Chemical Diversity of Bastard Balm (Melittis melisophyllum L.) as Affected by Plant Development

The phytochemical diversity of Melittis melissophyllum was investigated in terms of seasonal changes and age of plants including plant organs diversity. The content of phenolics, namely: coumarin; 3,4-dihydroxycoumarin; o-coumaric acid 2-O-glucoside; verbascoside; apiin; luteolin-7-O-glucoside; and o-coumaric; p-coumaric; chlorogenic; caffeic; ferulic; cichoric acids, was determined using HPLC-DAD. Among these, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, verbascoside, chlorogenic acid, and coumarin were the dominants. The highest content of flavonoids and phenolic acids was observed in 2-year-old plants, while coumarin in 4-year-old plants (272.06 mg 100 g–1 DW). When considering seasonal changes, the highest content of luteolin-7-O-glucoside was observed at the full flowering, whereas verbascoside and chlorogenic acid were observed at the seed-setting stage. Among plant organs, the content of coumarin and phenolic acids was the highest in leaves, whereas verbascoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were observed in flowers. The composition of essential oil was determined using GC-MS/GC-FID. In the essential oil from leaves, the dominant was 1-octen-3-ol, whilst from flowers, the dominant was α-pinene.

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Guide to Harvesting Heracleum Persicum: How Essential Oil Composition and Phenolic Acid Profile Fluctuate at Different Phenological Stages?

10.21203/rs.3.rs-38118/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Saeid Hazrati ◽

Saeed Mollaei ◽

Hossein Rabbi Angourani ◽

Seyyed Jaber Hosseini ◽

Mojde Sedaghat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Coumaric Acid ◽

Flowering Stage ◽

Hexyl Butyrate ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Octyl Acetate ◽

Full Flowering ◽

Heracleum Persicum ◽

Mature Seeds

Abstract BACKGROUN: Heracleum persicum commonly named Golpar, is a principal native medicinal plant in Iran. Collecting H. persicum at the appropriate growing stage is the key factor to achieve the high phytochemical quality to meet consumer’s needs. In the present experiment, the aerial parts of this plant were harvested at up to six different developmental stages during the growing season to determine the phytochemical profiles. RESULTS: Our results indicated that the highest essential oil yield and extract were obtained in the mid-mature seed stage (3.5%),) and floral budding stage (10.40%). In the vegetative stage, limonene (18.05), in floral budding stage, caryophyllene (14.07), anethole (14.55%), and β-bisabolene (12.56%), in the full flowering stage, myristicin (15.02%), and hexyl butyrate (9.05%); in the early development of seeds stage, hexyl butyrate (32.08%), and octyl acetate (11.67%); in the mid-mature seeds stage hexyl butyrate (38.75%), octyl acetate (14.47%); in the late-mature/ripe seeds stage, hexyl butyrate (23.59%), and octyl acetate (10.48%) recorded as the main components. The analysis of phenolic acids demonstrated cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, and rosmarinic acid as the main phenolic acids. The highest phenolic acids content was obtained in the floral budding stage (287.40 mg g –1 dry extract). Cinnamic acid was found as the major phenolic compound in the vegetative stage following by floral budding, the full flowering stage, the early development of seeds and late-mature/ripe seeds stages. P-coumaric acid was the most abundant phenolic compounds in the mid-mature seeds stage. The development stage has a significant impact on the content and composition of both essential oil and phenolic acid composition. CONCLUSION: In this regard, the harvest time of H. persicum aerial parts can be selected to achieve the highest secondary metabolites of interest. The results of this study can be used as a guideline for grower to obtain the highest amount of desirable metabolites, beneficial in the food and pharmaceutical industries as well as economic benefits.

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Anti-malarial Activity Of Phenolic Acids Is Structurally Related

10.21203/rs.3.rs-21702/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Prince A Fordjour ◽

Jonathan P Adjimani ◽

Bright Asare ◽

Nancy O Duah-Quashie ◽

Neils B Quashie

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Ferulic Acid ◽

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Gallic Acid ◽

Caffeic Acid ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Rosmarinic Acid ◽

Protocatechuic Acid ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Coumaric Acid

Abstract Background In the absence of an effective vaccine against malaria, chemotherapy remains a major option in the control of the disease. Then, the recent report of the emergence and spread of clones of Plasmodium falciparum resistant to available antimalarial drugs should be of concern as it poses a threat to disease control. Compounds whose pharmacological properties have been determined and touted for other disease can be investigated for antimalarial activity. Phenolic acids (polyphenols) have been reported to exhibit antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibiotic effects. However, information on their antimalarial activity is scanty. Phenolic acids are present in a variety of plant-based foods: mostly high in the skins and seeds of fruits as well as the leaves of vegetables. Systematic assessment of these compounds for antimalarial activity is therefore needed. Method Using the classical in vitro drug test, the antimalarial activities of five hydroxycinnamic acids, (caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, o-Coumaric acid and ferulic acid) and two hydroxybenzoic acids (gallic acid and protocatechuic acid) against 3D7 clones of Plasmodium falciparum was determined. Results Among the phenolic acids tested, caffeic acid and gallic acid were found to be the most effective, with mean IC 50 value of 17.73µg/ml and 26.59µg/ml respectively for three independent determinations. Protocatechuic acid had an IC 50 value of 30.08 µg/ml. Rosmarinic acid and chlorogenic acid, showed moderate antimalarial activities with IC 50 values of 103.59µg/ml and 105µg/ml respectively. The IC 50 values determined for ferulic acid and o-Coumaric acid were 93.36µg/ml and 82.23µg/ml respectively. Conclusion The outcome of this study suggest that natural occurring phenolic compounds have appreciable level of antimalarial activity which can be exploited for use through combination of actions/efforts including structural manipulation to attain an increase in their antimalarial effect. Eating of natural food products rich in these compounds could provide antimalarial prophylactic effect.

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Polyphenol Content and Biological Activities of Ruta graveolens L. and Artemisia abrotanum L. in Northern Saudi Arabia

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8050531 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 531 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hosam O. Elansary ◽

Agnieszka Szopa ◽

Paweł Kubica ◽

Halina Ekiert ◽

Diaa O. El-Ansary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Cytotoxic Activities ◽

Ruta Graveolens ◽

Coumaric Acid ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Artemisia Abrotanum

Natural populations of Ruta graveolens L. and Artemisia abrotanum L. in northern Saudi Arabia may be a rich source of natural polyphenols with potential biological activities. Therefore, tentative high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection was used to analyze the polyphenol contents of leaf extracts. R. graveolens mainly contained the phenolic acids chlorogenic acid and p-coumaric acid and the flavonoids rutoside and quercetin, whereas those of A. abrotanum mainly contained the phenolic acids isochlorogenic acid and rosmarinic acid and the flavonoid quercetin. Leaf extracts of both species showed antioxidant activities due to the presence of quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and p-coumaric acid as well as antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities against cancer cells, which may be attributed to necrotic cell accumulation during the early and late apoptotic periods. Both species also exhibited antibacterial activity, although the activity was higher in R. graveolens due to the high contents of quercetin and other polyphenols. Finally, both species exhibited antifungal activities, which were associated with specific polyphenols. This is the first study to confirm the richness of polyphenols and wide spectrum of biological activities in natural populations of R. graveolens and A. abrotanum in northern Saudi Arabia.

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Organic acids, sugars, phenolic compounds, and some horticultural characteristics of black and white mulberry accessions from Eastern Anatolia

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.1139/cjps-2015-0070 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 27-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Mustafa Kenan Gecer ◽

Meleksen Akin ◽

Muttalip Gundogdu ◽

Sadiye Peral Eyduran ◽

Sezai Ercisli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Malic Acid ◽

Coumaric Acid ◽

Black And White ◽

White Mulberry

Mulberries, Morus spp., grow in different growing regions of Turkey with a high diversity providing an opportunity to select superior accessions. The goal of the study was to determine the differences in phytochemical components and horticultural characteristics between white and black mulberry accessions in the Igdir province. Fruits of black and white mulberries collected from Igdir province were assayed for various horticultural characteristics including berry width, berry length, berry weight, and berry peduncle length. Samples were also assayed for vitamin C, organic acids (citric, tartaric, malic, succinic, and fumaric), sugars (glucose and fructose), phenolic acids (catechin, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic, ferulic, o-coumaric, p-coumaric, caffeic, syringic, vanillic, and gallic acids), and antioxidant capacity [Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay]. Differences (P < 0.05) were noted between accessions in berry length and berry weight. Malic acid was found to be the predominant organic acid regardless of species. Rutin (for black mulberry) and chlorogenic acid (for white mulberry) were the predominant phenolic acids. Black mulberry had higher glucose and fructose content than white mulberry. Analysis showed that black mulberry had higher content of tartaric acid, malic acid, TEAC, fructose, glucose, catechin, rutin, quercetin, o-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid compared with white mulberry (P < 0.01); however, white mulberry had higher content of succinic acid, vitamin C, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, and gallic acid (P < 0.01). Our results provide a reference for further studies of mulberry fruits in detection of organic acids, sugars, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds. Also, it is clear that we need standardized testing, extraction, and analysis protocols to compare genotypes grown in different countries.

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Variation in the Volatile Constituents of Artemisia annua var. CIM-Arogya during Plant Ontogeny

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1100600221 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 1934578X1100600 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Rajendra C. Padalia ◽

Ram S. Verma ◽

Amit Chauhan ◽

Chandan S. Chanotiya ◽

Anju Yadav

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Artemisia Annua ◽

Seed Setting ◽

Capillary Gc ◽

Stages Of Growth ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Full Flowering ◽

Plant Ontogeny ◽

Germacrene D

The essential oils yield and composition of the aerial parts of A. annua var. CIM-Arogya grown in Uttarakhand, India were analyzed and compared by capillary GC and GC-MS at different stages of development. The analysis led to the identification of 81 constituents forming 91.0%-97.1% of the essential oils compositions. The essential oil content of the aerial parts was found to vary from 0.3% to 0.7% at different stages of growth. A. annua crop harvested at full flowering and seed setting stage gave higher yield of essential oil (0.6%, 0.7%) than that harvested at pre flowering (0.5%), late vegetative (0.4%, 0.5%), mid vegetative (0.4%, 0.4%) and early vegetative stages (0.3%, 0.3%). The essential oils at different stages of growth showed monoterpenoids (38.5%-72.0%) and sesquiterpenoids (22.2%-48.2%) as major grouped constituents. The major constituents identified were camphor (22.8%-42.6%), 1,8-cineole (3.7%-8.4%), linalool (<0.1%-11.9%), β-caryophyllene (2.0%-9.2%), ( E)-β-farnesene (1.3%-8.5%), germacrene D (0.5%-7.3%) and 1- epi-cubenol (0.7%-5.2%) in essential oil samples collected at different crop stages.

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Modulatory effect of some selected phenolic acids on enzyme activities of purinergic signaling

Journal of Food Bioactives ◽

10.31665/jfb.2019.7199 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Ademiluyi O. Ademiluyi ◽

Taiwo A. Adeyeye ◽

Opeyemi B. Ogunsuyi ◽

Damilola M. Olatunde ◽

Ganiyu Oboh

Keyword(s):

Ferulic Acid ◽

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Rat Brain ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Purinergic Signaling ◽

Purinergic Signalling ◽

Coumaric Acid ◽

Dpph Scavenging

This research assessed the antioxidant activities and effects of some selected phenolic acids (ferulic, Caffeic, p-coumaric and chlorogenic acid) on enzymes of the purinergic signalling in isolated rat brain which include ATPdase, ecto- 51nucleotidase, phosphodiesterase and Na+/ K+ ATPase. Standard stock solutions (13mM) of the selected phenolics (Caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid) were prepared and several dilutions (0.05mM-10mM) were subsequently prepared; the ability of the phenolic acids to inhibit Fe2+ induced malondialdehyde (MDA) production in rat’s brain homogenates were assessed. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of the phenolic acids as typified by the radicals (DPPH* and ABTS*) scavenging abilities were investigated. The results revealed that ferulic acid had the highest Na+/K+ -ATPase (IC50 =3.48 /ml) stimulatory activityas well as the highest ecto-5'-nucleotidase (IC50 =6.222 μg/ml) inhibitory activity while chlorogenic acid had the highest phosphodiesterase-51 (IC50 =21.03μg/ml) inhibitory activity and P-coumaric acid had the highest inhibition of ATPDase (IC50 =17.56 μg/ml) activity. Also, chlorogenic acid had the highest ABTS* and DPPH* scavenging abilities and also the strongest inhibition of Fe2+ induced MDA production in rat brain. However, this study revealed that the phenolic acids altered critical enzymes of the purinergic signaling and therefore suggests their possible neuromodulatory effect.

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Characterization of Bioactive Compounds in Colored Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Cultivars Grown with Conventional, Organic, and Biodynamic Methods

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12072701 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 2701 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nijolė Vaitkevičienė ◽

Jurgita Kulaitienė ◽

Elvyra Jarienė ◽

Dovilė Levickienė ◽

Honorata Danillčenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

High Performance ◽

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Principal Component ◽

Coumaric Acid ◽

Chromatography Method ◽

Organic Cultivation ◽

Liquid Chromatography Method

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of conventional, biodynamic, and organic cultivation methods on the contents of polyphenols and carotenoids in tubers of potato cultivars with different colored flesh: “Red Emmalie”, “Salad Blue”, “Violetta”, “Tornado”, and “Laura”. These bioactive compounds were determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography method. The data received were analyzed with ANOVA and further explored and visualized by principal component analysis. Higher contents of polyphenols (sum), phenolic acids (sum), chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid were found in biodynamic and organic samples compared to the conventional tubers. Moreover, organically and biodynamically produced potatoes (except “Salad Blue” cultivar) were significantly richer in flavonoids and anthocyanins. The highest contents of carotenoids (sum), lutein, and β-carotene were found in biodynamic potatoes. Among the tested cultivars, “Tornado”, with white flesh, was richest in polyphenols (sum), phenolic acids (sum), chlorogenic acid, and p-coumaric acid. “Violetta”, with dark purple flesh, accumulated the highest contents of flavonoids (sum), anthocyanins (sum), petunidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside, and peonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside. Carotenoids were only found in “Laura” tubers, and the dominating carotenoid was lutein.

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Developmental Variations in the Content of Active Substances and Nutrients in Echinacea purpurea

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.518d ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 518d-518

Author(s):

W. Letchamo ◽

V.S. Krutilina

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Plant Development ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Echinacea Purpurea ◽

The United States ◽

Biologically Active Substances ◽

Biologically Active ◽

General Distribution ◽

Cichoric Acid ◽

Active Substances

Echinace from the Asteracea family has been among the top 10 marketed herbs in North America and Europe. So far, only a limited amount of Echinace originate from commercial cultivation. Echinacea purpurea has been commercially cultivated in the United States since the mid 1970s, in Russia since 1935, while in Europe since the 1960s. However, there has been no published information in the English language on methods of cultivation, expected yields, limiting factors, nutrient requirements, and the optimum plant development stage to obtain maximum yield and concentration of the biologically active substances for pharmaceutical and cosmetic processing. The objective of this investigation was, therefore, to study the general distribution of major nutrients and biologically active substances and the relationship between the two groups, and the pattern of the accumulation of cichoric acid, echnacoside, isobutylamides (tetraenes) and essential oil in commercially cultivated Echinacea purpurea. There was a significant variation in the content of essential oil, cichoric acid, and isobutylamides (tetraenes) in different organs and stages of the plant development. Similarly, the difference in the distribution of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe in different organs and developmental stages is demonstrated. The correlation between the content of the active substances and nutrients is demonstrated, while recommendations for an optimum harvesting stage and date are made.

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Combined application of phenolic acids and essential oil components against Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes in vitro and in ready-to-eat cooked ham

LWT ◽

10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111881 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 111881

Author(s):

Jessica Audrey Feijó Corrêa ◽

João Vitor Garcia dos Santos ◽

Alberto Gonçalves Evangelista ◽

Anne Caroline Schoch Marques Pinto ◽

Renata Ernlund Freitas de Macedo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Listeria Monocytogenes ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Combined Application ◽

Cooked Ham ◽

Oil Components

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Concentrations of Phenolic Acids Are Differently Genetically Determined in Leaves, Flowers, and Grain of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10061142 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1142

Author(s):

Alena Vollmannová ◽

Janette Musilová ◽

Judita Lidiková ◽

Július Árvay ◽

Marek Šnirc ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Caffeic Acid ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Sinapic Acid ◽

Fagopyrum Esculentum ◽

Blood Cholesterol ◽

Common Buckwheat ◽

High Concentration ◽

Phenolic Substances ◽

Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is a valuable source of proteins, B vitamins, manganese, tryptophan, phytochemicals with an antioxidant effect, and the natural flavonoid rutin. Due to its composition, buckwheat supports the human immune system, regulates blood cholesterol, and is suitable for patients with diabetes or celiac disease. The study aimed to compare the allocation of selected phenolic acids (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, trans-caffeic acid, trans-p-coumaric acid, trans-sinapic acid, trans-ferulic acid) and flavonoids (rutin, vitexin, quercetin, kaempferol) in the leaves, flowers, and grain of buckwheat cultivars of different origin. The content of individual phenolics was determined by the HPLC-DAD method. The results confirmed the determining role of cultivar on the relative content of chlorogenic acid, trans-caffeic acid, trans-sinapic acid, vitexin, and kaempferol in buckwheat plants. A significantly negative correlation among concentrations of phenolic acids in different common buckwheat plant parts shows that there are different mechanisms of genetic influences on the concentration of phenolic substances in common buckwheat flowers, leaves, and grain. These differences should be taken into account when breeding buckwheat for a high concentration of selected phenolic substances.

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