Extraction Optimization, Structural Characterization, and Anticoagulant Activity of Acidic Polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula-judae

To explore Auricularia auricula-judae polysaccharides (AAP) as natural anticoagulants for application in the functional food industry, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized for the extraction of AAP by using a response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum extraction yield of crude AAP (14.74 mg/g) was obtained at the optimized extraction parameters as follows: Extraction temperature (74 °C), extraction time (27 min), the ratio of liquid to raw material (103 mL/g), and ultrasound power (198 W). Furthermore, the acidic AAP (aAAP) was precipitated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) from crude AAP (cAAP). aAAP was further purified using ion exchange chromatography with a DEAE Purose 6 Fast Flow column to obtain aAAP-1. Additionally, according to the HPLC analysis, the aAAP-1 was mainly composed of mannose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, and xylose, with a molar ratio of 80.63:9.88:2.25:1:31.13. Moreover, the results of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT) indicated aAAP-1 had anticoagulant activity, which was a synergic anticoagulant activity by the endogenous and exogenous pathway.

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Optimization of the Ultrasonic Extraction of Gypenoside III from Gynostemma pentaphyllum by Response Surface Methodology

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1866 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 550-553 ◽

pp. 1866-1870

Author(s):

Xiao Dan Tang ◽

Hai Yang Hang ◽

Shao Yan Wang ◽

Jing Xiang Cong

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Raw Material ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Gynostemma Pentaphyllum ◽

Bioactive Component ◽

Yield Value ◽

Ultrasonic Time

Gypenosides III is a major bioactive component which is rich in Gynostemma pentaphyllum. For better utilization of the native resource, response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions of gypenosides III from G. pentaphyllum. The effects of three independent variables on the extraction yield of gypenosides III were investigated and the optimal conditions were evaluated by means of Box-Behnken design. The optimal conditions are as follows: ratio of ethanol to raw material 25, extraction temperature 58°C and ultrasonic time 25min. Under these conditions, the yield of gypenoside III is 1.216±0.05%, which is agreed closely with the predicted yield value.

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Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides Extracted from Ascophyllum nodosum

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23081912 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (8) ◽

pp. 1912 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ligen Chen ◽

Yan Wang ◽

Hui Yang ◽

Han Li ◽

Wei Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glucuronic Acid ◽

Physicochemical Characterization ◽

Ascophyllum Nodosum ◽

Food Supplement ◽

Raw Material ◽

Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

Extraction Solvent ◽

Fast Flow

Polysaccharides from Ascophyllum nodosum (AnPS) were extracted and purified via an optimized protocol. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time of 4.3 h, extraction temperature of 84 °C and ratio (v/w, mL/g) of extraction solvent (water) to raw material of 27. The resulting yield was 9.15 ± 0.23% of crude AnPS. Two fractions, named AnP1-1 and AnP2-1 with molecular weights of 165.92 KDa and 370.68 KDa, were separated from the crude AnPS by chromatography in DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-300, respectively. AnP1-1 was composed of mannose, ribose, glucuronic acid, glucose and fucose, and AnP2-1 was composed of mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and fucose. AnPS, AnP1-1 and AnP2-1 exhibited high scavenging activities against ABTS radical and superoxide radical, and showed protective effect on H2O2-induced oxidative injury in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the immunostimulatory activities of AnP1-1 and AnP2-1 were evaluated by Caco-2 cells, the results showed both AnP1-1 and AnP2-1 could significantly promote the production of immune reactive molecules such as interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Therefore, the results suggest that AnPS and its two fractions may be explored as a potential functional food supplement.

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Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2018/9579872 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hui Wang ◽

Xiaodi Ma ◽

Qibin Cheng ◽

Xiaoli Xi ◽

Liwei Zhang

Keyword(s):

Maximum Yield ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Scutellaria Baicalensis ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Microwave Assisted Extraction ◽

Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

Assisted Extraction

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted significant attention as green media for the extraction and separation of natural compounds from Chinese medicine. In this study, a hydrophobic DESs-based microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was successfully used to efficiently extract baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Firstly, DecA: N4444-Cl (DES-1 , molar ratio 1 : 2) was screened and selected as the most appropriate DES by comparing the extraction yield in different hydrophobic DESs. Based on the extraction yield of baicalin, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to model and optimize the parameters (extraction temperature, liquid-solid ratio, and extraction time). Furthermore, the maximum yield of 106.96 mg·g−1 was achieved under optimum conditions in DES-containing aqueous solutions (33 vol% water content), which reached a similar level that was conducted using the pharmacopoeia procedure (104.94 mg·g−1). These results indicated that the proposed method is an excellent alternative for the extraction of baicalin.

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Optimization of Crude Polysaccharides Extraction from Plantago ovata Forsk Seed by Response Surface Methodology

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401315666190131153746 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 354-363

Author(s):

Ehsan Sadeghi ◽

Reza Mohammadi ◽

Mohammad H. Shirgardoun ◽

Fatemeh Askari ◽

Masoumeh Taghizadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Polynomial Equation ◽

Edible Films ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Raw Material ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Plantago Ovata

Background: Plantago ovata Forsk (Psyllium seed) is an annual plant of plantago genus. This plant widely grows in India and Iran. The Psyllium seed contains mucilage, protein, sugar, fat and tannins. Seed’s husk is a known source to extract hydrocolloid. Objective: The aim of this study was to optimize gum extraction from the Psyllium seed. Methods: The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to estimate the effect of independent variables on the extraction yield of Psyllium gum. The obtained experimental data were fitted to a second- order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis and analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. A central composite design (CCD) was used for experimental design and analysis of the results to obtain the best possible combination of extraction temperature (X1= 60-80°C), extraction time (X2= 1-3 h), and the ratio of water to raw material (X3= 30-70%) for the maximum gum extraction. Results: Optimum extraction conditions were extraction temperature of 79°C, extraction time of 2.5 h, and the ratio of water to the raw material of 57%. The experimental extraction yield under optimal conditions was found to be 9 ± 0.25%, which was in agreement with the predicted value of 9.4%. Conclusion: This study showed that Psyllium gum can be used as a hydrocolloid source for pharmaceutical and food industry such as edible films for food packaging.

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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngii (DC. ex Fr.) Quel

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3410 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 610-613 ◽

pp. 3410-3415

Author(s):

Yu Qin Tang ◽

Yi Tao Zhao

Keyword(s):

Orthogonal Experiment ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Pleurotus Eryngii ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Ultrasonic Power ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Power Extraction ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted

The purpose of this study was to select the optimum ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions for the extraction of polysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngii (DC. ex Fr.) Que (P. eryngii ). The main factors that affect the extraction yield of polysaccharides such as solid:liquid ratio, ultrasonic power, extraction time and extraction temperature were studied individually. An orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize the extraction parameters. It was found that UAE method was a reliable, simple and effective method for fast extraction of polysaccharides from P. eryngii. The optimum UAE conditions were as followings: Solid:liquid ratio of 1:35, Ultrasonic power of 55 W, Extraction time of 30 min and extraction temperature of 45°C.

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Optimization of Extraction of Bioactive Material-Polysaccharides from the Roots of Taraxacum mongolicum by Box-Behnken Experimental Design

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.749.354 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 749 ◽

pp. 354-358

Author(s):

Kai Chang ◽

Guang Ren Sun ◽

Da Di Yao

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Raw Material ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Changbai Mountains ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Single Variable ◽

Medical Systems ◽

Extraction Parameters ◽

Materials Used

Dandelion (Taraxacum spp) is an medical active materials used in many traditional and modern herbal medical systems, its polysaccharides have many bioactivities. Taraxacum mongolicum is one of the most widely consumed as Chinese herbal medicine and root tea in Changbai Mountains area, Northeast China. In this study, a procedure for the extraction of polysaccharides from the root of T mongolicum(TMRPS) was established. Based on single-variable tests experiment to determine the ranges of the extraction parameters (extraction temperature (X1), extraction time (X2), and ratio of solvent to raw material (X3)), response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize for these extraction parameters (X1, X2, X3) enhancing the forward extraction efficiency of TMRPS by a three-level three-variable Box-Behnken experimental design. The results showed that the ranges of the extraction parameters were determined as 60°C-80°C(X1),1h-3h (X2),20-40(v/m)(X3) by single-variable tests and the maximal yield (9.01%) of TMRPS was reached at extraction temperature 70.2°C, extraction time 1.79 h and ratio of solvent to raw material 28.0 (v):1 (m). Convenient for experiment, appropriate readjustment of these extraction parameters was made. Under these readjusted conditions, the mean extraction yield of TMRPS was 8.85%, which was near to theoretical calculation and indicates that these results were agree closely with model predictions.

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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids from Kiwi Peel: Process Optimization and Bioactivity Assessment

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11146416 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (14) ◽

pp. 6416

Author(s):

Miguel Giordano ◽

José Pinela ◽

Maria Inês Dias ◽

Ricardo C. Calhelha ◽

Dejan Stojković ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Low Cost ◽

Vero Cells ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Raw Material ◽

Ultrasonic Power ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Food Preservatives ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted

The nutritional quality of kiwifruit has been highlighted by several studies, while its peel is typically discarded as a by-product with no commercial value. This study was carried out to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from kiwi peel. Three independent variables (time (t), ultrasonic power (P) and ethanol concentration (EtOH)) were combined in a five-level central composite rotatable design coupled with the response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction yield determined gravimetrically and the content of phenolic compounds identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn (namely two quercetin glycosides, one catechin isomer and one B-type (epi)catechin dimer) were the experimental responses used in the optimization. The polynomial models were successfully fitted to the experimental data and used to determine the optimal UAE conditions. The sonication of the sample at 94.4 W for 14.8 min, using 68.4% ethanol, resulted in a maximum of 1.51 ± 0.04 mg of flavonoids per g of extract, a result that allowed the experimental validation of the predictive model. The kiwi peel extract obtained under optimized conditions showed somehow promising bioactive properties, including antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, and no toxicity to Vero cells. Overall, this study contributes to the valorization of kiwi peel as a low-cost raw material for the development of natural ingredients (such as food preservatives) and also to the resource-use efficiency and circular bioeconomy.

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Optimization of dynamic maceration of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. leaves to maximize trans-anethole content

SN Applied Sciences ◽

10.1007/s42452-021-04509-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Jirapornchai Suksaeree ◽

Natawat Chankana ◽

Chitradee Luprasong ◽

Chaowalit Monton

Keyword(s):

Optimal Condition ◽

Computer Software ◽

Hplc Method ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Raw Material ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Percentage Error ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Central Composite Experimental Design ◽

Plant Raw Material

AbstractTrans-anethole possesses several biological and pharmacological effects. It is also used as masking agent in household products and as a flavoring agent in food. Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. leaves are reported as a source of trans-anethole that makes their anise-like odor. This work sought to optimize the dynamic maceration of C. anisata leaves to maximize the trans-anethole content. The circumscribed central composite experimental design was applied to investigate the effects of extraction temperature and time on extraction yield, trans-anethole content in the extract, and trans-anethole content in the plant raw material. The results showed that the extraction yield was high when C. anisata leaves were extracted over a long extraction time, while the extraction temperature had a lesser effect on the extraction yield. Trans-anethole content in the extract and plant raw material determined using a linear, specific, precise, and accurate HPLC method was high when a medium extraction temperature with a short extraction time was used. The optimal condition that maximized trans-anethole content involved an extraction temperature of 61.8 °C and an extraction time of 12.9 min, respectively. The percentage error of the prediction conducted by computer software was low, suggesting that the prediction was highly accurate. In conclusion, the optimal condition of dynamic maceration obtained from this work could be used as a guide for maximizing trans-anethole content from C. anisata leaves.

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Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Structural Characterization of Chondroitin Sulfate Derived from Jumbo Squid Cartilage

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10102363 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2363

Author(s):

Kai-Ruei Yang ◽

Ming-Fong Tsai ◽

Chwen-Jen Shieh ◽

Osamu Arakawa ◽

Cheng-Di Dong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Transfer ◽

Chondroitin Sulfate ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Dosidicus Gigas ◽

Transfer Coefficients ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Jumbo Squid ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries

Chondroitin sulfate (ChS) is usually used as an oral nutraceutical supplement, and has been popular in Asia, Europe, and United States for many years. In this study, a potential and sustainable source of ChS from jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) cartilage was explored; ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used to extract ChS from jumbo squid cartilage. The result of mass transfer coefficients based on Fick’s law showed that UAE had higher mass transfer efficacy. The response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to evaluate the effects of the extraction parameters. The optimal conditions were extraction temperature of 52 °C, extraction time of 46 min, and NaOH concentration of 4.15%. The crude extract was precipitated by 50% ethanol, which obtained a purified ChS with 23.7% yield and 82.3% purity. The purified ChS measured by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) had a carbon to sulfur molar ratio of approximately 14:1. The FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR confirmed jumbo squid ChS were present in the form of chondroitin-4-sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate, with a 4S/6S ratio of 1.62. The results of this study provide an efficient process for production and purification of ChS, and are signiﬁcant for the development and utilization of ChS from jumbo squid cartilage in the nutrient food or pharmaceutical industries.

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DES Based Efficient Extraction Method for Bioactive Coumarins from Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav.

Separations ◽

10.3390/separations9010005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Ting Wang ◽

Qian Li

Keyword(s):

Choline Chloride ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Angelica Dahurica ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Solid Ratio ◽

Before And After ◽

Ultrasonic Assisted

In this study, a simple and environmentally friendly method was developed for the extraction of seven active coumarins from Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav.(A. dahurica) based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Among the 16 kinds of DES based on choline chloride, the DES system with the molar ratio of choline chloride, citric acid, and water as 1:1:2 had the best extraction effect. Ultrasonic-assisted response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the optimal extraction scheme. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were a liquid–solid ratio of 10:1 (mL/g), an extraction time of 50 min, an extraction temperature of 59.85 °C, and a moisture content of 49.28%. Under these conditions, the extraction yield reached 1.18%. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the degree of powder fragmentation before and after extraction with different solvents. The cells of A. dahurica medicinal materials obtained by DES ultrasonic-assisted treatment were the most seriously broken, indicating that DES had the highest efficiency in the treatment of A. dahurica. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) DPPH radical scavenging model was used to evaluate the biological activity of DES extract. The results showed that DES extract had better scavenging ability of DPPH free radical. Therefore, DES is a green solvent suitable for extracting coumarin compounds of A. dahurica, with great potential to replace organic solvents.

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