scholarly journals An Overview: The Toxicity of Ageratina adenophora on Animals and Its Possible Interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11581
Author(s):  
Zhihua Ren ◽  
Samuel Kumi Okyere ◽  
Juan Wen ◽  
Lei Xie ◽  
Yujing Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Invasive Weeds ◽  
Ecosystem Research ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
Ageratina Adenophora ◽  
Therapeutic Measures

Ageratina adenophora is one of the major invasive weeds that causes instability of the ecosystem. Research has reported that A. adenophora produces allelochemicals that inhibit the growth and development of food crops, and also contain some toxic compounds that cause toxicity to animals that consume it. Over the past decades, studies on the identification of major toxic compounds of A. adenophora and their toxic molecular mechanisms have been reported. In addition, weed control interventions, such as herbicides application, was employed to reduce the spread of A. adenophora. However, the development of therapeutic and prophylactic measures to treat the various A. adenophora—induced toxicities, such as hepatotoxicity, splenotoxicity and other related disorders, have not been established to date. The main toxic pathogenesis of A. adenophora is oxidative stress and inflammation. However, numerous studies have verified that some extracts and secondary metabolites isolated from A. adenophora possess anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation activities, which implies that these extracts can relieve toxicity and aid in the development of drug or feed supplements to treat poisoning-related disorders caused by A. adenophora. Furthermore, beneficial bacteria isolated from rumen microbes and A. adenophora can degrade major toxic compounds in A. adenophora so as to be developed into microbial feed additives to help ameliorate toxicity mediated by A. adenophora. This review presents an overview of the toxic mechanisms of A. adenophora, provides possible therapeutic strategies that are available to mitigate the toxicity of A. adenophora and introduces relevant information on identifying novel prophylactic and therapeutic measures against A. adenophora—induced toxicity.

Infections caused by medical products at longterm nursing care

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Hardy Thorsten Panknin
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Care ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Therapeutic Measures

Nosocomial infections in the elderly, often suffering from many ailments, patients in homes for the disabled and the old are among the problematic diseases that specialized nursing staff and doctors have to deal with more often in such institutions. Review work from the USA introduces relevant information about infectious risks, as well as possible preventive and therapeutic measures.

Influence of Plant Bioactive Compounds on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier in Poultry

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 566-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amlan Kumar Patra
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Poultry Feeding

Natural plant bioactive compounds (PBC) have recently been explored as feed additives to improve productivity, health and welfare of poultry following ban or restriction of in-feed antibiotic use. Depending upon the types of PBC, they possess antimicrobial, digestive enzyme secretion stimulation, antioxidant and many pharmacological properties, which are responsible for beneficial effects in poultry production. Moreover, they may also improve the intestinal barrier function and nutrient transport. In this review, the effects of different PBC on the barrier function, permeability of intestinal epithelia and their mechanism of actions are discussed, focusing on poultry feeding. Dietary PBC may regulate intestinal barrier function through several molecular mechanisms by interacting with different metabolic cascades and cellular transcription signals, which may then modulate expressions of genes and their proteins in the tight junction (e.g., claudins, occludin and junctional adhesion molecules), adherens junction (e.g., E-cadherin), other intercellular junctional proteins (e.g., zonula occludens and catenins), and regulatory proteins (e.g., kinases). Interactive effects of PBC on immunomodulation via expressions of several cytokines, chemokines, complement components, pattern recognition receptors and their transcription factors and cellular immune system, and alteration of mucin gene expressions and goblet cell abundances in the intestine may change barrier functions. The effects of PBC are not consistent among the studies depending upon the type and dose of PBC, physiological conditions and parts of the intestine in chickens. An effective concentration in diets and specific molecular mechanisms of PBC need to be elucidated to understand intestinal barrier functionality in a better way in poultry feeding.

scholarly journals Discovery of MicroRNAs and Their Target Genes Related to Drought in Paulownia “Yuza 1” by High-Throughput Sequencing

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minjie Deng ◽  
Yabing Cao ◽  
Zhenli Zhao ◽  
Lu Yang ◽  
Yanfang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Putative Target

Understanding the role of miRNAs in regulating the molecular mechanisms responsive to drought stress was studied in Paulownia “yuza 1.” Two small RNA libraries and two degradome libraries were, respectively, constructed and sequenced in order to detect miRNAs and their target genes associated with drought stress. A total of 107 miRNAs and 42 putative target genes were identified in this study. Among them, 77 miRNAs were differentially expressed between drought-treated Paulownia “yuza 1” and the control (60 downregulated and 17 upregulated). The predicted target genes were annotated using the GO, KEGG, and Nr databases. According to the functional classification of the target genes, Paulownia “yuza 1” may respond to drought stress via plant hormone signal transduction, photosynthesis, and osmotic adjustment. Furthermore, the expression levels of seven miRNAs (ptf-miR157b, ptf-miR159b, ptf-miR398a, ptf-miR9726a, ptf-M2153, ptf-M2218, and ptf-M24a) and their corresponding target genes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. The results provide relevant information for understanding the molecular mechanism of Paulownia resistance to drought and reference data for researching drought resistance of other trees.

scholarly journals Rumen Sampling Methods Bias Bacterial Communities Observed

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill V. Hagey ◽  
Maia Laabs ◽  
Elizabeth A. Maga ◽  
Edward J. DePeters
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Stomach Tube ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Lower Abundance ◽  
The Family

AbstractThe rumen is a complex ecosystem that plays a critical role in our efforts to improve feed efficiency of cattle and reduce their environmental impacts. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene provides a powerful tool to survey shifts in the microbial community in response to feed additives and dietary changes. Oral stomach tubing a cow for a rumen sample is a rapid, cost-effective alternative to rumen cannulation for acquiring rumen samples. In this study, we determined how sampling method, as well as type of sample collected (liquid vs solid), bias the microbial populations observed. The abundance of major archaeal populations was not different at the family level in samples acquired via rumen cannula or stomach tube. Liquid samples were enriched for the order WCHB1-41 (phylum Kiritimatiellaeota) as well as the family Prevotellaceae and had significantly lower abundance of Lachnospiraceae compared with grab samples from the rumen cannula. Solid samples most closely resembled the grab samples; therefore, inclusion of particulate matter is important for an accurate representation of the rumen microbes. Stomach tube samples were the most variable and were most representative of the liquid phase. In comparison with a grab sample, stomach tube samples had significantly lower abundance of Lachnospiraceae, Fibrobacter and Treponema. Fecal samples did not reflect the community composition of the rumen, as fecal samples had significantly higher relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae and significantly lower relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae compared with samples from the rumen.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows: Insights into the Mechanistic Mode of Actions and Mitigating Strategies

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1918
Author(s):  
Aurele Gnetegha Ayemele ◽  
Mekonnen Tilahun ◽  
Sun Lingling ◽  
Samy Abdelaziz Elsaadawy ◽  
Zitai Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Antioxidant Genes

This review examines several molecular mechanisms underpinning oxidative stress in ruminants and their effects on blood and milk oxidative traits. We also investigate strategies to alleviate or repair oxidative damages by improving animal immune functions using novel feed additives. Microbial pathogenic cells, feeding management, and body condition score were some of the studied factors, inducing oxidative stress in ruminants. The predominance of Streptococcus spp. (24.22%), Acinetobacter spp. (21.37%), Romboutsia spp. (4.99%), Turicibacter spp., (2.64%), Stenotrophomonas spp. (2.33%), and Enterococcus spp. (1.86%) was found in the microbiome of mastitis cows with a decrease of d-mannose and increase of xanthine:guanine ratio when Streptococcus increased. Diversity of energy sources favoring the growth of Fusobacterium make it a keystone taxon contributing to metritis. Ruminal volatile fatty acids rose with high-concentrate diets that decreased the ruminal pH, causing a lysis of rumen microbes and release of endotoxins. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased in high concentrate cows accompanied by a reduction of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activity. In addition, albumin and paraoxonase concentrations were inversely related to oxidative stress and contributed to the protection of low-density and high-density lipoproteins against lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, and lactoperoxidase. High concentrate diets increased the expression of MAPK pro-inflammatory genes and decreased the expression of antioxidant genes and proteins in mammary epithelial tissues. The expression levels of NrF2, NQO1, MT1E, UGT1A1, MGST3, and MT1A were downregulated, whereas NF-kB was upregulated with a high-grain or high concentrate diet. Amino-acids, vitamins, trace elements, and plant extracts have shown promising results through enhancing immune functions and repairing damaged cells exposed to oxidative stress. Further studies comparing the long-term effect of synthetic feed additives and natural plant additives on animal health and physiology remain to be investigated.

scholarly journals Nickel Promotes Biofilm Formation by Escherichia coli K-12 Strains That Produce Curli

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1723-1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Perrin ◽  
Romain Briandet ◽  
Gregory Jubelin ◽  
Philippe Lejeune ◽  
Marie-Andrée Mandrand-Berthelot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Transcriptional Effect ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Encoding Genes

ABSTRACT The survival of bacteria exposed to toxic compounds is a multifactorial phenomenon, involving well-known molecular mechanisms of resistance but also less-well-understood mechanisms of tolerance that need to be clarified. In particular, the contribution of biofilm formation to survival in the presence of toxic compounds, such as nickel, was investigated in this study. We found that a subinhibitory concentration of nickel leads Escherichia coli bacteria to change their lifestyle, developing biofilm structures rather than growing as free-floating cells. Interestingly, whereas nickel and magnesium both alter the global cell surface charge, only nickel promotes biofilm formation in our system. Genetic evidence indicates that biofilm formation induced by nickel is mediated by the transcriptional induction of the adhesive curli-encoding genes. Biofilm formation induced by nickel does not rely on efflux mechanisms using the RcnA pump, as these require a higher concentration of nickel to be activated. Our results demonstrate that the nickel-induced biofilm formation in E. coli is an adaptational process, occurring through a transcriptional effect on genes coding for adherence structures. The biofilm lifestyle is obviously a selective advantage in the presence of nickel, but the means by which it improves bacterial survival needs to be investigated.

The effect of essential oils of Zataria multiflora and Mentha spicata on the in vitro rumen fermentation, and growth and deaminative activity of amino acid-fermenting bacteria isolated from Mehraban sheep

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Taghavi-Nezhad ◽  
D. Alipour ◽  
M. D. Flythe ◽  
P. Zamani ◽  
G. Khodakaramian
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ammonia Production ◽  
Mentha Spicata ◽  
Zataria Multiflora ◽  
Rumen Microbes

Gas (CO2 and CH4) and ammonia production in the rumen represent major sources of lost carbon and nitrogen, respectively. The essential oils of some plants have been shown to decrease gas and ammonia production by selectively inhibiting rumen microbes. Particularly, those of Zataria multiflora (ZEO; thymol 21%, carvacrol 32%) and Mentha spicata (SEO; carvone 55%) were evaluated in vitro as ruminant-feed additives. The experiments employed mixed rumen microbes and a hyper-ammonia-producing bacterium (HAP) isolated from the rumen of a Mehraban sheep. Both ZEO and SEO decreased in vitro fibre digestibility and also gas production by mixed rumen microbes that were fermenting a typical growing-lamb diet. ZEO decreased ammonia concentration in mixed culture of rumen microbes, but SEO exerted the opposite effect. A bacterial isolate (MT8) was obtained from the rumen of a Mehraban sheep, and the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that it was most closely related to Clostridium bifermentans. Isolate MT8 exhibited rapid ammonia production when peptides were the growth substrate, which indicated that MT8 was a HAP. Both oils inhibited the growth and ammonia production of isolate MT8. However, ZEO decreased ammonia production at lower doses, and to a greater degree, than did SEO. These results indicated that both essential oils could potentially be used to modulate rumen fermentation. The detrimental effects on fibre digestion could be problematic in high-forage diets, and this requires further investigation. Isolate MT8 is the first described HAP from the Mehraban sheep rumen. Results on ammonia production by isolate MT8 and mixed rumen microbes indicate differential mode of action of each oil on this parameter.

scholarly journals Review on Multiple Facets of Drug Resistance: A Rising Challenge in the 21st Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-214
Author(s):  
Mousumi Saha ◽  
Agniswar Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Potential Threat

With the advancements of science, antibiotics have emerged as an amazing gift to the human and animal healthcare sectors for the treatment of bacterial infections and other diseases. However, the evolution of new bacterial strains, along with excessive use and reckless consumption of antibiotics have led to the unfolding of antibiotic resistances to an excessive level. Multidrug resistance is a potential threat worldwide, and is escalating at an extremely high rate. Information related to drug resistance, and its regulation and control are still very little. To interpret the onset of antibiotic resistances, investigation on molecular analysis of resistance genes, their distribution and mechanisms are urgently required. Fine-tuned research and resistance profile regarding ESKAPE pathogen is also necessary along with other multidrug resistant bacteria. In the present scenario, the interaction of bacterial infections with SARS-CoV-2 is also crucial. Tracking and in-silico analysis of various resistance mechanisms or gene/s are crucial for overcoming the problem, and thus, the maintenance of relevant databases and wise use of antibiotics should be promoted. Creating awareness of this critical situation among individuals at every level is important to strengthen the fight against this fast-growing calamity. The review aimed to provide detailed information on antibiotic resistance, its regulatory molecular mechanisms responsible for the resistance, and other relevant information. In this article, we tried to focus on the correlation between antimicrobial resistance and the COVID-19 pandemic. This study will help in developing new interventions, potential approaches, and strategies to handle the complexity of antibiotic resistance and prevent the incidences of life-threatening infections.

scholarly journals DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES AND THERAPEUTIC MEASURES FOR ASCARIASIS OF PIGS IN THE FARM OF FERZIKOVSKIY DISTRICT OF THE KALUGA REGION

2019 ◽  
pp. 410-415
Author(s):  
Nikanorova ◽  
Kalmykova
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Kaluga Region ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Farm ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

Today, various helminth infections, including nematode diseases, remain an urgent problem in many livestock farms in the regions of the Russian Federation. Pigs’ ascariasis is chronic helminth disease caused by a nematode species of Ascaris suum Ascarididae family, young and sexually mature forms of which parasitize in the small intestine of pigs, and the larvae infect the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, causing pathological changes of an allergic nature, bronchopneumonia, pleurisy, respiratory failure. Nematodes affect all types of animals, reduce the body’s natural resistance and productivity. Economic efficiency is significantly reduced due to rejection, costs of veterinary medical measures, sometimes mortality. Pigs’ ascariasis is often found even in farms that are prosperous under zoohygienic and sanitary conditions. Farms of the Kaluga region are doing a lot of preventive work, but often without taking into account the specific helminth situation in the individual farm. Helminthiasis often occurs in a dumb (latent) form and is not registered, while the effectiveness of therapeutic and prophylactic measures decreases. The article describes in detail the case of pigs’ ascariasis in the farm of Ferzikovskiy district of Kaluga region. Diagnostic comprehensive studies have been described for all age groups of animals in the household, including suckling pigs, weaned piglets, young stock, boars; sows, fattening animals. Analyzed medical measures are taken, conclusions regarding the elimination and prevention of the disease in a particular farm are made.

scholarly journals Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors as Potential Tumor Biomarkers in Genitourinary Cancers: a Review Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
Khalil Hajiasgharzadeh ◽  
Behzad Baradaran ◽  
Leili Aghebati Maleki ◽  
Alireza Khabbazi
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine ◽  
Multiple Tumor ◽  
Review Study ◽  
Genitourinary Cancers

The genitourinary tissues express the different subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are involved in many physiologic and pathologic processes. New studies have indicated the significant role of nAChRs in multiple tumor-related properties in different types of malignancies. Genitourinary cancers (GUCs) represent a heterogeneous population of cancers, in both histology and approach to treatment. nAChRs are functionally expressed by a variety of immune cells, tumor cells, and tumor-associated cells in the microenvironment of GUCs. In the current review study, publications until May 2021 were included in the literature review to summarize the potential effects and clinical and experimental significance of nAChRs in GUCs pathogenesis. The results yielded substantial and some paradoxical evidence regard the role of different subtypes of nAChRs as potential regulators and predictive biomarkers for GUCs. The accumulated evidence demonstrated that nAChRs levels were increased in the GUCs samples, which provides clinically relevant information on utilizing nAChRs as a new biomarker to improve the prognosis of these cancers. Also, activation or blockade of these receptors may lead to different downstream signaling pathways and cause diverse effects. Regarding the significant global burden of GUCs, evaluation of these receptors and delineating their molecular mechanisms could enrich our understanding of the biology of GUCs and may have new opportunities for clinical impacts.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document