Chabaev ◽  
Konstantin Sergeevich Ostrenko
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Natural Mineral ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Experimental Group

The use of clinoptilolite is an effective means of increasing the gain and live weight of calves. The application does not cause difficulties in the methods of introducing the additive to calves. Natural clinoptilolites of various deposits are presented in a wide range on the feed additives market. Aims: The objective of the work was to study the effectiveness of natural mineral clinoptilolite on physiological and zootechnical indicators of growth and development of calves. Methodology: The study was carried out on 39 clinically healthy Holsteinized black-and-white calves selected at random, 13 animals per group. For 85 days, the calves of the experimental group received a basic diet enriched with natural mineral clinoptilolite to increase the efficiency of growth and development at a dosage of 25-50 and 50-100 g / head / day. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein at the end of the supplement feeding (n = 5) for physiological, biochemical and immunological studies. Results: In the course of the study, it was found that in the experimental groups there were higher gains in live weight by 7.3 and 4.7% in comparison the control, and low feed costs per 1 kg of gain. Feeding clinoptilolite promoted an increase in the concentration of Ca in the blood of calves of the dairy period by 14.2% (p <0.05), an increase in phagocytic activity by 4.87 (p <0.05), the phagocytic number was higher by 0.20 (p < 0.05) units. Conclusion: The totality of the information presented confirms the physiological adequacy for calves to the introduction of natural mineral clinoptilolite in the indicated dosages.

scholarly journals Enhancing unsaturated fatty acids in ewe's milk by feeding rapeseed or linseed oil

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 496-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cieslak ◽  
J. Kowalczyk ◽  
M. Czauderna ◽  
A. Potkanski ◽  
M. Szumacher-Strabel
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Conditions

The aim of our research was to evaluate whether rapeseed and linseed oils used as feed additives to ewe's diets allow to achieve the higher secretion of unsaturated fatty acids into milk with extended emphasis on the conjugated linoleic acid concentration. Two experiments were carried out on 6 lactating ewes in two independent 3 &times; 3 Latin square designs. In each feeding cycle the animals were subjected to one of the treatments: (1) without oil supplementation, (2) with 3.5% of rapeseed oil (RS) or linseed oil (LS), (3) with 7.0% of rapeseed oil or linseed oil. Feeding diets rich in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids to lactating ewes under our experimental conditions resulted in demanded changes in milk fatty acid content without causing milk fat depression or modification of other milk constituents. Milk fat was improved in unsaturated fatty acids including C18:2 c9 t11 CLA isomer without changing the milk fat concentration. The C18:2 c9 t11 concentration increased from 0.03 (FAME, %) in the control group to 0.21 and 0.12 (FAME, %) in groups receiving 3.5 and 7% RS, respectively. The diet with 7% LS also elevated the C18:2 c9 t11 level in milk from 0.04 (FAME, %) in the control group to 0.11 (FAME, %). Hence a conclusion is drawn that plant oils may be an important source of monoenic and also polyenic fatty acids in milk, however, our research and analysis of literature data indicate that results are strictly dietary and supplement-dependent.

scholarly journals Enhancing unsaturated fatty acids in ewe's milk by feeding rapeseed or linseed oil

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 496-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cieslak ◽  
J. Kowalczyk ◽  
M. Czauderna ◽  
A. Potkanski ◽  
M. Szumacher-Strabel
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Conditions

The aim of our research was to evaluate whether rapeseed and linseed oils used as feed additives to ewe's diets allow to achieve the higher secretion of unsaturated fatty acids into milk with extended emphasis on the conjugated linoleic acid concentration. Two experiments were carried out on 6 lactating ewes in two independent 3 &times; 3 Latin square designs. In each feeding cycle the animals were subjected to one of the treatments: (1) without oil supplementation, (2) with 3.5% of rapeseed oil (RS) or linseed oil (LS), (3) with 7.0% of rapeseed oil or linseed oil. Feeding diets rich in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids to lactating ewes under our experimental conditions resulted in demanded changes in milk fatty acid content without causing milk fat depression or modification of other milk constituents. Milk fat was improved in unsaturated fatty acids including C18:2 c9 t11 CLA isomer without changing the milk fat concentration. The C18:2 c9 t11 concentration increased from 0.03 (FAME, %) in the control group to 0.21 and 0.12 (FAME, %) in groups receiving 3.5 and 7% RS, respectively. The diet with 7% LS also elevated the C18:2 c9 t11 level in milk from 0.04 (FAME, %) in the control group to 0.11 (FAME, %). Hence a conclusion is drawn that plant oils may be an important source of monoenic and also polyenic fatty acids in milk, however, our research and analysis of literature data indicate that results are strictly dietary and supplement-dependent.

scholarly journals Milk yield and composition from ewes fed diets containing narasin and their lambs’ performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 854-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lairana A Sardinha ◽  
Rodrigo S Marques ◽  
Alexandre A Miszura ◽  
José Paulo R Barroso ◽  
Gabriela B Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Plasma Urea

Abstract The changes promoted by feed additives in ruminal fermentation, especially increasing the availability of propionate, can improve the energy balance of an animal, which is of great importance in the lactation period. This trial aimed to evaluate the inclusion of narasin in the diet of lactating ewes on milk yield, composition, dry matter intake (DMI), and plasma metabolites of the ewes and growth rate of lambs. Thirty-two lactating ewes (59.0 ± 2.42 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets contained 500 g/kg of dry matter (DM) of coast cross (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers) hay and 500 g/kg DM of concentrate, and the treatments were: N0—no narasin inclusion; N13—inclusion of 13 mg of narasin/kg DM. Once a week, from week 2 to 10 of lactation, ewes were separated from their lambs, injected with oxytocin, and milked mechanically to empty the udder. After 3 h, the milk production was recorded, using the same procedure, and sampled to evaluate the composition. The blood samples were taken weekly, 4 h after feeding. The average daily gain (ADG) and starter DMI of the lambs were evaluated weekly from week 2 to 12 of age. The inclusion of narasin did not affect (P = 0.93) DMI of ewes; however, it increased milk production (P &lt; 0.01) and feed efficiency (P = 0.02; FE). Ewes fed N13 had a greater milk fat (P &lt; 0.01), protein (P &lt; 0.01), lactose (P = 0.04), and total solids production (P &lt; 0.01). Narasin inclusion in ewe’s diet increased plasma glucose concentration (P = 0.05) at weeks 8, 9 and 10; however, there was no effect on plasma urea concentration (P = 0.96). The lambs of N0 ewes had a greater starter DMI (P &lt; 0.01) at weeks 7, 8, 9, and 10; however, the ADG and body weight at weaning and after weaning were similar between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). The results showed that the inclusion of 13 mg of narasin/kg DM improved the milk production and FE of the ewes without altering the composition of the milk. The lower initial consumption of concentrate by N13 lambs before weaning was caused by the higher production of milk. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate the possible productive gain with the inclusion of narasin in diets for lactating ewes.

scholarly journals Milk quality of Jersey cows kept on winter pasture supplemented or not with concentrate

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1983-1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helenice de Lima Gonzalez ◽  
Ione Maria Pereira Haygert Velho ◽  
Marcelo Abreu da Silva ◽  
Renato Borges de Medeiros ◽  
Nilton Rodrigues Paim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Grazing System ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Jersey Cows

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the use of supplementation in pasture cultivated with Avena strigosa (black oats), Lolium multiflorum (ryegrass) and Vicia sativa L. (common vetch) on the composition and somatic cells count (SCC) of Jersey cow milk. Eight cows of the Jersey breed were separated by milk production, lactation period and live weight and were randomly blocked into two homogeneous groups (one with supplementation and other only on pasture), in a randomized complete design. Both groups were allowed to pasture for about 7 hours per day in a rotational grazing system in strips, with a one-day occupation period. The supplemented group was fed daily with 8 kg of supplement made of soy bean meal, soy shells, calcium limestone and mineral salt. The results showed significant differences between the two groups, because the percentage of total solids, protein and milk fat were higher in the supplemented cows. The lactose percentage was not influenced by the supplement intake. The somatic cell count, although there was a lower statistical difference for the group on pasture, showed small numerical oscillation between the groups and therefore should not be considered an effect of supplementation. The supplement supply to Jersey cows during lactation caused an increase in the total milk solid percentage, because it raised the fat and protein concentration.

MILK PRODUCTIVITY AND REPRODUCTIVE QUALITIES OF FIRST-CALF COWS OF THE SCHWYZ BREED AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FEEDING

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1036-1044
Author(s):  
O.K. Gogaev ◽  
◽  
T.A. Kadieva ◽  
A.R. Demurova ◽  
D.K. Ikoeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Additional Dose ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
The Difference

An important problem in organizing full-fledged feeding of cows is to establish the optimal level of energy nutrition, taking into account productivity, age and lactation period. The studies were carried out in the conditions of the foothill zone of the North Caucasus. 45 first-calf cows of the Schwyz breed were selected, from which three groups (15 heads in each) were formed according to the principle of pairs of analogues, taking into account age, live weight and body condition. The animals of the first group were control animals, and they received a diet that corresponds to the detailed norms (2003) of the All-Russia Institute of Animal Husbandry (ВИЖ). The rations for first-calf cows consisted of leguminous-cereal hay, corn silage, herb haylage, and compound feed. The basic feeds of the diet were given in equal amounts to cows of all groups. The second and third experimental groups during the period of milking received rations in which the level of energy supply was increased by 10 and 20%, respectively. Corn fodder meal was used as additional feeding. In terms of nutritional value, this was 0.92 and 1.84 EFU (0.7 and 1.4 kg), respectively. It was found that the introduction of an additional dose of energy feed (10 and 20% of corn flour) into the feeding ration of experienced first-calf cows contributed to an increase in milk yield in the first 100 days of lactation by 11.5 and 14%, respectively, as well as to some improvement in the quality indicators of milk. For example, in terms of milk fat content, cows from the experimental groups exceeded the control group by 0.06–0.08%, and in terms of milk fat yield, the difference between the groups was 10.9–16.6 kg. The protein content is 0.04–0.08%. The difference in the yield of milk protein is 9.1–14.9 kg. The duration of the interbody period was 6–8 days shorter than in the control group. The introduction of an additional dose of energy feed into the diet reduced the service period by 10–12 days, the frequency of inseminations by 0.3–0.5, and an increase in calf yield by 2–3%.

Relationships among macro-minerals, other selected serum markers of bone profile and milk components of dairy cows during late-lactation

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryszard Mordak ◽  
Zbigniew Dobrzański ◽  
Robert Kupczyński
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
Macro Mineral

AbstractTesting blood and milk parameters as well as analysing the relationships among these markers is very useful for monitoring the internal homeostasis and health in high-yielding dairy cows during various production periods. The aim of the study was to assess the correlations (relationships) among macro-minerals, such as calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), other selected bone profile markers, such as total protein (TP), albumin, activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) measured in serum and selected milk components such as number of somatic cells (SCC), colony-forming units (CFU), milk fat (MF), milk protein (MP), milk lactose (ML), dry matter (DM), non-fat dry matter (FDM) and milk production in late-lactation cows. Both blood and milk samples were collected from 11 clinically healthy milking cows during the late-lactation period. The cows were examined once a day for 3 consecutive days resulting in 33 sets of blood and milk samples for laboratory and statistical analysis. Significant correlations were observed between: Mg and MP, Mg and FDM, ALP and SCC, TP and SCC, TP and MP, TP and FDM, albumin and MP, albumin and FDM, P and Mg, Mg and albumin, and between TP and albumin. When monitoring macro-mineral homeostasis and mammary gland health, especially in intensively fed high-yielding dairy cows correlations between these markers should be considered. The revealed correlations can allow for deeper comparative laboratory diagnostics of homeostasis and can be especially useful for laboratory monitoring of the potential risk of subclinical macro-mineral deficiency in high-yielding dairy cows.

The way of value of Correlation of genomic DNA microsatellite loci and live weight of Chukchi reindeer

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
V. Dodokhov ◽  
N. Pavlova ◽  
T. Rumyantseva ◽  
L. Kalashnikova
Keyword(s):  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Tribal Community ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dna Microsatellite

The article presents the genetic characteristic of the Chukchi reindeer breed. The object of the study was of the Chukchi reindeer. In recent years, the number of reindeer of the Chukchi breed has declined sharply. Reduced reindeer numbers could lead to biodiversity loss. The Chukchi breed of deer has good meat qualities, has high germination viability and is adapted in adverse tundra conditions of Yakutia. Herding of the Chukchi breed of deer in Yakutia are engaged only in the Nizhnekolymsky district. There are four generic communities and the largest of which is the agricultural production cooperative of nomadic tribal community «Turvaurgin», which was chosen to assess the genetic processes of breed using microsatellite markers: Rt6, BMS1788, Rt 30, Rt1, Rt9, FCB193, Rt7, BMS745, C 143, Rt24, OheQ, C217, C32, NVHRT16, T40, C276. It was found that microsatellite markers have a wide range of alleles and generally have a high informative value for identifying of genetic differences between animals and groups of animal. The number of identified alleles is one of the indicators of the genetic diversity of the population. The total number of detected alleles was 127. The Chukchi breed of deer is characterized by a high level of heterozygosity, and the random crossing system prevails over inbreeding in the population. On average, there were 7.9 alleles (Na) per locus, and the mean number of effective alleles (Ne) was 4.1. The index of fixation averaged 0.001. The polymorphism index (PIC) ranged from 0.217 to 0.946, with an average of 0.695.

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