Revealing the Usefulness of Aroma Networks to Explain Wine Aroma Properties: A Case Study of Portuguese Wines

Wine aroma is the result of complex interactions between volatile compounds and non-volatile ones and individual perception phenomenon. In this work, an aroma network approach, that links volatile composition (chromatographic data) with its corresponding aroma descriptors was used to explain the wine aroma properties. This concept was applied to six monovarietal wines from Bairrada Appellation (Portugal) and used as a case study. A comprehensive determination of the wines’ volatile composition was done (71 variables, i.e., volatile components), establishing a workflow that combines extraction techniques and gas chromatographic analysis. Then, a bipartite network-based approach consisting of two different nodes was built, one with 19 aroma descriptors, and the other with the corresponding volatile compound(s). To construct the aroma networks, the odor active values were calculated for each determined compound and combined with the bipartite network. Finally, the aroma network of each wine was compared with sensory descriptive analysis. The analysis of the specific aroma network of each wine revealed that Sauvignon Blanc and Arinto white wines present higher fruity (esters) and sweet notes (esters and C13 norisoprenoids) than Bical wine. Sauvignon Blanc also exhibits higher toasted aromas (thiols) while Arinto and Bical wines exhibit higher flowery (C13 norisoprenoids) and herbaceous notes (thiols), respectively. For red wines, sweet fruit aromas are the most abundant, especially for Touriga Nacional. Castelão and Touriga Nacional wines also present toasted aromas (thiols). Baga and Castelão wines also exhibit fusel/alcohol notes (alcohols). The proposed approach establishes a chemical aroma fingerprint (aroma ID) for each type of wine, which may be further used to estimate wine aroma characteristics by projection of the volatile composition on the aroma network.

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Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Vidal Icewines Fermented with Different Yeast Strains

Fermentation ◽

10.3390/fermentation7040211 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 211

Author(s):

Ke Tang ◽

Yulu Sun ◽

Xiaoqian Zhang ◽

Jiming Li ◽

Yan Xu

Keyword(s):

Volatile Compounds ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Current Status ◽

Volatile Components ◽

Quantitative Descriptive Analysis ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

Yeast Strains ◽

Aroma Characteristics ◽

Quantitative Descriptive ◽

Sensory Profiles

The aim of this study is to comprehensively investigate the aroma composition and sensory attributes of Vidal icewine fermented with four yeast strains (ST, K1, EC1118, and R2). A total of 485 kinds of volatile components were identified by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry, among which 347 kinds of volatile compounds were the same in four kinds of sample. The heat map was conducted with 156 volatile compounds, which have aroma contributions, and the analysis results identified the characteristics of the aroma composition of icewine fermented with different yeasts. Quantitative descriptive analysis was performed with a trained panel to obtain the sensory profiles. The aroma attributes of honey and nut of the icewine fermented by R2 were much higher than others. Partial least squares discriminant analysis further provided 40 compounds that were mainly responsible for the differences of the aroma characteristics of the icewines fermented by four yeasts. This study provides more data on the current status of Vidal icewines by main commercial yeasts.

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Aromatic Volatile Composition of Celery and Celeriac Cultivars

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.5.556 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 556-559 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Fredy Van Wassenhove ◽

Patrick Dirinck ◽

Georges Vulsteke ◽

Niceas Schamp

Keyword(s):

Volatile Compounds ◽

Chromatographic Method ◽

Apium Graveolens ◽

Volatile Components ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Qualitative Composition ◽

Volatile Composition ◽

Wide Range ◽

Gas Chromatographic Method ◽

Identification And Quantification

A two-dimensional capillary gas chromatographic method was developed to separate and quantify aromatic volatiles of celery in one analysis. The isolation, identification, and quantification of the volatile compounds of four cultivars of blanching celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce) and six cultivars of celeriac (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum) are described. The qualitative composition of Likens-Nickerson extracts of both cultivars is similar. The concentration of terpenes and phthalides, the key volatile components, found in various cultivars of both celery and celeriac varied over a wide range.

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An Approach of the Madeira Wine Chemistry

Beverages ◽

10.3390/beverages6010012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rosa Perestrelo ◽

Catarina Silva ◽

Carolina Gonçalves ◽

Mariangie Castillo ◽

José S. Câmara

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Least Squares ◽

Partial Least Squares ◽

Chemical Reactions ◽

Ageing Process ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Wine Aroma ◽

Least Squares Regression ◽

Volatile Composition

Madeira wine is a fortified Portuguese wine, which has a crucial impact on the Madeira Island economy. The particular properties of Madeira wine result from the unique and specific winemaking and ageing processes that promote the occurrence of chemical reactions among acids, sugars, alcohols, and polyphenols, which are important to the extraordinary quality of the wine. These chemical reactions contribute to the appearance of novel compounds and/or the transformation of others, consequently promoting changes in qualitative and quantitative volatile and non-volatile composition. The current review comprises an overview of Madeira wines related to volatile (e.g., terpenes, norisoprenoids, alcohols, esters, fatty acids) and non-volatile composition (e.g., polyphenols, organic acids, amino acids, biogenic amines, and metals). Moreover, types of aroma compounds, the contribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the overall Madeira wine aroma, the change of their content during the ageing process, as well as the establishment of the potential ageing markers will also be reviewed. The viability of several analytical methods (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToFMS)) combined with chemometrics tools (e.g., partial least squares regression (PLS-R), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was investigated to establish potential ageing markers to guarantee the Madeira wine authenticity. Acetals, furanic compounds, and lactones are the chemical families most commonly related with the ageing process.

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Investigation into the Cause of Iron-Related Clogging of Groundwater Bores Used for Viticulture in the Limestone Coast, South Australia

Water ◽

10.3390/w13050683 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 683

Author(s):

Birte Moser ◽

Meruyert Beknazarova ◽

Harriet Whiley ◽

Thilini Piushani Keerthirathne ◽

Nikki Harrington ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Groundwater Resources ◽

South Australia ◽

Water Levels ◽

Clear Correlation ◽

Problem Analysis ◽

Persistent Problem ◽

Root Cause ◽

Complex Interactions ◽

Iron Manganese

Iron-related clogging of boreholes, pumps and dripper lines is a significant and costly problem for irrigators worldwide. The primary cause of iron-related clogging is still debated. Previous studies have described complex interactions between biological clogging and inorganic iron/manganese oxide precipitation. This case study examined groundwater bores used for viticulture irrigation in the Limestone Coast region, a highly productive wine growing area in the SE of South Australia. Iron clogging of bore screens, pumps and dripper systems has been a persistent problem in the region and the issue is perceived to be growing, with irrigators suggesting the widespread introduction of iron-related bacteria (IRB) through drilling equipment to be the root cause of the problem. Analysis of the groundwater microbiology and inorganic chemistry found no apparent correlation between the presence of IRB and the clogging status of wells. In fact, IRB proved to be widespread throughout the limestone aquifer. However, a clear correlation could be found between clogging affected bores and the redox potential of the groundwater with the most severely affected bores strongly oversaturated in respect to iron oxide minerals. Elevated dissolved concentrations of Fe(II) thereby tended to be found in deeper bores, which also were generally more recently drilled. Following decades of less than average rainfall, a tendency to deepen bores in response to widespread declines in water levels has been documented for the SE of South Australia. The gradually widening clogging problem in the region is postulated to be related to the changes in climate in the region, with irrigators increasingly driven to rely on deeper, anoxic iron-rich groundwater resources.

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What Kind of People Use Carsharing for Commuting? Case Study in Shanghai

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198119841045 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2673 (5) ◽

pp. 770-778 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jianhong Ye ◽

Daoge Wang ◽

Hua Zhang ◽

Hong Yang

Keyword(s):

High Frequency ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

User Characteristics ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Highly Educated ◽

Suburban Areas ◽

Commuting Mode ◽

Study Offer

Carsharing as a service has been growing rapidly worldwide. Its expansion has drawn wide attention in the research community with regard to the underlying driving factors and user characteristics. Despite these extensive investigations, there are still limited studies focusing on the examination of users using carsharing as a commuting mode. The answers to questions such as what kind of people would like to use carsharing for commuting and why they frequently use carsharing to commute are not clear. To enrich our understanding of these problems, this paper aims to investigate carsharing commuters in a mega city. Specifically, it intends to integrate the actual user order data with survey data from 1,920 participants to uncover the characteristics of carsharing commuters. Data from the Evcard carsharing systems in Shanghai were explicitly analyzed. Through descriptive analysis and logistic regression models, the characteristics and critical factors that affect the choice of carsharing as a commuting mode were captured. The results show that: 1. carsharing commuters mostly live or work in suburban areas in which public transport accessibility is limited; 2. carsharing commuters are more likely to be highly educated, in a higher income bracket, and older than other carsharing members; 3. high-frequency carsharing commuters own a reduced number of private cars; and 4. those high-frequency carsharing commuters with higher income are less sensitive to the carsharing costs caused by congestion. The findings in the study offer some insights into carsharing commuters and provide some supportive information for considering policies in developing carsharing systems in urban areas.

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Model-Based Control Design and Integration of Cyberphysical Systems: An Adaptive Cruise Control Case Study

Journal of Control Science and Engineering ◽

10.1155/2013/678016 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Emeka Eyisi ◽

Zhenkai Zhang ◽

Xenofon Koutsoukos ◽

Joseph Porter ◽

Gabor Karsai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adaptive Cruise Control ◽

Control Design ◽

Systematic Design ◽

Cyberphysical Systems ◽

Cruise Control ◽

Automotive Control ◽

Experimental Platform ◽

Complex Interactions ◽

Systematic Methodology

The systematic design of automotive control applications is a challenging problem due to lack of understanding of the complex and tight interactions that often manifest during the integration of components from the control design phase with the components from software generation and deployment on actual platform/network. In order to address this challenge, we present a systematic methodology and a toolchain using well-defined models to integrate components from various design phases with specific emphasis on restricting the complex interactions that manifest during integration such as timing, deployment, and quantization. We present an experimental platform for the evaluation and testing of the design process. The approach is applied to the development of an adaptive cruise control, and we present experimental results that demonstrate the efficacy of the approach.

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Savings Habit Among Individuals in the Informal Sector: A Case Study of Gbegbeyishie Fishing Community in Ghana

International Journal of Economics and Finance ◽

10.5539/ijef.v9n4p262 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 262 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bismark Addai ◽

Adjei Gyamfi Gyimah ◽

Wendy Kumah Boadi Owusu

Keyword(s):

Informal Sector ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Probit Model ◽

Economic Conditions ◽

Fishing Communities ◽

Fishing Community ◽

Earning Capacity ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Positive Effect

Savings among individuals in the informal sector is imperatively expedient if they are to have any decent and comfortable living conditions at retirement as savings in the informal sector become the obvious substitute for formal pensions. However, much is not known regarding the savings habits of informal sector, particularly, the fishing communities in Ghana. Apparently, this study investigates into the determinants of savings habit of the informal sector in Ghana, using the case of the Gbegbeyishie Fishing community. The data for the study was obtained through administering questionnaires and interviewing targeted respondents. A 120 sample size was randomly drawn from Gbegbeyishie fishing community in Ghana. This study employs the probit model in estimating the determinants of savings in the informal sector. SPSS and STATA statistical packages were employed in descriptive analysis and estimation of the probit model respectively.It is glaring in this study that age, gender and income are statistically significant conditions for savings in the informal sector. It is also evincing in this study that Age has a significant negative effect on savings and aging decreases the propensity to save by 0.1577656. On the other hand, income has statistically significant positive effect on savings and that a one unit change in the income variable increases the propensity to save by 0.1292502. Also, the probability for a male, all other factors held constant, to save is higher than for a female to save and being a man increases the propensity to save by 0.2024894. The study also revealed that the main hindrance to savings in the Gbegbeyishie Fishing Community is Low income.As a result, the authors recommend that men and married people should be targeted whiles paying little attention to the aged in stimulating savings among fishing communities in Ghana. Educational programs could also be organized for the workers in the informal sector as most of the workers have no education which could hinder their income earning capacity and for that matter savings. Further research could also be engineered to consider macro-economic conditions for savings habit in Ghana.

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Provision of public services by Slovak local governments - Case study social protection – old age: A supply demand mismatch?

10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-50 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tomáš Černěnko ◽

Klaudia Glittová

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Old Age ◽

Local Governments ◽

Public Services ◽

Social Protection ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

The Elderly ◽

Provision Of Services

The aim of the paper is to describe the supply of public services in the field of social protection - old age (represented by expenditures in group 10, class 2 of COFOG classification) in relation to the demand for these services represented by the population in the age group 62+ related to the size and region of the local government unit. The analysis of supply and demand takes place at the level of individual local governments and the results are then presented in relation to the size of the municipality and the region. Two approaches were used for the analysis. The first focuses on the description of the current situation through the categorization of local governments according to the approach to the provision of services, and the second consists in regression analysis. The results of the regression analysis suggest that the size of the municipality and the region do not play as important a role in terms of access to the provision of the examined services as indicated by the first, descriptive analysis. To find a "pattern" for local authorities to decide on access to services for the elderly, further research will be needed that takes into account several socio-economic indicators.

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History Teaching Approaches Preferred by Turkish and Russian History Teachers

World Journal of Education ◽

10.5430/wje.v11n1p62 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 62

Author(s):

Osman Akhan

Keyword(s):

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Thinking Skills ◽

Russian History ◽

History Teachers ◽

History Teaching ◽

Classroom Activities ◽

Questionnaire Form ◽

Academic Year ◽

E Mail

The purpose of this research is to determine the opinions of Turkish and Russian history teachers regarding teaching of history, and to present, on a comparative basis, the understanding of history in the two countries as well as the methods of history teaching preferred by the teachers there. The research was designed as a case study, which is one of the qualitative research methods. The sample consisted of 13 Turkish and 13 Russian teachers working as history teachers in Turkey and Russia in the 2020- 2021 academic year. The convenience sampling method was used in the study. The data of the study were collected by correspondence via e-mail with a questionnaire form consisting of open-ended questions created by the researchers. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. When the results of the study are evaluated in general, it is observed that the Russian history teachers are more flexible in history teaching and attach more importance to innovative history teaching, while the Turkish teachers perform more curriculum-centered history teaching compared to their Russian colleagues. In addition, it can be said that Russian history teachers pay more attention to their professional development than Turkish history teachers, and they incorporate more historical thinking skills in classroom activities. It is possible to say that the results of the study originate from the objectives of history teaching in the two countries.

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Readiness to Use Village Funds to Support Community Independence (Case Study: Srirahayu Village, Cikancung District, Bandung Regency-Indonesia)

Dinamika Ekonomi ◽

10.29313/.v12i1.6778 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 105-113

Author(s):

Aprilia Nur Aeni ◽

Asnita Frida Sebayang ◽

Aan Julia

Keyword(s):

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Physical Development ◽

Quantitative Approach ◽

General Knowledge ◽

Community Readiness ◽

Community Ownership ◽

Preparation Stage ◽

The Village ◽

Community Climate

Village funds are funds sourced from the APBN with the hope of increasing community independence. However, in its management, there are still problems, namely the unpreparedness of the community and village officials. Srirahayu Village is the village with the lowest IDM. In its management, village funds are mostly used for physical development. The research objective was to determine, measure, study, and formulate strategies for handling the level of readiness to use village funds to support community independence in Srirahayu Village. The method used is descriptive analysis with a quantitative approach. Data was collected through questionnaires to 5 respondents (village officials). Techniques for measuring community readiness consist of No Awareness, Denial / Resistance, Vague awareness, Preplanning, Preparation, Initiation, Stabilization, Expansion / Confirmation, Community Ownership. The results showed the level of readiness to use village funds to support community independence in Srirahayu Village by using 5 readiness dimensions, namely general knowledge about village funds at a score of 5.2 (preparation), leadership at 6.2 (initiation), community climate on the score. 5.8 (preparation), knowledge of the use of village funds for community independence at a score of 5.8 (preparation), and resources at a score of 5.0 (preparation), so that the average readiness to use village funds for community independence in Srirahayu Village is a score of 5.6 or being in the preparation stage.

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