Binderless, All-Lignin Briquette from Black Liquor Waste: Isolation, Purification, and Characterization

Lignin isolated from black liquor waste was studied in this research to be utilized as binderless, all-lignin briquette, with a calorific value in the range of 5670–5876 kcal/kg. Isolation of lignin from black liquor was conducted using the acid precipitation method. Sulfuric acid, citric acid, and acetic acid were used to maintain the pH level, which varied from 5 to 2 for the precipitation process. The influence of these isolation conditions on the characteristic of lignin and the properties of the resulted briquette was evaluated through the Klasson method, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), adiabatic bomb calorimeter, density measurement, and Drop Shatter Index (DSI) testing. The finding showed that the lignin isolated using citric acid maintained to pH 3 resulted in briquette with 72% fixed carbon content, excellent 99.7% DSI, and a calorific value equivalent to coal-based briquette.

Download Full-text

Physiochemical Properties of Cotton Stalk Biomass from Aricultural Residues

Current World Environment ◽

10.12944/cwe.10.1.44 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 343-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Dobariya Umesh ◽

P Sarsavadiya ◽

Krishna Vaja ◽

Khardiwar Mahadeo

Keyword(s):

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Agricultural Residues ◽

Ash Content ◽

Cotton Stalk ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Physiochemical Properties ◽

Feed Stock ◽

Energy Conversion Process

The study was undertaken to investigate the properties of cotton stalk fuel from the agricultural residues. The whole cotton stalk plant is converted into shredded material with the help of cotton stalk shredder. The capacity of cotton stalk shredder machine is 218 kg/h. The proximate analysis of the shredded cotton stalk in terms of bulk density 34.92 kg / m3 moisture content 13.63 %, volatile matter 74.52 %, ash content (4.95 %, fixed carbon 20.53 % and calorific value of cotton stalk biomass (3827 cal/g) respectively. were showed that agricultural residues are the most potential and their quantitative availability, Since the aim by using shredded cotton stalk as feed stock for energy conversion process of the developed gasifier.

Download Full-text

Effect of SnO2 Particle Size on Properties of Ag-SnO2 Electrical Contact Materials Prepared by the Reductive Precipitation Method

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.459 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 936 ◽

pp. 459-463 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhi Jie Lin ◽

Xu Dong Sun ◽

Shao Hong Liu ◽

Jia Lin Chen ◽

Ming Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Particle Size ◽

Citric Acid ◽

Electrical Contact ◽

Precipitation Method ◽

Precipitation Process ◽

Composite Powders ◽

Contact Materials ◽

Electrical Contact Materials ◽

Ag Particle

Performances of Ag-SnO2 electrical contact materials can be strongly affected by the microstructure. In this work, Ag-SnO2 composite powders were synthesized by chemical reductive precipitation method. During the precipitation process, Ag particle was deposited onto the surface of SnO2 particle with the assistance of citric acid. The microstructure and properties were analyzed for the prepared Ag-SnO2 electrical contact materials. Our research reveals that the particle size of SnO2 has significant influence on the morphology of the Ag-SnO2 composite powders, and therefore on the microstructure and physical properties of the electrical contact materials. With the decrease of particle size of SnO2, hardness of the Ag-SnO2 electrical contact materials increases, while electrical conductivity decreases.

Download Full-text

THE PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL FROM THE BLACK LIQUOR OF THE SODA PULPING OF RICE STRAW

REAKTOR ◽

10.14710/reaktor.14.3.247-254 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 247 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nyoman Jaya Wistara ◽

Gokma Silaban ◽

Gustan Pari

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Black Liquor ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Hydroxyl Group ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Silicate Content ◽

Soda Pulping ◽

Increasing Temperature

The main goal of the present works was to determine chemical changes, thermal decomposition, and the content of moisture, ash, volatile, fixed carbon and calorific value of soda pulping black liquor of the rice straw. Neutralized black liquor was dried to a moisture content of 10% and then pyrolized at 106oC-750oC. It was found that calorific value, fixed carbon, volatile mater, and moisture content were in the range of 2782-4716 cal/g, 49.2-81.6%, 15.5-47.5%, and 0.2-3.5%, respectively. Ash content was not influenced by the temperature of pyrolysis and was thought to depend on its initial silicate content. The weight loss of pulp was higher than that of black liquor. Extreme weight loss has been found in the temperature of 200-400oC. Noticeable functional groups changes were found with the increasing temperature of pyrolysis. Hydroxyl group completely disappeared at 300oC and above. Carbonyl related groups were also disappeared at 300-500oC, but it was reformed at 650 and 750oC. It might be brought about by the deformation of chemical bonding of oxygen ring in lignin structures. SIFAT-SIFAT ARANG LINDI HITAM DARI PEMASAKAN JERAMI DENGAN LARUTAN SODA API. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan perubahan sifat kimia, dekomposisi termal dan kadar air, abu, zat terbang, karbon terikat serta nilai kalor arang lindi hitam pemasakan soda jerami padi. Dalam penelitian ini, lindi hitam netral dikeringkan (kadar air 10%), kemudian dipirolisis pada selang suhu 100-750oC di dalam reaktor berpengatur suhu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kalor, karbon terikat, zat terbang dan kadar air masing-masing berselangdari 2782-4716 cal/g, 49,2-81,6%, 15,5-47,5%, dan 0,2-3,5%. Kadar abu tidak dipengaruhi oleh suhu pirolisis dan diduga bergantung pada kadar silika bahan bakunya. Nilai kalor meningkat dengan meningkatnya kadar karbon terikat. Perilaku kehilangan berat arang dari lindi hitam berbeda dengan perilaku kehilangan berat pulp jerami. Kehilangan berat pulp lebih tinggi dari kehilangan berat arang lindi hitam. Kehilangan berat yang tajam terjadi pada selang suhu 200-400oC. Perubahan gugus fungsi yang nyata terjadi dengan meningkatnya suhu pirolisis. Gugus hidroksil menghilang pada suhu 300oC atau lebih. Gugus terkarbonilasi menghilang pada suhu 300-500oC, tetapi terbentuk kembali pada suhu 650oC dan 750oC. Hal ini kemungkinan disebabkan oleh deformasi ikatan kimia oksigen di dalam cincin dari struktur lignin.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Physico-Mechanical-Combustion Characteristics of Fuel Briquettes made from blends of Areca Nut Husk, Simarouba Seed Shell and Black Liquor

International Journal of Renewable Energy Development ◽

10.14710/ijred.7.2.131-137 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 131-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Santhosh Ujjinappa ◽

Lingadhalli Krishnamurthy Sreepathi

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Black Liquor ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Combustion Characteristics ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Areca Nut ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Renewable Energy Development ◽

Compacting Pressure

In order to utilize the agro residues and non-edible oil seed shells for the energy purpose, Areca Nut Husk (ANH) and Simarouba Seed Shell (SSS) are considered as raw materials and pulp production industry byproduct Black liquor (BL) as a binder for the production of fuel briquettes. The cylindrical briquettes were produced in four different blending proportions at 3 different pressures between 60 MPa to 80 MPa and various briquette properties were evaluated. The mathematical regression equations between the independent variables (blending proportion and compacting pressure) and briquette properties were developed. The R2 values for the regression equation between independent variables and (Briquette properties) compressed density, relaxed density, relaxation ratio, shattering index and compressive strength were 0.945, 0.743, 0.646, 0.862 and 0.839 respectively. The results confirmed that briquette produced with a blending proportion of ANH:SSS:BL=60:40:00 at 80 MPa have better properties. Thus, combustion characteristics such as proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, calorific value were estimated for a briquette produced with a blending proportion of ANH:SSS:BL=60:40:00 at 80 MPa; and compared with Barley and Sawdust charcoal briquettes. The overall results conclude that better quality briquettes can be produced from the blends of ANH and SSS and can be used for several heating applications.Article History: Received Dec 15th 2017; Received in revised form May 16th 2018; Accepted June 3rd 2018; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Ujjinappa, S. and Sreepathi, L.K. (2018) Evaluation of Physico-Mechanical-Combustion Characteristics of Fuel Briquettes Made From Blends of Areca Nut Husk, Simarouba Seed Shell and Black Liquor. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2), 131-137.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.131-137

Download Full-text

The Effects of Temperature and Heating Rate on the Preparation of Stalk Char

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.496.88 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 496 ◽

pp. 88-93

Author(s):

Jian Pan ◽

Lin Wang

Keyword(s):

Heating Rate ◽

Pyrolysis Temperature ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Product Yield ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

High Yield ◽

Heating Rates ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Experimental Parameters ◽

Effects Of Temperature

The pyrolysis of three stalk was studied to estimate the eﬀect of pyrolysis conditions on product yield, calorific value and proximate analysis. Heating rate and pyrolysis temperature were the main experimental parameters. According to the test, when the heating rates were at 5, 10 and 15°C/min, the low heating rate reacted more thoroughly, got high yield and kept more energy. As the pyrolysis temperature rising; namely 200,300,400 and 500°C;the fixed carbon and gross calorific value were increasing to be 68% and 24.72 MJ/Kg respectively, but the yield was decreasing.

Download Full-text

Analysis mixed characterization of Kalimantan coal and mangrove wood charcoal character as briquette raw material

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/921/1/012055 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 921 (1) ◽

pp. 012055

Author(s):

R Rahman ◽

B Azikin ◽

D Tahir ◽

S Widodo

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Sulfur Content ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Ash Content ◽

Wood Charcoal ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Ultimate Analysis ◽

Mangrove Wood

Abstract This study using three types of coal from East Kalimantan and South Sulawesi Mangrove Wood Charcoal which consisted of various compositions. In sample analysis using analysis, namely: proximate, ultimate, and calorific value. Proximate analysis: ash content, volatile matter, moisture content, fixed carbon; ultimate analysis: carbon and sulfur content and the calorific value using the bomb calorimeter method. The results of the proximate analysis showed that the fixed carbon content was obtained in the mixture of MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 52.45%, while the lowest was obtained at IC 100% = 32.86%; The highest volatile matter was obtained at KJA 100% = 44.23%, the lowest was at MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 31.90%, the highest ash content was IC 100% = 9.14% the lowest was at MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 5.94% and the highest moisture content was seen at IC 100% = 15.17% but MWC 75% + IC 25% = 9.52%. The results of the ultimate analysis showed that the lowest sulfur content was in the mixed variation of MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 0.168%, while the highest sulfur content was obtained at IC 100% = 0.874%. However, it was still in the low sulfur category <1. The highest calorific value is obtained by varying the composition at MWC 75% + IC 25% = 5919 cal/gram, while the lowest was obtained at KJA 100% = 4913 cal/gram. So based on this research, the addition of mangrove charcoal is very good for increasing the calorific value.

Download Full-text

Hydrogen and Syngas Generation from Gasification of Coal in an Integrated Fuel Processor

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.644 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 625 ◽

pp. 644-647 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sujan Chowdhury ◽

Abrar Inayat ◽

Bawadi Abdullah ◽

Abdul Aziz Omar ◽

Saibal Ganguly

Keyword(s):

Coal Gasification ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Gross Calorific Value ◽

Fuel Processor ◽

New Energy

Hydrogen is a clean and new energy carrier to generate power and effectively turned out through the gasification of organic material such as coal. The main objective of this manuscript is to present an analysis of the coal gasification for the generation of high-purity hydrogen in a lab-scale fixed-bed downdraft gasifier. Better understanding of the rank, formation, structure, composition and calorific value and method of analysis of the material is crucial for the proper utilization of these resources requires. Traditionally the quality of the Coal samples has been determined by their physical and proximate analysis, such as, bulk density, free swelling index, gross calorific value, sulfur, moisture, fixed carbon, volatile matter and ash content. In this study, coal is partially oxidized and ultimately converts into hydrogen rich syngas (CO and H2). As well, approximately 220 kg h−1 of coal would be gasified at 673–1073 K and 46.2 atm with the reactor volume 0.27m3 to obtain approximately 3.8×105 kcal h−1 of thermal energy during over 67% syngas generation with the generation of 110kW electrical powers.

Download Full-text

Quality Improvement on Briquettes Made of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) Using of Brown Algae Adhesive

Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan ◽

10.23955/rkl.v15i1.15429 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 38-44

Author(s):

Ana Dewita ◽

M. Faisal ◽

Asri Gani

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Brown Algae ◽

Thermal Characteristics ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches

The charcoal produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches pyrolysis can be utilized as environmentally friendly alternative fuel briquettes. This research aimed at improving the quality of these EFB briquettes using brown algae adhesive (alginate). The adhesive was added at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Proximate analysis was then performed on EFB and the brown algae. The best quality briquettes were obtained by adding brown algae adhesive at 2.5% concentrate, which resulted in a calorific value of 21,405 J/g. Other characteristics such as moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon were found to be 7.4%, 4.9%, 79%, and 8.7%, respectively. In addition, the thermal characteristics such as density, flash point, and burning time were found at 0.96 g/cm3, 5.1 second, and 300 minutes, respectively.

Download Full-text

Performance of Some Biocoal Briquettes Produced from Mixture of Sawdust and varying Nigeria Coals as Composite Domestic Fuel

FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology ◽

10.46792/fuoyejet.v6i1.569 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joshua O Adekunle ◽

Bayode J Olorunfemi ◽

Samuel B Adejuyigbe

Keyword(s):

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Cassava Starch ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Heat Utilization ◽

Binding Material ◽

And Performance ◽

Domestic Fuel ◽

Proximate Analyses

Performance evaluation of biocoal briquettes from three different coal mines in Nigeria mixed with sawdust as composite domestic fuel was carried out. Samples of coals collected from Owukpa, Okpara, and Onyeama mines were pulverized and blended with sawdust at various constituent ratios of coal/sawdust of 0.0/100, 10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60, 50/50 and 100/0.0. Cassava starch was used as binding material while calcium hydroxide was used for desulphurization. Tests carried out included proximate analyses, ultimate analyses, and performance analyses. Results showed that fixed carbon in all the coal samples ranges from the highest fixed carbon of 63.81% for Okpara (OK) to the lowest of 62.87% for Owukpa (OP70/30) while sawdust was 21.03%. The Onyeama Coal has 1.25% ash content compares with 5% for Owukpa. Onyeama coal contains the highest volatile matters of 29.61% while Owukpa biocoal briquette (OP50/50) has the highest percentage heat utilization of 88.61 and lowest specific fuel consumption of 0.31kg/kg. Onyeama coal (ON90/10) has the highest calorific value of 33.25 MJ/kg. The addition of sawdust in the biocoal briquettes resulted in lower volatile matter, low hydrogen, high percentage heat utilized and low specific fuel consumption.Keywords- Biocoal briquette, sawdust, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, fixed carbon

Download Full-text

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO RESÍDUO DE MDF E SEU APROVEITAMENTO NA PRODUÇÃO DE PELLETS

Nativa ◽

10.31413/nativa.v6i3.5087 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 300

Author(s):

Thammi Queuri Gomes Da Cunha ◽

Pedro Vilela Gondim Barbosa ◽

Pedro Augusto Fonseca Lima ◽

Thalles Santiago Pimentel ◽

Lucas Lemes de Souza Peixoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Characteristics ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Heating Value ◽

High Heating Value ◽

Energetic Characterization ◽

Quality Specifications ◽

Volatile Materials

O processamento dos painéis de MDF, para a fabricação de móveis, gera uma grande quantidade de resíduos que constituem passivo ambiental, podendo ser utilizados para geração de energia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características do resíduo de MDF e seu aproveitamento na produção de pellets, visando a aplicação energética. A caracterização energética do resíduo foi realizada por meio da química imediata (teores de cinzas, voláteis e carbono fixo) e do poder calorífico superior. Além disso, foram produzidos e avaliados pellets (características energéticas e físico-mecânicas). A avaliação das características do resíduo: poder calorífico superior (4427,8 kcal.kg-1) e química imediata (carbono fixo, materiais voláteis e cinzas foram 16,3; 82,3 e 1,4%, respectivamente) e dos pellets de MDF: densidade aparente (1,15 g.cm-3), a granel (0,61 g.cm-3), energética (2,6 a 5,5 Gcal.m-3) e durabilidade (99,87%) indicaram a viabilidade técnica do aproveitamento do material como fonte energética. As características energéticas e físico-mecânicas dos pellets de MDF atenderam as especificações de qualidade exigidas nas normas internacionais de comercialização, exceto para o diâmetro médio.Palavras-chave: materiais densificados, potencial energético, painéis. CHARACTERIZATION OF MDF RESIDUE AND ITS USE IN PELLET PRODUCTION ABSTRACT:The processing of MDF panels, for the manufacture of furniture, generates a large amount of residues that constitutes an environmental liability, and can be used for power generation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the characteristics of the MDF residue and its use in the production of pellets, aiming at the energetic application. The energetic characterization of the residue was carried out by means of the proximate analysis (ash, volatile and fixed carbon contents), calorific value. In addition, pellets were produced and evaluated (energy and physico-mechanical characteristics). The evaluation of the characteristics of the residue: high heating value (4427.8 kcal kg-1) and proximate analysis (fixed carbon, volatile materials and ash were 16.3, 82.3 and 1.4%, respectively) and pellets: density (1.15 g cm -3), bulk density (0.61 g cm -3), energy density (2.6-5.5 Gcal m-3) and durability (99.87 %) indicated the technical feasibility of using the material as an energy source. The energy and physical-mechanical characteristics of MDF pellets met the quality specifications required by international marketing standards, except for the average diameter.Keywords: densified materials, energetic potential, panels. DOI:

Download Full-text